Universal Boundary Research Articles

A universal triangle method for evapotranspiration estimation with MODIS products and routine meteorological observations: Algorithm development and global validation

The surface temperature (Ts) and vegetation index (VI) triangle method is one of the most famous and widely applied methods for regional evapotranspiration (ET) estimation. However, no robust validation has been performed yet to evaluate its accuracy on a global scale, making its accuracy unclear when compared with other global ET models. The main reason behind it is that most traditional triangle models depend on the Ts-VI feature space within a certain spatial domain to parameterize their boundary conditions. The domain dependency makes it impossible to derive universal boundaries for continental or global application. Under this background, this study presented a universal triangle method for ET estimation with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products and routine meteorological observations. The solution for boundary conditions was performed pixel by pixel without the consideration of spatial domain based configuration. Specifically, the dry boundary was solved theoretically based on the surface energy balance equation, and the wet boundary was substituted by wet-bulb temperature estimated from dew point temperature and air temperature. The validation against ground observations collected from 33 flux towers worldwide shows that this universal triangle method achieved evaporative fraction (EF) estimation with the correlation coefficient of 0.65, the mean absolute error of 0.17, the root-mean-square-error of 0.20, and the bias of 0.13. These four metrics of daily ET estimation were 0.83, 0.71 mm/d, 0.90 mm/d, and 0.41 mm/d, respectively. This analysis is the first comprehensive validation of the triangle method on a global scale. The comparison with early work suggests that our universal triangle method on a global scale has reached a comparable accuracy to traditional triangle models at regional scale. However, the universal triangle method has the capacity to monitor ET continuously pixel by pixel without domain dependency. This is just what most traditional triangle methods do not possess.

Research on the expansion of energy-saving boundary for CCHP system under all operating conditions based on collaborative integration

In this study, the impact of load demands on the energy-saving characteristics of the systems was analyzed, and the mathematical model was derived for the relationship between the load supply and demands under different capacity design modes and operation strategies, and the influence of the key parameters (load demands, load rate, matching degree) on system integration and operation characteristics in different energy use scenarios was quantitative analyzed to elucidate the inherent mechanism of energy saving characteristics. Furthermore, the impact of energy-matching degree and system efficiency on the energy saving rate (ESR) was discussed, and based on the load demands, an universal system boundary of the ESR was constructed. Based on this, the coupling mechanism between the system and users from a global perspective was reconstructed, and an collaborative integrated method based on centralized energy supply systems, CCHP systems, and load demands was proposed to expand the energy-saving boundary under all operating conditions. Finally, a case analysis and method verification were conducted using typical summer days at Beijing hotel as an example. The results show that this method universally characterizes the coupling matching relationship and energy-saving characteristics. Through collaborative integration, the ESR increase of 5% can be achieved.

A dimensionless capacity design method for combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems based on energy matching performance

In this study, a capacity design factor was defined to evaluate the system design and off-design operation strategy, and the mathematical model was derived for the relationship between the load supply and the users' demands under different capacity design modes and operation strategies, and the influence of the key parameters (load demands, load rate, matching degree) on system integration and operation characteristics under different capacity design scenario was quantitative analysised. Furthermore, the impact of energy-matching degree and system efficiency on the energy saving rate (ESR) was discussed, and based on the user demands, an universal system boundary of the ESR was constructed. Finally, the energy saving potential in different scenarios was clarified, and a case study was conducted using a data centre as an example, and the optimal capacity design mode was demonstrated.

Knowledge without Epistemology

The universality of scientific principles, theories, laws is never purely “objective”, it has a strong anthropological component. A theory of knowledge invoking transhistorical agencies is therefore not only dead — it was never alive; its so-called successes are nothing but an immense chimera. Scientific research knows no universal boundary conditions or standards whether of a conventional, aprioristic, or empirical kind but uses and invents rules according to circumstance without regarding the selection as a separate “epistemic” act and often without realising that an important choice is being made.

Spatial Evolution Characteristics of Plasmapause Surface Wave During a Geomagnetic Storm on 16 July 2017

AbstractBoundary dynamics are crucial for the transport of energy, mass, and momentum in geospace. The recently discovered plasmapause surface wave (PSW) plays a key role in the inner magnetosphere dynamics. However, a comprehensive investigation of spatial variations of the PSW remains absent. In this study, we elucidate the spatial characteristics of a PSW through observations from multiple spacecrafts in the magnetosphere. Following the initiation of the PSW, quasi‐periodic injections of energetic ions, rather than electrons, are suggested to serve as energy source of the PSW. Based on the distinct wave and particle signatures, we categorize the PSW into four regions: seed region, growth region, stabilization region and decay region, spanning from nightside to afternoon plasmapause. These findings advance our understanding of universal boundary dynamics and contribute to a deeper comprehension of the pivotal roles of surface waves in the energy couplings within the magnetosphere‐plasmasphere‐ionosphere system.

Transformer with difference convolutional network for lightweight universal boundary detection.

Although deep-learning methods can achieve human-level performance in boundary detection, their improvements mostly rely on larger models and specific datasets, leading to significant computational power consumption. As a fundamental low-level vision task, a single model with fewer parameters to achieve cross-dataset boundary detection merits further investigation. In this study, a lightweight universal boundary detection method was developed based on convolution and a transformer. The network is called a "transformer with difference convolutional network" (TDCN), which implies the introduction of a difference convolutional network rather than a pure transformer. The TDCN structure consists of three parts: convolution, transformer, and head function. First, a convolution network fused with edge operators is used to extract multiscale difference features. These pixel difference features are then fed to the hierarchical transformer as tokens. Considering the intrinsic characteristics of the boundary detection task, a new boundary-aware self-attention structure was designed in the transformer to provide inductive bias. By incorporating the proposed attention loss function, it introduces the direction of the boundary as strongly supervised information to improve the detection ability of the model. Finally, several head functions with multiscale feature inputs were trained using a bidirectional additive strategy. In the experiments, the proposed method achieved competitive performance on multiple public datasets with fewer model parameters. A single model was obtained to realize universal prediction even for different datasets without retraining, demonstrating the effectiveness of the method. The code is available at https://github.com/neulmc/TDCN.

SuSpect3: A C++ code for the supersymmetric and Higgs particle spectrum of the MSSM

We present the program SuSpect3 that calculates the masses and couplings of the Higgs and supersymmetric particles predicted by the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). The model is implemented in both its non-constrained version, the MSSM, and its constrained versions, such as the minimal supergravity and the gauge or anomaly mediated supersymmetry breaking models, in which the soft supersymmetry–breaking parameters obey certain universal boundary conditions at the high energy scale. The low energy parameters are then obtained using renormalization group equations and electroweak symmetry breaking, and all the dominant radiative corrections have been consistently implemented. SuSpect3 is a major rewrite, in C++ object oriented programming, of the FORTRAN code SuSpect. It includes all the features of the earlier code in an improved and updated manner, and involves new options such as compressed SUSY scenarios, an MSSM-inflation model and the possibility of using the observed Higgs mass as an input. The main features and the use of the program are explained. Program summaryProgram Title:SuSpect3CPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/55jv4kdrm8.1Developer's repository link:http://suspect.in2p3.frLicensing provisions: GPLv3Programming language:C++, compatible C++98, C++11, C++14, C++17Nature of problem: Supersymmetric models such as the MSSM, mSUGRA, GMSB, AMSB and others have specific parameter sets and boundary conditions. SuSpect3 translates the parameter sets of the models into predictions of the Higgs and supersymmetric particles masses. The mixing matrices of the physical states as well as the mixing angles are calculated in addition to the scale dependent parameters.Solution method: The spectrum of the Higgs and supersymmetric particles depends on the model, its supersymmetric parameter set and the Standard Model parameters. The evolution of the parameters as function of the energy scale is calculated by solving numerically the Renormalization Group Equations. Model dependent boundary conditions are applied at the appropriate scale. Electroweak symmetry breaking is calculated iteratively at the electroweak scale. The application of radiative corrections translate the scale dependent particle masses into the physical pole masses.Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: The parameters and physical masses are defined to be real. Warnings are issued if intermediate results are unphysical.Compiles with gcc-4.8.5 and later (checked with gcc-8.1.0).

Reconciling collider signals, dark matter, and the muon anomalous magnetic moment in the supersymmetric U(1)R × U(1)B−L model

We study the low-scale predictions of the supersymmetric model extended by U(1)R × U(1)B−L symmetry, obtained by breaking SO(10) symmetry at GUT scale via a left-right supersymmetric model. Two new singlet Higgs fields left({upchi}_R,{overline{upchi}}_Rright) are responsible for the U(1)R × U(1)B−L symmetry breaking to the standard model gauge group. We explore the phenomenology of this model by assuming universal and non-universal boundary conditions at the GUT scale and their effects in obtaining consistency among low-energy observables, dark matter experiments, muon magnetic moment measurements, and Z′ phenomenology. We examine different scenarios with both the lightest neutralino and sneutrino mass eigenstates as dark matter candidates. We explore the collider signals of various scenarios by including relevant benchmarks and exploring their significance versus standard model background. To complement our analysis, we perform recasting of several LHC analyses to verify the credibility of the benchmarks. We find that relaxing the universality conditions at MGUT can significantly improve the agreement of the model against the experimental bounds. While the muon anomalous magnetic moment is found to be the most challenging observable to fit within the model, we identify, allowing for non-universality at the GUT scale, points in the parameter space consistent within 2σ from the average measured value.

Thinning dynamics of the liquid thread at different stages in a rectangular cross junction

AbstractFlow regime maps are plotted and the universal transitional boundary of squeezing regime and dripping regime is gained when both inertial force and viscous force of the dispersed phase are considered. The neck thinning process within the rectangular channel is divided into three stages according to evolutions of the neck width: two‐dimensional shrinking stage, transitional stage, and collapsing stage. Influences of the flow rates of two phases and the dispersed viscosity on evolutions of the neck width at different stages are explored. Different relations between the neck width and the remaining time are found for the earlier two stages. At the third stage, two physical mechanisms are separated by the dispersed viscosity as the neck width decreases according to wn/W ~ τ2/3 under the inertial regime for both water and 40% glycerol, while the neck width reduces linearly as wn ~ 2(0.0709σ/μd)tr under the viscous regime for 55% glycerol.

Topology and dynamics of streakline on the mixing boundary of two-dimensional chaotic flow induced by a rotationally reciprocating anchor impeller

BackgroundA rotationally reciprocating impeller separates the horizontal cross-section of the vessel into two mixing regions under a laminar flow regime. In this study, we investigated the separation mechanism from the dynamics of the streakline on the boundary MethodsThe stretching behavior of the streakline on the universal boundary of active mixing regions was successfully visualized by injecting tracer fluid from a specific position FindingsThe elongational rate of streakline proportionally increased with the increase in Reynolds number. Besides, the linear component of the elongation rate drastically changed at Re∼10 due to the bending of the boundary. Compared with other chaotic mixing flows, we proved that tracer particles are enclosed in turnstile lobes at the hyperbolic fixed point at the wall, transported on the boundary, namely separatrix, to the mixing shaft being another hyperbolic fixed point, and then distributed evenly into both mixing regions. It was concluded that the boundary becomes wavy at Re > 10, which increases the area of turnstile lobes to enhance fluid transportation between two mixing regions

ГРАВИТАЦИЯ: теоретическая модель

A theoretical model of the formation of gravity and such dialectical categories as time, speed of light and intranuclear superdense matter, directly related to it, are presented. Categories are forms of knowledge reflection about the universal laws of the objective world, its unity, interaction and development of its components. Gravity is the main creative derivative of the potential energy of the Universe. This is a product of the process of interference of quantum wave fluctuations of potential energy and coherent wave oscillations of the quark-gluon energy mechanism of atomic nuclei. The consequence of the most complex microwave interaction between the potential energy consumed by nuclei and the internal energy of atomic nuclei are ultrashort waves, representing electromagnetic γ-radiation (γ-quantum, photon, corpuscle). In areas of increased concentration of wave energy, when the anomalous threshold oscillation frequency of 734 Hz is reached, the interaction of locally manifested wave processes of quantum fluctuation and interference can form elementary particles with a dense mass, increased energy charge and other characteristics characteristic of baryonic matter. The frequency of 734 Hz, indistinguishable by man, corresponds to the time interval of 0.00136 seconds and the supposed boundary of the pulsating material Universe. Electromagnetic and gravitational radiations are actively formed on it, entropy and products of other energy processes corresponding to the bifurcation boundary of evolution decrease or increase. The relevance of the research lies in the expediency of systematics, structuring, systematization of fundamental knowledge about matter, its "origins" to clarify the methodological principles and the significance of the "original" energy evolution in natural science. The object of the research is gravity - one of the most important methodological categories in the form of fundamental time. The subject of the research is the fundamental properties of gravity, which ensure the existence and evolution of the matter of the Metagalaxy. The purpose of the research is virtual forms of the existence and evolution of gravity, and the main task to be solved is to clarify the significance of the wave quantum fluctuation of energy. The methodological tool for solving the problem is the numerous fundamental structural levels of the organization of the matter of the Universe, indicating its polygenic energy essence and evolutionary nature. The concept of a system of scientifically based, interconnected and logically linked scientific views based on many years of experience in small-medium-scale predictive studies in the oldest mining region of Russia - Eastern Transbaikalia. Encyclopedic natural-science knowledge of the matter of the Universe, fundamental hierarchical structures of its matter, cause-and-effect relationships of the functioning of energy systems, theoretical and practical models of the Earth's matter, as well as knowledge of the objective perception of the world, its laws and phenomena by collecting, computer processing of empirical data to solve the problem are used. . It is taken into account that dialectical materialism beyond the "visibility" (length) of light (optical) and electron waves is gradually being replaced by theoretical (philosophical) materialism based on the laws of logic and fractal. Gravity combines space and time into a single energy category called the Universe

Exploration on the Development Boundary Delimitation Method of Small and Medium-sized Cities under Multi-scenario Simulation

Research purposes: In order to solve the problem that the development boundary of small and medium-sized cities is "inaccurate" and it is difficult to coordinate with the current land and space planning, the purpose is to form a set of universal development boundary demarcation process of small and medium-sized cities. Methods: Optimize the existing practice of demarcation research methods, fully connect with the pattern of land development and protection, combine the artificial neural network model (GEOSOS model) and use Model Builder to design a land use simulation model with "double evaluation" results and "reverse" protection red line module, and consider the policy-oriented influence, and comprehensively consider the above aspects to explore a method of boundary demarcation of urban development that is coordinated and unified with development and protection. Research: The simulated land use results of the model based on "positive development guidelines" and "reverse scale control" are in line with the law of urban spatial expansion of small and medium-sized cities represented by dangyang city. The research results can not only provide reference for the future urban development of dangyang city and the spatial planning of dangyang city, but also provide technical support for the demarcation of urban development boundaries in China.

Fe-doping as a universal phase boundary shifter for BCZT ceramics across the morphotropic phase boundary

Fe-doping as a universal phase boundary shifter for BCZT ceramics across the morphotropic phase boundary

GUT-scale constrained SUSY in light of new muon g-2 measurement

The new FNAL result of the muon g−2, combined with the BNL result, shows a 4.2σ deviation from the SM. We use the new data of the muon g−2 to revisit several GUT-scale constrained SUSY models with the constraints from the LHC searches, the dark matter detection, the flavour data and the electroweak vacuum stability. We first demonstrate the tension between the muon g−2 and other experimental measurements in the CMSSM/mSUGRA. Then after discussing the possible ways to alleviate such a tension and showing the muon g−2 in pMSSM under relevant experimental constraints, we survey several extensions of the CMSSM/mSUGRA with different types of universal boundary conditions at the GUT scale. Finally, we briefly discuss the muon g−2 in other popular SUSY breaking mechanisms, namely the GMSB and AMSB mechanisms and their extensions.

A natural composite Higgs via universal boundary conditions

We present a novel realization of a composite Higgs, which can naturally produce top partners above the current LHC bounds without increasing the tuning above 10%. The essential ingredients are softened breaking of the Higgs shift symmetry as well as maximal symmetry, which turn out to perfectly complement each other. The 5D realization of this model is particularly simple: universal UV and IR boundary conditions for the bulk fermions containing the SM fields will cure the problems of existing holographic composite Higgs models and provide a complete viable model for a naturally light Higgs without much tuning.

Mutual Information-Based Disentangled Neural Networks for Classifying Unseen Categories in Different Domains: Application to Fetal Ultrasound Imaging.

Deep neural networks exhibit limited generalizability across images with different entangled domain features and categorical features. Learning generalizable features that can form universal categorical decision boundaries across domains is an interesting and difficult challenge. This problem occurs frequently in medical imaging applications when attempts are made to deploy and improve deep learning models across different image acquisition devices, across acquisition parameters or if some classes are unavailable in new training databases. To address this problem, we propose Mutual Information-based Disentangled Neural Networks (MIDNet), which extract generalizable categorical features to transfer knowledge to unseen categories in a target domain. The proposed MIDNet adopts a semi-supervised learning paradigm to alleviate the dependency on labeled data. This is important for real-world applications where data annotation is time-consuming, costly and requires training and expertise. We extensively evaluate the proposed method on fetal ultrasound datasets for two different image classification tasks where domain features are respectively defined by shadow artifacts and image acquisition devices. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art on the classification of unseen categories in a target domain with sparsely labeled training data.

Polygonal plot scaling method for plant protection of rotor-like UAVs

In this paper, a universal polygonal block boundary method is proposed to solve the problem of integral shrinkage and integral expansion of the boundary of the operation area when facing complex operation area boundary and obstacle boundary in the plant protection process of rotor-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). When rotorcraft UAVs carry out plant protection operation, they cannot spray more or miss spraying, and they cannot have any collision with obstacles. Based on the method proposed in this paper, the boundary of the operation area and the boundary of the obstacles can be shrunk and expanded as a whole, so as to improve the safety factor of UAVs and the operation accuracy and efficiency.

Scaling of the formation probabilities and universal boundary entropies in the quantum XY spin chain

We calculate exactly the probability to find the ground state of the XY chain in a given spin configuration in the transverse σz-basis. By determining finite-volume corrections to the probabilities for a wide variety of configurations, we obtain the universal boundary entropy at the critical point. The latter is a benchmark of the underlying boundary conformal field theory characterizing each quantum state. To determine the scaling of the probabilities, we prove a theorem that expresses, in a factorized form, the eigenvalues of a sub-matrix of a circulant matrix as functions of the eigenvalues of the original matrix. Finally, the boundary entropies are computed by exploiting a generalization of the Euler–MacLaurin formula to non-differentiable functions. It is shown that, in some cases, the spin configuration can flow to a linear superposition of Cardy states. Our methods and tools are rather generic and can be applied to all the periodic quantum chains which map to free-fermionic Hamiltonians.

Regularity of all minimizers of a class of spectral partition problems

We study a rather broad class of optimal partition problems with respect to monotone and coercive functional costs that involve the Dirichlet eigenvalues of the partitions. We show a sharp regularity result for the entire set of minimizers for a natural relaxed version of the original problem, together with the regularity of eigenfunctions and a universal free boundary condition. Among others, our result covers the cases of the following functional costs $ (\omega_1, \dots, \omega_m) \mapsto \sum\limits_{i = 1}^{m} \left( \sum\limits_{j = 1}^{k_i} \lambda_{j}(\omega_i)^{p_i}\right)^{1/p_i}, \quad \prod\limits_{i = 1}^{m} \left( \prod\limits_{j = 1}^{k_i} \lambda_{j}(\omega_i)\right), \quad \prod\limits_{i = 1}^{m} \left( \sum\limits_{j = 1}^{k_i} \lambda_{j}(\omega_i)\right) $ where $(\omega_1, \dots, \omega_m)$ are the sets of the partition and $\lambda_{j}(\omega_i)$ is the $j$-th Laplace eigenvalue of the set $\omega_i$ with zero Dirichlet boundary conditions.

Entanglement and boundary entropy in quantum spin chains with arbitrary direction of the boundary magnetic fields

We calculate the entanglement and the universal boundary entropy (BE) in the critical quantum spin chains, such as the transverse field Ising chain and the XXZ chain, with arbitrary direction of the boundary magnetic field (ADBMF). We determine the boundary universality class that an ADBMF induces. In particular, we show that the induced boundary conformal field theory (BCFT) depends on the point on the Bloch sphere where the boundary magnetic field directs. We show that the classification of the directions boils down to the simple fact that the boundary field breaks the bulk symmetry or does not. We present a procedure to estimate the universal BE, based on the finite-size corrections of the entanglement entropy, that apply to the ADBMF. To calculate the universal BE in the XXZ chain, we use the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG). The transverse field XY chain with ADBMF after Jordan-Wigner (JW) transformation is not a quadratic free fermion Hamiltonian. We map this model to a quadratic free fermion chain by introducing two extra ancillary spins coupled to the main chain at the boundaries, which makes the problem {\it{integrable}}. The eigenstates of the transverse field XY chain can be obtained by proper projection in the enlarged chain. Using this mapping, we are able to calculate the entanglement entropy of the transverse field XY chain using the usual correlation matrix technique up to relatively large sizes.