Field Boundary Research Articles

Translation Effects: Language, Time, and Community in Medieval England

Translation Effects: Language, Time, and Community in Medieval England

Relaxing free boundary conditions in resonant ultrasound spectroscopy for extreme environments

Elastic constants are thermodynamic susceptibilities, which provide symmetry-resolved insight into phase transitions and material anisotropy. Therefore, their importance spans basic to applied science and engineering. Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) is a powerful method to determine elastic constants, because RUS simultaneously measures all elastic constants in small, low symmetry samples with high precision and accuracy. Conventionally, elastic constants in RUS are obtained from resonant frequencies assuming the sample freely resonates. However, achieving free resonance is often incompatible with experimental situations, because such configurations are inherently unstable. This limitation has hindered utilizing RUS to study phases arising in extreme environments like strong magnetic fields. To overcome these obstacles, we introduce a variation of RUS in which small, finite-area contact is maintained between the sample and ultrasonic transducers using an adhesive. First, we establish the conditions under which this clamped point contact can be treated as a small perturbation to free resonance. After comparing predictions from this modelling with experiment, we then experimentally demonstrate the ability to extract elastic constants, and their temperature dependence, with comparable accuracy and precision to conventional RUS. Finally, we show we can reproducibly map phase boundaries in temperature and magnetic fields using our new approach.

Classical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanical Concepts

All of the mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics describe the interaction between radiation and atoms, but we show here that only Einstein has been able to establish a solid logical connection with classical theory. His methods are used to interpret the other mathematical models by requiring that observables be described in a physically-defined coordinate system and that there be strict adherence to the conservation of momentum. The properties of momentum exchange are included in a quantum oscillator, or clock, by replacing the non-relativistic Hamiltonian model with a relativistically correct Lagrangian model. Equal contributions are assigned to photon, electron, and nucleus; and field boundaries are defined that coincide with the electron shells. The fields of the particles superpose linearly, but otherwise their physical integrity is maintained throughout. The Lagrangian model accounts for the 720 degree rotation of a wave function as an initial 360 degree electromagnetic wave cycle (photon absorption) followed by a second wave cycle (photon emission), yielding two wave cycles to correspond with one complete electron cycle. The abstract space of quantum mechanics is replaced by a real classical space.

Applicability evaluation of agricultural Best Management Practices to estimate reduction efficiency of suspended solids

Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution affects water quality, and the path of leakage and discharge of NPS pollutants is not clear. NPS pollution is heavily influenced by weather conditions such as precipitation, making NPS pollution difficult to manage. The Soyang River watershed, in the upper reaches of the Han River, is dominated by mountain farmland, which causes the water to become turbid due to soil erosion during rainfall. Therefore, South Korea’s Ministry of Environment has designated Mandae District as an NPS pollution management area to install and manage various NPS pollution reduction facilities (NPRF). However, research on the NPS reduction efficiency is insufficient. Therefore, a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to evaluate soil loss and suspended solids (SS) reduction efficiency by NPRF installed in the Mandae District. In this study, hydrologic response units (HRUs) were modified to spatially consider agricultural fields in steep-sloping areas in South Korea, and soil loss, as well as SS reduction efficiency, were calculated reflecting temporal/spatial characteristics of best management practices (BMPs). In order to accurately evaluate the NPRF, this study digitized all fields in the Mandae District and applied them to land use maps where slope and slope length were entered for each agricultural field. To this end, the digitized boundaries of all agricultural fields have been updated into land use maps. In addition, the estimated soil loss was corrected by calibrating the exponent and coefficient of the MUSLE(Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation) formula. Reduction efficiency was assessed by comparing the amount of soil loss and SS before and after the installation of the NPRF with a scenario-based analysis. As a result, the soil loss reduction efficiency of the NPRF in Mandae District was 7.8% and the SS reduction efficiency was 5.8%. Both soil loss and SS were sensitive to slope length in evaluating the effectiveness of reduction. The results showed that the longer the slope length, the greater the soil loss or SS.

The Term depression in Contemporary Lithuanian Journalism

The article attempts to look into the ways that the special meaning of the term depression (Lith. depresija) changes in the discourse of journalism and the factors that drive those changes. Analysis of nearly 2,000 sentences featured in the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language that contain the term depression has shown that only one meaning of this term (medical) undergoes transformation as the term transcends the boundaries of a special field, while the rest of its meanings are not susceptible to change. First, the terminological meanings in which this term is used in the material covered by the analysis basically do not change at all, and no break between the term and the underlying concept occurs. Second, the terminological (medical) meaning changes to an extent, and the concept becomes simplified. Third, the terminological meaning undergoes a series of different semantic transformations and the term becomes even more detached from the special meaning, acquiring a number of emotional, expressive shades. These transformations depend on the topics covered by texts, the intentions of the authors, the contextual partners (adjectives, verbs), which often carry some stylistic connotations. Still, it can be sometimes difficult to determine the extent of transformation of the terminological meaning of the term depression with a high degree of accuracy. At times, the boundary between the term depression and the word depression becomes unclear.

Field-testing of noise abatement measures

The strengthening of rail transport must be accompanied by a reduction in emissions. Regarding acoustics, innovative measures to increase noise protection must therefore be developed and investigated. Nevertheless, the determination of the sound reduction effect of mitigation measures on the railway infrastructure or in the propagation path is not yet standardised. There is a need for the development of a measurement and evaluation procedure, which is practice-oriented, reliable and allows the assessment of innovative measures in approval procedures. The German Centre for Rail Traffic Research (DZSF) at the Federal Railway Authority - an independent, scientific research facility of the German Federal Government - will support these activities. In addition to theoretical investigations, the Open Digital Test Field, which is being set up by the DZSF in the Lusatia region between Halle (Saale) - Cottbus - Niesky, is available for practical tests. Before starting the field tests, measurement procedure and boundary conditions are to be defined. The requirements and methods for quantifying mitigation measures formulated in previous research projects are outlined and reviewed. The presentation will discuss a derived proposal and show the selection of acoustic test sections in the Open Digital Test Field that meet the requirements.

Data Science and its Relationship to Big Data and Data-Driven Decision Making

Companies are realizing that they need to hire data scientists, academic institutions are rushing to develop data science programs, and publications are promoting data science as a hot, even "sexy" career choice. However, there is a lack of clarity regarding the specifics of data science, and this lack of clarity may result in disillusionment as the concept fades into meaningless buzz. We argue in this article that it has been difficult to define data science precisely for good reasons. The fact that big data and data-driven decision making are two other important concepts that are also gaining importance is one reason. Another reason is that people naturally tend to link a practitioner's work to the definition of their field; This can lead to ignoring the field's fundamentals. We do not believe that it is of the utmost importance to attempt to precisely define the boundaries of data science. In an academic setting, we can debate the field's boundaries, but data science can only be of use to businesses if (i) its relationships to other important related concepts are understood and (ii) the fundamental principles of data science are identified. Once we accept (ii), it will be much easier for us to comprehend and precisely explain what data science has to offer. Furthermore, we won't be able to call it data science until we accept (ii).We present a viewpoint that addresses all of these ideas in this article. We conclude by providing a sample list of data science's fundamental principles as examples.

Triggering of Whistler‐Mode Rising and Falling Tone Emissions in a Homogeneous Magnetic Field

AbstractWe perform a self‐consistent one‐dimensional electromagnetic particle simulation with a uniform magnetic field and open boundaries. The plasma environment consists of cold isotropic electrons, energetic electrons, and immobile ions. The energetic electrons are initialized with a subtracted‐Maxwellian distribution with temperature anisotropy. By oscillating external currents with a constant frequency 0.2 fce, where fce is the electron cyclotron frequency, a whistler‐mode wave is injected as a triggering wave from the center of the simulation system, and we investigated the process of interactions between the triggering wave and energetic electrons. We find that both rising‐tone and falling‐tone emissions are triggered through the formation of an electron hole and an electron hill in the velocity phase space consisting of a parallel velocity and the gyro‐phase angle of the perpendicular velocities. The rising‐tone emission varies from 0.2 fce to 0.4 fce, while the falling‐tone varies from 0.2 fce to 0.15 fce. The generation region of the rising‐tone triggered emission starts near the injection point of the triggering wave and moves upstream generating new subpackets. The generation region of the falling‐tone triggered emission also moves upstream generating new subpackets. The simultaneous formation of the electron hole and hill is identified by separating small and large wavenumber components corresponding to lower and higher frequencies, respectively, by applying the discrete Fourier transformation to the waveforms in space. Based on the simulation results of the whistler‐mode triggered emissions, we conclude that the mechanism of frequency variation of whistler‐mode chorus emissions works even in a uniform magnetic field.

Stay off my field: policing boundaries in human rights and democracy promotion

AbstractThe study of global politics is frequently organized around fields, but the boundaries of these fields are little understood. We explore the relationship between two proximate fields, human rights (HR) and democracy promotion (DP), in order to understand the emergence and maintenance of field boundaries. The two fields are closely linked in international law and practice, yet they have remained largely separate as fields of action, despite vast changes in global politics over four decades. The disjuncture has been largely maintained by HR organizations who police the boundary to keep DP out. We identify differences in anchoring norms as the key factor driving boundary maintenance. Actors in the two fields hold different foundational ideas about how to protect and advance rights, norms that we describe as cosmopolitan and statist. This account is superior to alternate explanations that emphasize functional demands or resource flows, and complements historical institutionalist accounts. Our research offers a theoretical contribution to the study of fields and practical insight into two important areas of global practice. Our qualitative research is supplemented by digital annotations, supported by the Qualitative Data Repository.

Expanding the boundaries of interdisciplinary field: Contribution of Network Science journal to the development of network science

AbstractIn this paper, we examine the contribution of Network Science journal to the network science discipline. We do so from two perspectives. First, expanding the existing taxonomy of article contribution, we examine trends in theory testing, theory building, and new method development within the journal’s articles. We find that the journal demands a high level of theoretical contribution and methodological rigor. High levels of theoretical and methodological contribution become significant predictors of article citation rates. Second, we look at the composition of the studies in Network Science and determine that the journal has already established a solid “hard core” for the new discipline.

Particle simulation of the strong magnetic field effect on dust particle charging process

A particle-in-cell simulation is modeled and run on a dusty plasma to determine the effect of the magnetic field on the process of dust-particle charging through electron–ion plasma. The electric field is solved through the Poisson equation, and the electron-neutral elastic scattering, excitation, and ionization processes are modeled through Monte Carlo collision method. The effects observed from the initial density of the plasma, the initial temperature of the electrons, and the changing magnetic field are included in this simulation model. In the dust particle charging process, saturation time and saturation charge are compared. An increase in the magnetic field does not reduce time to reach the saturation state. Determining the magnetic field boundaries which depend on the physical properties of the plasma, can be contributive in some areas of dusty(complex) plasma. The applications of the results obtained here for fusion plasma conditions and space and laboratory plasmas are discussed. The results here can be applied in future simulation models with a focus on the dust particle movement and their effect on plasma, leading to the modeling of different astrophysical plasmas thorough laboratory experiments.

AI4Boundaries: an open AI-ready dataset to map field boundaries with Sentinel-2 and aerial photography

Abstract. Field boundaries are at the core of many agricultural applications and are a key enabler for the operational monitoring of agricultural production to support food security. Recent scientific progress in deep learning methods has highlighted the capacity to extract field boundaries from satellite and aerial images with a clear improvement from object-based image analysis (e.g. multiresolution segmentation) or conventional filters (e.g. Sobel filters). However, these methods need labels to be trained on. So far, no standard data set exists to easily and robustly benchmark models and progress the state of the art. The absence of such benchmark data further impedes proper comparison against existing methods. Besides, there is no consensus on which evaluation metrics should be reported (both at the pixel and field levels). As a result, it is currently impossible to compare and benchmark new and existing methods. To fill these gaps, we introduce AI4Boundaries, a data set of images and labels readily usable to train and compare models on field boundary detection. AI4Boundaries includes two specific data sets: (i) a 10 m Sentinel-2 monthly composites for large-scale analyses in retrospect and (ii) a 1 m orthophoto data set for regional-scale analyses, such as the automatic extraction of Geospatial Aid Application (GSAA). All labels have been sourced from GSAA data that have been made openly available (Austria, Catalonia, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Slovenia, and Sweden) for 2019, representing 14.8 M parcels covering 376 K km2. Data were selected following a stratified random sampling drawn based on two landscape fragmentation metrics, the perimeter/area ratio and the area covered by parcels, thus considering the diversity of the agricultural landscapes. The resulting “AI4Boundaries” dataset consists of 7831 samples of 256 by 256 pixels for the 10 m Sentinel-2 dataset and of 512 by 512 pixels for the 1 m aerial orthophoto. Both datasets are provided with the corresponding vector ground-truth parcel delineation (2.5 M parcels covering 47 105 km2), and with a raster version already pre-processed and ready to use. Besides providing this open dataset to foster computer vision developments of parcel delineation methods, we discuss the perspectives and limitations of the dataset for various types of applications in the agriculture domain and consider possible further improvements. The data are available on the JRC Open Data Catalogue: http://data.europa.eu/89h/0e79ce5d-e4c8-4721-8773-59a4acf2c9c9 (European Commission, Joint Research Centre, 2022).

An Assessment of the Relationship Between Individual Farmland Bird Species Abundance and the Field Boundary Evaluation and Grading System

ABSTRACT: Field boundaries, including hedgerows, are important semi-natural habitats for many Irish farmland birds. There is a need for proactive conservation measures targeted towards common species. An investigation was conducted into the relationship between the Field Boundary Evaluation and Grading System index (FBEGS) and individual farmland bird species in Ireland. FBEGS is a tool that can be used to assess the ecological quality of field boundaries and is a useful predictor of total farmland bird communities. Here, we used data collected during 2005–06 to evaluate the relationship between field boundary quality (using FBEGS) and the abundance of a range of individual bird species recorded in the winter and breeding seasons. Blackbird Turdus merula and robin Erithacus rubecula had positive relationships with FBEGS in winter, and blackbird T. merula , wren Troglodytes troglodytes and woodpigeon Columba palumbus had positive relationships with FBEGS in the breeding season. This indicates that FBEGS can be used to predict the abundance of particular bird species within hedgerows. However, there are limitations to this predictive ability, likely due to species-specific preferences in terms of the ecological quality of hedgerows.

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE FOR AUTOMATED ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING OF LOW-HEIGHT TUNNEL FARMS

Agricultural machinery is an essential tool for improving agricultural production per unit area. It helps farmers to grow more crops in less time and with greater efficiency to meet food security for exponentially growing population. Tunnel farming is an agriculture technique in which the crop is grown in a long row, covered with plastic sheets to maintain favorable environment for crop growth while minimizing environmental and biological hazards. Tunnel farms are divided into low height tunnel, high tunnel, and walk-in tunnel. It is important to monitor tunnels for temperature and relative humidity because these two factors promote disease and pest attack. In low height tunnels, it becomes difficult to physically monitor temperature variations, humidity variation and pest or disease attack. Therefore, it is required to develop suitable solution to this problem which can be provided in the form of small, unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) equipped with necessary sensing devices. In this study, a small UGV having camera, temperature and humidity sensors was developed and evaluated at four different sites. These sites included lemon orchard, research farms, main boulevard and field farm. The temperature and humidity reading were recorded at 8:00, 11:00, 14:00 and 16:00 a day on 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 ft. length from field boundary. In lemon orchard temperature is minimum (240C) and humidity is maximum (69%) at 8:00 AM. In the evening at 2:00 PM temperature was maximum (390C) and humidity was minimum (45%). In research farm temperature was minimum (280C) and humidity was maximum (65%) at 8:00AM. In the evening at 2:00PM temperature was maximum (430C) and humidity was minimum (40%). In Kfueit boulevard temperature was minimum (250C) and humidity was maximum (69%) at 8:00AM. In the evening at 2:00PM temperature was maximum (400C) and humidity was minimum (46%). In Progressive farmer farm temperature was minimum (300C) and humidity was maximum (69%) at 8:00AM. In the evening at 2:00PM temperature was maximum (430C) and humidity was minimum (46%).

Предмет и основные направления современной философии экономики

The modern philosophy of economics in Russia and in the West is devoid of unity: its representatives differ in the definition of the subject of the philoso­phy of economics, and in the various existing definitions, the “philosophical” part is poorly represented and is often replaced by the methodological one. This study is an attempt to form a holistic view of the subject field of modern philoso­phy of economics. In our work, we used comparative and historical methods, a systematic approach. The purpose of our work is to define the boundaries of the subject field of modern philosophy of economics. We describe the main historical stages in the development of the philosophy of economics in Russia and abroad, as well as the views of economists and philosophers on the subject of the philosophy of economics. The general conclusion is that the modern phi­losophy of economics is a study of the methodology, ethics and epistemology of economic science, within the boundaries of which the subject of this area of knowledge is determined. At the same time, the Russian version of the phi­losophy of economics differs from its Western version in the degree of insti­tutionalization and the level of development of the philosophical problems of economics.

Determination of the Boundaries of Anomaly Potential Field with Analytical Signal Filter and its Orthogonal Derivative in Qeshm Island SE Iran

Determination of the Boundaries of Anomaly Potential Field with Analytical Signal Filter and its Orthogonal Derivative in Qeshm Island SE Iran

Fashion and the Question of the Symbolic: The Ideology of Value and Its Limits

Questions of the symbolic occupy one of the central places in the structure and concept of fashion. The system of the symbolic — obscure, not always lending itself to identification and definition — forms the basis of fashion as a mechanism focused upon inversion and acceptance of a conventional system of values. The ideology of the symbolic, founded on the establishment of symbolic values is of direct relevance to an understanding of the system of fashion. The symbolic holds a central position in the establishment of a system of values. It constructs the rich content of the semantic vector of fashion. The artistic, visual and content platform of fashion is built on the basis of the symbolic. This conception was outlined by Jacques Lacan, and then developed further by such figures as Gilles Deleuze, Felix Guattari, Michel Foucault, Jean Baudrillard and Pierre Bourdieu. Existing in a variety of statuses and supporting a whole range of basic programmes — shaping concepts of the authentic, defining mechanisms of exchange and significance, denoting the boundaries of the social field — the symbolic maintains and determines the visual and semantic rules of fashion. This paper examines the main theories of the symbolic associated with the formation of the ideological and artistic programme of fashion.

Rheological study of Hall current and slip boundary conditions on fluid-nanoparticle phases in a convergent channel.

Purpose: the purpose of this theoretical study was to analyze the heat transfer in the fluid-particle suspension model under the effects of a porous medium, magnetic field, Hall effects, and slip boundary conditions in a convergent channel with the addition of electrokinetic phenomena. The Darcy-Brinkman (non-Darcy porous medium) model was used to assess the effects of the porous medium. Methodology: the rheological equations of both models were transformed into a dimensionless form to obtain the exact solutions of the fluid and particle phase velocities, pressure gradient, volumetric flow rate, stream function, temperature distribution, and heat-transfer rate. To obtain an exact solution to the models, the physical aspects of the parameters are discussed, analyzed, and reported through graphs, contour plots, and in tabular form. Findings: mixing in hafnium particles in a viscous fluid provide 1.2% more cooling compared to with a regular fluid. A reduction of the streamlines was observed with the contribution of the slip condition. The utilization of the Darcy parameters upgraded both the fluid flow and temperature profiles, while the heat-transfer rate decreased by up to 3.3% and 1.7% with the addition of a magnetic field and porous medium, respectively. Originality: the current study is an original work of the authors and has not been submitted nor published elsewhere.

A multi-scale approach for identification of potential pesticide use sites impacting vernal pool critical habitat in California.

Spatially explicit ecological risk assessment (ERA) requires estimating the overlap between chemical and receptor distribution to evaluate the potential impacts of exposure on nontarget organisms. Pesticide use estimation at field level is prone to error due to inconsistencies between ground-reporting and geospatial data coverage; attempts to rectify these inconsistencies have been limited in approach and rarely scaled to multiple crop types. We built upon a previously developed Bayesian approach to combine multiple crop types for a probabilistic determination of field-crop assignments and to examine co-occurrence of critical vernal pool habitats and bifenthrin application within a 5-county area in California (Madera, Merced, Sacramento, San Joaquin, and Stanislaus counties). We incorporated a multi-scale repeated sampling approach with an area constraint to improve the delineation of field boundaries and better capture variability in crop assignments and rotation schemes. After comparing the accuracy of the spatial probabilistic approach to USDA Census of Agriculture crop acreage data, we found our approach allows more specificity in the combination of crop types represented by the potential application area and improves acreage estimates when compared to traditional deterministic approaches. In addition, our multi-scale sampling scheme improved estimates of bifenthrin acreage variability for co-occurrence analysis and allowed for estimates of crop rotations that were previously uncaptured. Our approach could be leveraged for more realistic, spatially resolved exposure and effects models both in and outside of California.

Underwater Surface Flow Velocity Sensor Based on Single Side Stray Field of Permanent Magnet

Flow perception, as unique for underwater creature, is also the key components for underwater robots. However, due to strictly limitation on power consumption, flow resistance, volume and weight, to achieve flow perception ability artificialy is not easy in underwater robots. Different from the existing sensors, by using the stray field of permanent magnet, a novel surface flow velocity sensor is proposed with zero excitation power consumption, nearly zero flow resistance and considerable signal output. In this paper, based on the derived formula of electromagnetic induction with stray field, the relationship between electrode output voltage, permanent magnet stray field, surface flow field boundary layer and electrode position is established, and the spatial sensitivity distribution of sensor unit to surface flow field with optimal electrode position are studied. By using flexible surface printed electrode, when the fluid flows through the magnetic field area on the electrode surface, induced voltage proportional to the velocity is generated. Finally, the flow velocity perception ability of the sensor is verified by finite element simulation and experiments, and the sensitivity coefficients of the sensor under different electrode positions are compared. The proposed sensor can be used for any underwater vehicle to realize the perception of surface flow field without damaging the streamline shape. The intrinsic sensitivity of the sensor unit is 1.6 mV/(m∙ s^-1) with the weight of 7.8 grams.