Amount Of Bound Water Research Articles

Ефективність бобово-ендофітно-ризобіального симбіозу і продуктивність різних за скоростиглістю сортів сої в умовах зрошення Південного Степу України

Goal. To determine the physicochemical andfunctional technological indicators of hemp, pumpkin,pea, and black omum plant flour. Methods.The fiber was determined according to DSTU ISO6865:2004 “Feed for animals. Determination of thecontent of crude fiber by the method of intermediatefiltration”. The study of the fatty acid and amino acidcomposition of raw materials of plant origin was carriedout by the method of gas chromatography onthe “Kupol” device. The pH value was determinedpotentiometrically, and the swelling of flour was determinedby standing a 1% aqueous suspension in ameasuring cylinder during the day at a temperatureof 18–20°C. The swelling was estimated as themaximum amount of water that the flour can absorband hold until the dynamic equilibrium is reached,counted in the weight of the sample. The level offlour hydration was determined by the amount ofbound water (flour : water ratio). The objects ofresearch were samples: hemp flour, pumpkin flour,pea flour, and black omum plant flour. Results. Thephysicochemical properties of hemp, pumpkin, pea,and black omum plant flour were studied. It wasestablished that hemp, pumpkin, pea, and blackomum plant flour samples contained 2.2–4.8 timesmore protein than wheat flour samples. The analysisof the amino acid composition of the proteins ofeach type of flour showed that the protein fractionscontained a complete set of essential amino acids,and their sum did not exceed the reference values.Conclusions. The obtained results of the researchindicate the expediency of using non-traditionalraw materials of plant origin for the enrichmentof functional meat products with micro and macroelements, and dietary fibers.

Biglycan and chondroitin sulfate play pivotal roles in bone toughness via retaining bound water in bone mineral matrix

Recent in vitro evidence shows that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans (PGs) in bone matrix may functionally be involved in the tissue-level toughness of bone. In this study, we showed the effect of biglycan (Bgn), a small leucine-rich proteoglycan enriched in extracellular matrix of bone and the associated GAG subtype, chondroitin sulfate (CS), on the toughness of bone in vivo, using wild-type (WT) and Bgn deficient mice. The amount of total GAGs and CS in the mineralized compartment of Bgn KO mouse bone matrix decreased significantly, associated with the reduction of the toughness of bone, in comparison with those of WT mice. However, such differences between WT and Bgn KO mice diminished once the bound water was removed from bone matrix. In addition, CS was identified as the major subtype in bone matrix. We then supplemented CS to both WT and Bgn KO mice to test whether supplemental GAGs could improve the tissue-level toughness of bone. After intradermal administration of CS, the toughness of WT bone was greatly improved, with the GAGs and bound water amount in the bone matrix increased, while such improvement was not observed in Bgn KO mice or with supplementation of dermatan sulfate (DS). Moreover, CS supplemented WT mice exhibited higher bone mineral density and reduced osteoclastogenesis. Interestingly, Bgn KO bone did not show such differences irrespective of the intradermal administration of CS. In summary, the results of this study suggest that Bgn and CS in bone matrix play a pivotal role in imparting the toughness to bone most likely via retaining bound water in bone matrix. Moreover, supplementation of CS improves the toughness of bone in mouse models.

The effect of cement and aggregate type and w/c ratio on the bound water content and neutron shielding efficiency of concretes

Modeling studies of the effect of cement type, aggregate type and w/c ratio on the bound water amount and shielding properties against neutron ionising radiation of concretes are presented. The change of cement or aggregate type had an significant influence on the bound water amount and neutron linear attenuation coefficient (NLAC) calculated in Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code. The multiple regression analysis for the dependent variable NLAC suggested no correlation between w/c ratio and examined parameter.. Data gained in ionic chamber implies an influence of cement type on the concrete shielding properties.

The coordination of dietary valine and isoleucine on water holding capacity, pH value and protein solubility of fresh meat in finishing pigs

To investigate coordination of dietary levels of valine (Val) and isoleucine (Ile) on carcass traits and meat quality in pigs, 72 of 73.8 ± 1.6 kg crossbred barrows were randomly divided into a 2 (0.31% vs. 0.65% standard ileum digestible (SID) Val) × 2 (0.25% vs. 0.53% SID Ile) factorial arrangement. As a result, high dietary valine decreased myosin heavy-chain (MyHC)-I mRNA expression, pH24 h value, bound water amount (T21 peak area ratio), sarcoplasmic protein solubility and water holding capacity (WHC) of meat (P < .05). Meanwhile, high dietary isoleucine increased pH24 h value, sarcomere length (P < .05) and tend to decrease drip loss (P = .07). The significant interactions between valine and isoleucine were observed on backfat thickness, water distribution forms and myofibrillar protein solubility (P < .05) of pork. High valine diets undermined WHC of meat probably through decreasing pH24 h value and sarcoplasmic protein solubility considering their significant correlations with drip loss

Effects of pre-adsorbed water on methane adsorption onto blends with hydrophobic and hydrophilic nanosilicas

The effects of water pre-adsorbed onto hydro-compacted hydrophilic nanosilica A-300 and its blend with hydrophobic AM1 (dimethyldichlorosilane hydrophobized A-300) on methane adsorption depend on the amounts of water (h = 0.005−0.25 g per gram of dry solids) and the AM1/A-300 ratio (1:1, 3:1, and 5:1), as well on the pretreatment conditions. The interfacial and temperature behaviors of co-adsorbed water and methane were analyzed using low-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy (for static samples), cryoporometry, and quantum chemistry. The structural, morphological, and textural characteristics of the materials were studied using 1H MAS and 29Si CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, and nitrogen adsorption. It is unexpected that 1H NMR signal of methane increases with increasing temperature. This could be occurred due to enhanced molecular mobility and structure changes in mobile water and ice clusters bound in voids between silica nanoparticles in their aggregates, as well because of changes in the textural characteristics of the pretreated blends. The maximal adsorption of methane (38 mg/g at 285 K) is observed for AM1/A-300 (3:1) hydrated at h = 0.1 g/g. An increase or decrease in the content of hydrophobic nanosilica AM1 in the blends, as well the bound water amount, results in a decrease in the methane adsorption, but hydro-compaction of the blends results in increased methane adsorption.

Study on Hydration Degree of Portland Cement-Slag Complex Binders

Abstract. The hydration degree of Portland cement-slag complex binders was investigated by hydration heat, chemically bound water amount, EDTA selective dissolution and mortar compressive strength. Different hydration degree of complex binders was obtained with different methods. Hydration heat and EDTA method indicated that reaction degree of slag was much lower than cement and the total reaction degree of complex binders was also lower than neat cement. However, chemically bound water amount and mortar compressive strengths of complex binders blended with slag within certain limit were higher than neat cement at late age.

In-Vitro Starch Availability of Various Grains and Digestibility of Popped Milo, Rice Bran and Whole Oats in Mature Geldings

In-Vitro Starch Availability of Various Grains and Digestibility of Popped Milo, Rice Bran and Whole Oats in Mature Geldings

Study of the PVA hydrogel behaviour in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid

The present paper aims at studying the behaviour of the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) cryogel in the presence of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ((BMIM) + (BF4) - ) aqueous solutions with various concentrations. The gravimetric method showed that the swollen PVA cryogels exhibit mechanically active behaviour. PVA cryogels showed shrinking in the presence of ionic liquid, (IL), and re-swelling in the presence of distilled water. The re-swelling is not com- pletely reversible, due to the influence of the IL ions on the gel morphology. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra have indicated no chemical interaction between the PVA and the studied IL, but highlighted the gel crystallinity change as a function of IL concentration, as well as changes in the bound water amount. Rheological analyses showed dominating plastifying effect of the cation at a lower IL concentration and dominating kosmotropic effect of the anion at a higher IL concentration. A phenomenological kinetic equation that takes into account both fluxes of matters, in and out of the gel, is proposed, explaining the alteration of the gel properties when it comes in contact with BMIMBF4 solutions.

Study on Crystallinity Degree of Hydration Products in Autoclaved Samples with Solid Wastes

The ratio of the dissolved amount difference between in cool hydrochloride and hot hydrochloride to the bound water amount of the samples is regarded as crystallinity degree; approximate expressed the proportion relation of crystal and gel in the samples. And studied the relationship of compressive strength and dissolved amount difference, bound water amount and crystallinity degree of autoclaved silicate products using solid waste. The results shown, dissolved amount difference, bound water amount and crystallinity degree of autoclaved samples are related to kinds of hydration products. When well-crystallized hydrated amount is smaller, the crystallinity degree and its change are also smaller, and compressive strength of the sample increases with bound water amount increasing. When well-crystallized hydrated amount is larger, dissolved amount difference is larger, and crystallinity degree is larger, compressive strength of the sample increases with crystallinity degree decreased. There is an optimal value of crystallinity degree for compressive strength of the autoclaved samples.

Infrared Spectrum Study of Autoclaved Systems with Solid Wastes

Different solid waste and their autoclaved waste samples were studied with the methods of infrared spectra (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and chemical analysis. The results indicate that there is significant difference for strong absorbance Si-O bonds stretching vibration band of solid wastes infrared spectrum. The silicates have reacted and formed new hydrates which correspond to the strong absorbance Si-O bonds stretching vibration band. For containing activity crystal or amorphous which have ever been high-temperature heat such as fly ash, slag, waste glass and steel-slag, bound water amount of their autoclaved samples are related to strong absorbance Si-O bonds stretching vibration band, but there are no unity rules between the compressive strength of the autoclaved samples and strong absorbance Si-O bonds stretching vibration band because their type of hydrates products are significant differences. The IR characteristic peaks of waste concretes are almost same, and there are similar hydrate products (tobermorite and C-S-H (I) gel) and maximum compressive strength for different samples.

Dielectric Properties of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Measured by Two-Port Transmission Line Technique

The microwave dielectric properties of perfluorosulfonic acid membranes are characterized by a two-port transmission line technique. Two dielectric relaxation modes are observed in the microwave region (0.045-26 GHz) at 25{degree sign}C. The higher frequency process observed is identified as the cooperative relaxation of bulk-like water, whose amount was found to increase linearly with water content in the polymer. The lower-frequency process, characterized by longer relaxation times (20-70 picoseconds), is attributed to water molecules that are loosely bound to sulfonate groups. The loosely bound water amount was found to increase with hydration level at low water content, and levels-off at higher water contents. Flemion SH150, which has an equivalent weight of 909 g/equiv, displays higher dielectric strengths for both of these water modes compared to Nafion 117 (equivalent weight of 1100 g/equiv).

Two-Port Transmission Line Technique for Dielectric Property Characterization of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes

Performance improvements of perfluorosulfonic acid membranes, such as Nafion and Flemion, underline a need for dielectric characterization of these materials toward a quantitative understanding of the dynamics of water molecules and protons within the membranes. In this Article, a two-port transmission line technique for measuring the complex permittivity spectra of polymeric electrolytes in the microwave region is described, and the algorithms for permittivity determination are presented. The technique is experimentally validated with liquid water and polytertrafluoroethylene film, whose dielectric properties are well-known. Further, the permittivity spectra of dry and hydrated Flemion SH150 membranes are measured and compared to those of Nafion 117. Two water relaxation modes are observed in the microwave region (0.045-26 GHz) at 25 degrees C. The higher-frequency process observed is identified as the cooperative relaxation of bulk-like water, whose amount was found to increase linearly with water content in the polymer. The lower-frequency process, characterized by longer relaxation times in the range of 20-70 ps, is attributed to water molecules that are loosely bound to sulfonate groups. The loosely bound water amount was found to increase with hydration level at low water content and levels off at higher water contents. Flemion SH150, which has an equivalent weight of 909 g/equiv, displays higher dielectric strengths for both of these water modes as compared to Nafion 117 (equivalent weight of 1100 g/equiv), which probably reflects the effect of equivalent weight on the polymers' hydrated structure, and in particular its effect on the extended ionic cluster domains.