Boundary Adjustments Research Articles

Evaluating the efficacy of zoning designations for protected area management

Protected areas worldwide are facing increasing pressures to co-manage human development and biodiversity conservation. One strategy for managing multiple uses within and around protected areas is zoning, an approach in which spatial boundaries are drawn to distinguish areas with varying degrees of allowable human impacts. However, zoning designations are rarely evaluated for their efficacy using empirical data related to both human and biodiversity characteristics. To evaluate the effectiveness of zoning designations, we developed an integrated approach. The approach was calibrated empirically using data from Wolong Nature Reserve, a flagship protected area for the conservation of endangered giant pandas in China. We analyzed the spatial distribution of pandas, as well as human impacts (roads, houses, tourism infrastructure, livestock, and forest cover change) with respect to zoning designations in Wolong. Results show that the design of the zoning scheme could be improved to account for pandas and their habitat, considering the amount of suitable habitat outside of the core zone (area designated for biodiversity conservation). Zoning was largely successful in containing houses and roads to their designated experimental zone, but was less effective in containing livestock and was susceptible to boundary adjustments to allow for tourism development. We identified focus areas for potential zoning revision that could better protect the panda population without significantly compromising existing human settlements. Our findings highlight the need for evaluating the efficacy of zoning in other protected areas facing similar challenges with balancing human needs and conservation goals, not only in China but also around the world.

Evaluating Habitat Change and Boundary Adjustment of a Nature Reserve in Coastal Wetlands: Case Study of Beidagang Nature Reserve, China

Habitat change of coastal wetlands caused by natural and anthropogenic factors is an important issue facing China. Large areas of coastal habitat are disappearing, and those remaining become vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts from industry, agriculture, aquaculture, urban development, and domestic waste. A question is whether the change of habitat area has an influence on boundary adjustments of natural reserves. The study reported in this paper applied remote-sensing images, and environmental and socioeconomic data to analyse the change of land use and land cover and habitat quality in an estuarine area and to identify the driving forces for these changes from 1988 to 2008. The results show that land use has changed significantly over this period. Cultivated lands occupying total area 35.96% decreased from 36,879.0 ha to 35,313.7 ha from 1988 to 1999. The area of settlements expanded from 11,305.1 ha in 1988 to 16,661.3 ha in 1999 and further to 23,258.6 ha in 2008. The areas of settlement, saltwater bodies, and unused land increased by 47.38%, 33.51%, and 16.66%, respectively, from 1988 to 1999. These trends continued from 1999 to 2008. The total average biomass in 2003 was far below the biomass of the same region in 1983 and the biological density also decreased sharply. The gross domestic product and population of the Dagang District grew continuously from 1993 to 2006 and was the main driving force of habitat change. The habitat quality of coastal wetlands is associated with natural reserve boundaries, which should be modified according to the actual protection status. The suggestion of boundary adjustment has also assisted the enhancement of habitat quality of coastal wetlands. This research emphasises the improvement of coastal environments through implementation of boundary adjustments.

Analysis of boundary adjustments and land use policy change – A case study of Tianjin Palaeocoast and Wetland National Natural Reserve, China

Research on changes of land use in natural reserves is a critical issue and discussion of land use policies relevant to them is needed for their preservation in face of pressures of local socio-economic development. This study examined Tianjin Palaeocoast and Wetland National Natural Reserve (TJPW) and reviewed its development processes, status of adjustments and evolutionary mechanisms. Land use/cover change (LUCC), driving forces, adjustment schemes, and land use policy changes were also investigated. Land use changes were studied by supervised classification of Landsat TM remote sensing images of 1988, 1998, and 2008, respectively. Local economic development is the main driving force of LUCC. As such, it is critical to lay out a scientific, integrated development plan for adjustment that pays more attention to changes in natural reserve land properties and establishes ecological protection networks. In addition, the ecological integrity of natural reserves needs to be preserved and sustained instead of randomly modifying their boundaries to meet the demand of key infrastructure projects. Therefore, the results described in the study provides a detailed reference model that can lead to adopt boundary adjustment strategy to balance coastal wetland protection and a sustainable development of resource’s management.

The Need to Provide for Boundary Adjustments in a Registered Title Land System

The practicalities of a modern land administration system require some means of boundary adjustment (or repair). Of the possible mechanisms it is concluded that an alternative to adverse possession, statutory encroachment, is preferable to part parcel adverse possession.

The effects of aging on the speed–accuracy compromise: Boundary optimality in the diffusion model.

We evaluated age-related differences in the optimality of decision boundary settings in a diffusion model analysis. In the model, the width of the decision boundary represents the amount of evidence that must accumulate in favor of a response alternative before a decision is made. Wide boundaries lead to slow but accurate responding, and narrow boundaries lead to fast but inaccurate responding. There is a single value of boundary separation that produces the most correct answers in a given period of time, and we refer to this value as the reward rate optimal boundary (RROB). We consistently found across a variety of decision tasks that older adults used boundaries that were much wider than the RROB value. Young adults used boundaries that were closer to the RROB value, although age differences in optimality were smaller with instructions emphasizing speed than with instructions emphasizing accuracy. Young adults adjusted their boundary settings to more closely approach the RROB value when they were provided with accuracy feedback and extensive practice. Older participants showed no evidence of making boundary adjustments in response to feedback or task practice, and they consistently used boundary separation values that produced accuracy levels that were near asymptote. Our results suggest that young adults attempt to balance speed and accuracy to achieve the most correct answers per unit time, whereas older adultts attempt to minimize errors even if they must respond quite slowly to do so.

The Need for Boundary Adjustments in the Proposed Hong Kong Title Registration Bill

The proposed Hong Kong Land Title Registration system does not include provisions for the variation in boundary location or remedying any discrepancies in the boundary locations of a land parcel. The practicalities of land administration require some means of boundary adjustment (or repair) in any land system, including registered title. This is so notwithstanding that there appears to be an inherent contradiction in allowing one of the possible mechanisms (part parcel adverse possession) in a registered title system. This paper argues that a modern LIS (including the proposed Hong Kong registered land system) should include such a mechanism. It is even suggested that failure to provide for boundary repair merely postpones the inevitable adoption of such provisions. Of the possible mechanisms it is concluded that an alternative to adverse possession, statutory encroachment, is preferable to part parcel adverse possession. A further suggestion is that provisions for statutory encroachment be included within the proposed HK Title Registration Bill with the proviso that the provision be repealed if left unused.

The need to provide for boundary adjustments in a registered title land system

The practicalities of a modern land administration system require some means of boundary adjustment (or repair). Of the possible mechanisms it is concluded that an alternative to adverse possession, statutory encroachment, is preferable to part parcel adverse possession.

The Need to Provide for Boundary Adjustments in a Registered Title Land System

The practicalities of a modern land administration system require some means of boundary adjustment (or repair). Of the possible mechanisms it is concluded that an alternative to adverse possession, statutory encroachment, is preferable to part parcel adverse possession.

‘War is Good for Thieving!’ The Symbiosis of Crime and Warfare Among the Kuria of Tanzania

AbstractAmong the agro-pastoral Kuria people of East Africa, whose population straddles the border between Tanzania and Kenya, many young men are engaged in an illicit, violent livestock trade in which cattle stolen in Tanzania are sold to Tanzanian or Kenyan buyers for cash. This raiding is inextricably bound up with the phenomenon of warfare between mutually antagonistic Kuria clans, which not only serves to legitimise raids on the enemy's cattle herds so long as the fighting rages but which also fosters and sustains an atmosphere of inter-clan enmity that lends support to cattle raiding, particularly on the herds of former adversaries, even after hostilities have ended. Clan warfare emerges as both a cause and an effect of raiding as well as serving as a training ground for novice raiders. On the basis of field research in the Tarime District lowlands, the article argues that although Kuria cattle raiding, oriented to the cash market, owes its existence to capitalist penetration and is driven by the rising demand for cattle, particularly in Kenya, it remains heavily dependent on inter-clan warfare, which has two main causes: animosity engendered by commercialised cattle raiding, and boundary adjustments initiated by the government, either for administrative reasons or, paradoxically, in an effort to resolve existing disputes over access to pasture, grazing and water.

'War Is Good for Thieving!' the Symbiosis of Crime and Warfare among the Kuria of Tanzania

Among the agro-pastoral Kuria people of East Africa, whose population straddles the border between Tanzania and Kenya, many young men are engaged in an illicit, violent livestock trade in which cattle stolen in Tanzania are sold to Tanzanian or Kenyan buyers for cash. This raiding is inextricably bound up with the phenomenon of warfare between mutually antagonistic Kuria clans, which not only serves to legitimise raids on the enemy's cattle herds so long as the fighting rages but which also fosters and sustains an atmosphere of inter-clan enmity that lends support to cattle raiding, particularly on the herds of former adversaries, even after hostilities have ended. Clan warfare emerges as both a cause and an effect of raiding as well as serving as a training ground for novice raiders. On the basis of field research in the Tarime District lowlands, the article argues that although Kuria cattle raiding, oriented to the cash market, owes its existence to capitalist penetration and is driven by the rising demand for cattle, particularly in Kenya, it remains heavily dependent on inter-clan warfare, which has two main causes: animosity engendered by commercialised cattle raiding, and boundary adjustments initiated by the government, either for administrative reasons or, paradoxically, in an effort to resolve existing disputes over access to pasture, grazing and water.

Differentiating intraday seasonalities through wavelet multi-scaling

It is well documented that strong intraday seasonalities may induce distortions in the estimation of volatility models. These seasonalities are also the dominant source for the underlying misspecifications of the various volatility models. Therefore, an obvious route is to filter out the underlying intraday seasonalities from the data. In this paper, we propose a simple method for intraday seasonality extraction that is free of model selection parameters which may affect other intraday seasonality filtering methods. Our methodology is based on a wavelet multi-scaling approach which decomposes the data into its low- and high-frequency components through the application of a non-decimated discrete wavelet transform. It is simple to calculate, does not depend on a particular model selection criterion or model-specific parameter choices. The proposed filtering method is translation invariant, has the ability to decompose an arbitrary length series without boundary adjustments, is associated with a zero-phase filter and is circular. Being circular helps to preserve the entire sample unlike other two-sided filters where data loss occurs from the beginning and the end of the studied sample.

Dispossessing the Wilderness: Indian Removal and the Making of the National Parks, and: American Indians and National Parks (review)

Reviewed by: Disposing of Wilderness: Indian Removal and the Making of the National Parks, and: American Indians and National Parks Heidi Glasel Mark David Spence . Disposing of Wilderness: Indian Removal and the Making of the National Parks. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. viii + 190 pp. Illustrations, maps, notes, index. Cloth $40.00 Robert H. Keller and Michael F. Turek. American Indians and National Parks. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1998. xv + 319 pp. Illustrations, maps, notes, index. Cloth $40.00, paper $19.95 Mark David Spence's Disposing of Wilderness offers detailed case studies of Yosemite, Yellowstone, and Glacier National Parks. The reader is offered a fine introduction to wilderness as a historical and cultural construct and the perspective that nonnative people's romantic views allowed them to believe that national parks were uninhabited Edens rather than anthropological landscapes shaped by Indian fire setting, hunting, and plant breeding. Spence traces the origins of contemporary Indian groups living near the three parks. Readers interested in the cultural histories of Native people dispossessed from these premier parks will appreciate this book. Those who are looking for a stimulating addition to the broader parks literature are more likely to find it lacking. Spence's thesis that uninhabited wilderness must be created through the dispossession of Native people before it can be preserved is not new. Nor is the notion that the establishment of the first parks in the United States set the precedent for other parks in the country as well as Native dispossession throughout the world. Furthermore, after situating Native dispossession in the international context, Spence does nothing with it. For example, Spence does not look at Glacier in the context of Glacier-Waterton, a park that straddles an international border. Indeed, even the rather poor map of the park shows only an otherwise empty space labeled Canada to the north. There are many cases from Africa, Asia, and Australia of native peoples losing their lands to parks and being relocated into reserves by national governments. Cultural and economic outcomes have been similar to those within the United States, with indigenous [End Page 313] peoples legislated out of their traditional lifestyles into selling crafts, dancing at tourist hotels, or posing for pictures in "traditional" garb. Native people often only qualify for the lowest level jobs in parks, and training programs for them to fill administrative park positions are virtually nonexistent. Ecologically, many of the management errors described by Spence for U.S. parks have been repeated around the world. For example, there has been a pattern of overly stringent fire suppression as well as predator control programs that have resulted in unchecked numbers of ungulates overgrazing lands until they became targets of culling programs themselves. Many premier parks outside of the United States also were created after the human population plummeted because of introduced disease and warfare. Spence uses the familiar analogy of parks and reservations being separate "islands," yet he offers no discussion of island biogeography or how it has informed efforts around the world to expand and connect existing parks to provide sufficient habitats for larger animals. The pace and depth of Disposing of Wilderness make it suitable for a graduate seminar, not an undergraduate classroom. The author is perhaps overly optimistic in concluding that park managers have learned from their mistakes, that relations between local people and parks have improved greatly, and that dispossession is no longer the means by which parks are created. Perhaps his optimism stems from a focus on the country with the longest tradition of national parks as well as one that has more revenue than most with which to address people–park conflicts, should it elect to do so. In American Indians and National Parks, authors Robert Keller and Michael Turek use library research, interviews, and personal experience working for parks to explore the complexities of protecting land. Keller and Turek argue against the stereotypes of the Indian as ecologist and Indian as victim. Native people are presented more as actors than as acted on. The authors examine the conflicting attitudes within native groups on issues ranging from mining, logging, dam building, and dam removal to boundary adjustments and social services associated with approximately...

Parallelization and load balancing of a comprehensive atmospheric chemistry transport model

Chemistry transport models are generally claimed to be well suited for massively parallel processing on distributed memory architectures since the arithmetic-to-communication ratio is usually high. However, this observation proves insufficient to account for an efficient parallel performance with increasing complexity of the model. The modeling of the local state of the atmosphere ensues very different branches of the modules' code and greater differences in the computational work load and, consequently, runtime of individual processors occur to a much larger extent during a time step than reported for meteorological models. Variable emissions, changes in actinic fluxes, and all processes associated with cloud modeling are highly variable in time and space and are identified to induce large load imbalances which severely affect the parallel efficiency. This is more so, when the model domain encompasses more heterogeneous meteorological or regional regimes, which impinge dissimilarly on simulations of atmospheric chemistry processes. These conditions hold for the EURAD model applied in this study, which covers the European continental scale as integration domain. Based on a master-worker configuration with a horizontal grid partitioning approach, a method is proposed where the integration domain of the individual processors is locally adjusted to accommodate for load imbalances. This ensures a minimal communication volume and data exchange only with the next neighbors. The interior boundary adjustments of the processors are combined with routine boundary exchange which is required each time step anyway. Two dynamic load balancing schemes were implemented and compared against a conventional equal area partition and a static load balancing scheme. The methods are devised for massively parallel distributed memory computers of both, Single and Multiple Instruction stream Multiple Data stream (SIMD, MIMD) types. A midsummer episode of highly elevated ozone concentrations over parts of Europe was taken as test case. The dynamic load balancing approaches were found to perform significantly better and reduce idle times of the processors considerably. The efficiency was raised from to 62% for a 128 processor configuration.

High-resolution plate reconstruction of the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge

We use recently acquired magnetic and SeaBeam bathymetric data to examine the spreading rates and plate boundary geometry of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge 30°–36° S. Using a statistically rigorous estimation of rotation poles we develop a precise spreading history of the African—South American plate boundary. The total opening rate for 1–4.23 Myr (Plio-Pleistocene) is nearly constant at 32.3 ± 1 km Myr−1. The spreading rate apparently is faster in the Late Miocene (7.3-5.3 Myr), though this may reflect inaccuracies in the geomagnetic time scale. The rotation poles enable a plate boundary reconstruction with an accuracy of 2–3 km. The reconstructions also show that the plate boundary geometry underwent several changes since the late Miocene including the growth of one ridge segment from 40 to 105 km in length, and the reorientation of another ridge segment which has spread obliquely from 7 to 1 Myr. Pole calculations using both right- and left-stepping fracture zones show an offset of 1–2 km between the deepest, most linear part of a fracture zone trough and the former plate boundary location. The high-resolution plate kinematics suggests that the plate boundary, as a whole, evolves 2-dimensionally as prescribed by rigid plates. On a local scale, asymmetric accretion, asymmetric extension, small lateral ridge jumps (< 3 km), and intra-segment propagation result in minor plate boundary adjustments and deformation to the rigid plates.

British Boundary Adjustments and the uSuthu-Mandlakazi Conflict in Zululand, 1879–1904

British Boundary Adjustments and the uSuthu-Mandlakazi Conflict in Zululand, 1879–1904

Africa's political boundaries: Colonial cartography, the OAU, and the advisability of ethno-national adjustment

This article challenges the notion that nation-state boundaries in Black Africa are best left intact despite their historically problematical origins and questionable ethnographic rationality. The increased energization and politicization of ethnic identity evident in much of Black Africa during the past generation call for reexamination of the boundaries inherited from colonialism. Although post-colonial nationalism has taken root in some countries, it has not, overall, provided the political cohesion to obviate the need for periodic boundary adjustments in light of prevailing political realities both within Black Africa and within the global political and economic systems. The underlying social and political forces evidently giving rise to politicized ethnic consciousness are not likely to recede in the near future. Accordingly, arguments concerning the rationality, and therefore the inviolability, of inherited boundaries, must be understood in light of political circumstances which have evolved during the first generation of independence from colonial rule.

Some preliminary experiments in the recognition of connected digits

A system is described for recognizing connected digits. The system is essentially speaker independent and has been programmed to recognize strings of three consecutive digits. In order to segment the input utterance into the single digits, a voiced-unvoiced-silence analysis is made using a pattern recognition algorithm. Based on both the voiced-unvoiced-silence contour, and variations in the energy contour of the utterance, a preliminary segmentation of the digit string is made. Boundary adjustments are then made based on a preliminary recognition of the individual digits. Finally a recognition algorithm, similar to the one used in the isolated digit recognition work described by Sambur and Rabiner, is used to classify the individual digits in the utterance. Experiments with the system using ten speakers (five male, five female) in a fairly low noise environment yielded a 91% correct digit recognition score. Similar experiments using ten new speakers (five male, five female) in a noisy computer room yielded an 87% correct digit recognition score.

Strain, fractures, and pressure solution in natural single-layer folds

Research Article| October 01, 1975 Strain, fractures, and pressure solution in natural single-layer folds R. H. GROSHONG, JR. R. H. GROSHONG, JR. 1Cities Service Oil Company, Exploration & Production Research, Box 50408, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74150 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information R. H. GROSHONG, JR. 1Cities Service Oil Company, Exploration & Production Research, Box 50408, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74150 Publisher: Geological Society of America First Online: 01 Jun 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2674 Print ISSN: 0016-7606 Geological Society of America GSA Bulletin (1975) 86 (10): 1363–1376. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1975)86<1363:SFAPSI>2.0.CO;2 Article history First Online: 01 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation R. H. GROSHONG; Strain, fractures, and pressure solution in natural single-layer folds. GSA Bulletin 1975;; 86 (10): 1363–1376. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1975)86<1363:SFAPSI>2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract Intragranular strain has been measured by the twinned calcite strain-gage technique from the hinges and limbs of three single-layer minor folds with limb dips of 15°, 48°, and 67°. The folds are in unmetamorphosed, Silurian-age limestone beds enclosed in shale, in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge province of central Pennsylvania. In all three folds, the maximum compressive strain axes are subparallel to bedding and tend to plunge toward the inner arcs of the hinges. The principal deviatoric compressive strains in the fold cross sections range from −0.48 ± 0.77 to −4.75 ± 0.78 percent; the largest compressive strains are in the gentlest fold and the smallest ones are in the tightest fold. Syntectonic stylolites are abundant in the folds and approximate a fanning cleavage. Filled extension fractures occur normal to bedding on the outer arc of the hinges of the two tightest folds. Filled fractures on the limbs of the same folds began as extension fractures subparallel to bedding and evolved into throughgoing thrust faults. A significant amount of the folding deformation is evidently accomplished by pressure solution and by displacement on fractures.The folds are interpreted as buckle folds and distinguished from transverse bends and passive folds on the basis of the mechanical contrast between the limestone and enclosing shale beds and the orientation and distribution of the principal strain axes, stylolites, and fractures. The orientations of the principal strain axes are best fit by buckle-fold models. Strain models of pure bending, layer-parallel shear, and shear parallel to the hinge plane are shown to be inadequate by themselves even as first-order approximations.A simple rheological model including intragranular strain (twin and translation gliding, grain boundary adjustments) and pressure solution fits the inferred relationships between these features. The model presumes that intragranular strain has a yield stress, whereas pressure solution does not, and that at high stresses pressure solution is more important than intragranular strain. The model predicts that when conditions are suitable for pressure solution, more of the strain will occur by this mechanism than by twin gliding and related mechanisms. This can explain the overall low values of measured intragranular strain. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

A Heuristic Approach to Selecting Sales Regions and Territories

It is argued that the typical method of selecting sales regions and territories can produce unequal allocations of work load. This paper presents a set of procedures for evaluating a sales region configuration and then successively adjusting the boundaries until work load is uniformly allocated. The logic and computation are both straightforward. The great advantage is that the procedure allows the manager to suggest which boundary adjustments he wishes to make next. In this way he has complete control of the process. A discussion of a particular application is presented.

The Auxiliary Social System and Its Effect on Territory and Breeding in Kookaburras

SUMMARYParry, V. 1973. The auxiliary social system and its effect on territory and breeding in Kookaburras. Emu 73:81–100.Kookaburras are social and live in territories with either a single permanent mate or a family consisting of a mate and one or more auxiliary members. Auxiliaries form one third of the adult population; they are non-breeding birds, the progeny of previous seasons that remains round the year and aids in defence, nest attendance and provisioning of young. The auxiliary social system operates because of uniform plumage and a strict territorial regime.Size of territory was correlated with the number of birds present at the time when boundary adjustments were made. It is determined by the amount of space the birds can successfully defend. Auxiliaries occupy the same space in the same habitat as breeders, so reducing the breeding potential of the population by about one third.Small clutches hatched asynchronously. Nestlings of pairs and families received the same amount of food and had similar rates of growth but pairs without auxiliaries produced 1.2 fledgelings per pair, those with auxiliaries produced 2.3 fledgelings per pair. Mortality among juveniles of families was less, probably because they received more care than young of pairs.Auxiliaries contributed up to 32 per cent of nest-attendance time and up to 60 per cent of food-items brought, thus allowing the pair of the family freedom from nesting duties not available to single pairs and the opportunity to rear a second brood in good seasons. Because egg-laying to independence from care takes sixteen to eighteen weeks, second broods probably could not be reared by pairs without auxiliaries.The auxiliary system appears to be a long-term adaptation for reducing fertility in accord with longevity incurred from living in the equable Bassian Region. But short-term regulation of the population appears to be achieved through mortality from asynchronous hatching and the ability of families to rear two broods.