Bouea Macrophylla Research Articles

Phytosynthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles of Aqueous Extracts of Gandaria (Bouea macrophylla G.) Leaves and Stem Bark

Phytosynthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles of Aqueous Extracts of Gandaria (Bouea macrophylla G.) Leaves and Stem Bark

ANALYSIS OF FLAVONOID COMPOUNDS OF GANDARIA FRUIT (Bouea macrophylla GRIFF) AT VARIOUS Elevations IN AMBON ISLAND

Introduction: Gandaria (Bouea macrophylla Griff) is a tropical fruit plant which in the Maluku region is only found in several areas, namely Ambon Island as the largest production center. Gandaria contains secondary metabolites, one of which is flavonoids, which are generally found in various plants and are very potential to be researched and developed by Indonesian researchers because they have many good benefits for living things. Methods: This study used qualitative and quantitative research methods to test the color of the gandaria fruit samples to identify the presence of flavonoid compounds and then to find out how much flavonoids were in the gandaria fruit research samples taken from various altitudes on Ambon island. Results: The results of this study indicate that the Suli area as the area with the lowest altitude where the sample was taken contains the highest levels of flavonoids with an average of 21.498 mgQE/g, then the area of medium altitude where the sample is taken, namely Kusu-kusu has a flavonoid content with an average of 9.692 mgQE/g then in the area with the highest altitude level in sampling, namely Soya with the lowest flavonoid content with an average flavonoid content of 9.084 mgQE/g.

Optimizing the extraction parameters of phenolics and flavonoids from Bouea macrophylla Griff leaves using ultrasound-assisted extraction and evaluating their antioxidant abilities

Bouea macrophylla Griff is a plant species that primarily thrives in the wet tropical regions of Southeast Asia, such as Indonesia, Myanmar, Malaysia, and Thailand. B. macrophylla leaves contain a potential source of phenolics and flavonoids that exhibit biological activities. This research aimed to maximize the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of B. macrophylla Griff leaves extract using an ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and response surface methodology (RSM) with a four-factor and three-level Box Behnken design (BBD) for optimizing the extraction parameters. The values of four independent variables, namely ethanol concentration (X1), extraction temperature (X2), sample weight-to-solvent volume ratio (X3), and extraction time (X4), were investigated and determined through single-factor analysis experiments, and their optimal values were found to be 47% ethanol concentration, 46°C extraction temperature, 1/69 (g/ml) sample to solvent ratio, and 69 minutes of extraction time. Under the optimized conditions, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of B. macrophylla Griff leaves were determined to be 15.83 ± 0.05 mg GAE/g and 88.37 ± 0.23 mg QE/g, respectively. These experimental values were found to be close with the expected values. Moreover, this study revealed that UAE resulted in significantly higher antioxidant activity in B. macrophylla Griff compared to traditional extraction methods. The findings suggest that the extract obtained from its leaves through the UAE could be a potential source for various cosmetic or medicinal applications.

Biological Activities of Crude Extracts of Some Plant Leaves Cultivated in Vinh Long, Vietnam

This study carried on assessing the in vitro bioactivities of leaf extracts from five plants collected in Vinh Long Province, Vietnam, including extraction yield, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activities. Five crude leaf extracts were obtained by maceration with ethanol. The antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activities of five extracts were evaluated separately. The results showed that the leaf extraction yields of Vitex negundo, Acrostichum aureum L., Vitex rotundifolia, Bouea macrophylla Griff, and the highest Jasminum subtriplinerve, respectively, were 1.32%, 1.4%, 1.54%, 1.72%, and 2.95%. The leaf extract of B. macrophylla Griff (BLE) had the highest antioxidant capacity, with an IC50 of 6.4 ± 0.08 μg/ml. Except for A. aureum L. and J. subtriplinerve, the other leaf extracts exhibited antibacterial properties against two Gram-positive bacteria and two Gram-negative bacteria. Notably, BLE demonstrated the maximum antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with inhibition zones ranging from 15 to 16 mm and a MIC of 12.5 µg/ml. Accordingly, BLE was chosen to test for anticancer potential because its activities seemed to be greater than those of the other extracts. Especially, BLE suppressed the proliferation of HepG2 liver cancer cells with an IC50 of 72.33 ± 0.68 μg/ml. In addition, the phenotype of BLE-stimulated HepG2 cell death was typical of apoptotic cell death by analyzing the morphology and DNA fragmentation assay. Overall, the results indicated that five leaf extracts, particularly BLE, were efficient against all tested bacteria and effectively depressed the viability of HepG2 cancer cells. Furthermore, this study’s findings provide foundations for future research into the mechanisms behind these antibacterial and anticancer capabilities, as well as the knowledge of specific treatment pathways.

Development of Transethosomes Delivery System Loaded with Bouea macrophylla Griffith Seed Kernel Extract for Cosmeceutical Application

This research aimed to develop and optimize transethosomes loaded with Bouea macrophylla Griffith seed kernel extract (B-SE). Firstly, extraction procedures using solvent fractionation with various polarity: hexane, ethyl acetate and 95% (v/v) ethanol. The physicochemical properties of B-SE were investigated in terms of partition coefficient (LogP), solubility and pH-stability. To optimize the transethosomes formulation, the compositions were varied in sorts of percent cosurfactant, types of cosurfactant, extract concentration, percent total surfactant and types of particle ingredients (phospholipid or cholesterol). The significant factors influencing physical characteristics of the transethosomes were statistically identified using the 25-1 fractional factorial design. Particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), percent entrapment efficiency (%EE) and ultrastructural morphology of the optimized formulation was then characterized. As a marker of B-SE, ellagic acid (EA) was identified by HPLC at a retention time of 32.506 ± 0.16 min. The LogP of B-SE was 0.17. B-SE was practically insoluble in water but freely soluble in propylene glycol and ethanol. The pH condition that stabilized the extract was pH-5. The optimized formulation, consisted of phospholipid, propylene glycol, TWEEN 20, SPAN 80 and 2.5 mg/ml of B-SE presenting particle sizes of 79.72 ± 2.42 nm, PDI of 0.26±0.02 and %EE of 83.10±0.03% along with a spherical particle shape. To conclude, the optimized transethosomes loaded with B-SE fabricated by phospholipid and propylene glycol has desirable attributes for further developing into an anti-acne cosmeceutical. Nonetheless, the bioactivities and safety profile of the transethosomes were necessary for further investigation. Keywords: Bouea macrophylla Griffith, Transethosomes, Ellagic acid, Fractional factorial design, Nanocarrier

The Effect of Ramania Leaves Extract Gel (Bouea macrophylla Griff) on the Number of Osteoblast (in vivo Study of Post Extraction in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus))

The Effect of Ramania Leaves Extract Gel (Bouea macrophylla Griff) on the Number of Osteoblast (in vivo Study of Post Extraction in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus))

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK ETANOL 96% DAUN RAMANIA (Bouea macrophylla Griffith.) DARI DAERAH KALIMANTAN SELATAN DENGAN METODE DPPH

Ramania (Bouea macrophylla Griffith.) is a herbal plant that has antioxidant properties and inhibits free radicals. This research aims to determine the antioxidant potential of ramania leaf ethanol extract by looking at the IC50 value. Ramania leaves were extracted using the maceration method using 70% ethanol solvent. Antioxidant potential is determined using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method by comparing vitamin C which has been proven to have very potent free radical potential. The ramania leaves made had a concentration of 10% and then diluted to a concentration of (20,40,60,80,100) µg/mL. 2 mL of each infusion was taken and reacted with 2 mL of 50 µg/mL DPPH solution in an aluminum-lined test tube for a period of time (30 minutes). The results showed that the IC50 value of the ethanol extract of ramania leaves was 0.8126 ± 78.56387 µg/mL. The IC50 value obtained was compared with the inhibition value of the vitamin C solution made with varying concentrations (2,4,6,8,10) µg/ mL, based on this value, ramania leaf extract from the Sleman area is categorized as very potent so it can be developed as a source of antioxidants from natural ingredients.

Comparison of Maceration and Soxhletation Methods on the Antioxidant Activity of the Bouea macrophylla Griff Plant

The impact of extraction methods on the potency of plant extracts is crucial. Bouea macrophylla Griff., a tropical fruit plant rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds, exhibits strong antioxidant activity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of maceration and soxhletation extraction techniques on B. macrophylla plants on antioxidant activity in vitro using the method of inhibiting DPPH radical compounds. Ethyl acetate and ethanol solvents were utilized to macerate and soxhlet all parts of the plant. Subsequently, each extract was subjected to quantitative analysis for antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and flavonoid content through UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Quantitative analysis revealed substantial antioxidant activity and notable levels of total phenolic and flavonoid content across all plant parts. The result indicated that although both maceration and soxhletation showed a significant impact on yield (p=0.009) and total flavonoids (p=0.038), significant differences in antioxidant activity (p=0.409) or total phenolics (p=0.874) within the plant extracts of B. macrophylla were not observed at a significance level of 5%.

Phenolic profiles and in vitro biochemical properties of Thai herb ingredients for chronic diseases prevention

Traditional remedies using natural ingredients have been handed down over generations, providing collective information for the development of modern therapeutics. These natural products have a long history of safe consumption with curative effects but lack of scientific-based evidence hinders the mass production of new remedies containing active ingredients with particular medicinal properties. This research investigated the phenolic profiles and biochemical properties of 29 herbal ingredients identified in two traditional Thai remedies, Prasachandaeng (PSCD) and Chantaharuethai (CHRT), and their effectiveness in combating chronic diseases. These two traditional remedies are used to reduce fever but some ingredients have been previously reported to possess other health-related properties. Statistical analysis by TOPSIS indicated that Biancaea sappan (L.) Tod. extract exhibited the highest overall closeness coefficient (C) score analyzed from all variables including total phenolic contents, antioxidant potentials, and enzyme inhibitions. Bouea macrophylla Griff. extract showed potential as an effective agent against diabetes through inhibition of two carbohydrate degrading enzymes, α-glucosidase and α-amylase, while Dischidia major (Vahl) Merr. showed strong properties as an anti-angiotensin-converting enzyme, leading to the control of hypertension. Dracaena cochinchinensis (Lour.) S.C. Chen effectively controlled the progression of Alzheimer’s disease through the inhibition of cholinergic and β-amyloid formation enzymes. These results can be used as preliminary data for the development of new remedies to prevent or treat particular chronic diseases.

Characteristics of Gandaria (Bouea macrophylla Griff) Fruit Wine from Primary Fermentation and 14 Days Aging with Different Commercial Yeast Types and Concentrations

Gandaria fruit wine, however, is still made using a straightforward fermentation procedure, hence the final product is murky. The correct variables for judging fruit wine quality still require a number of optimization procedures to be carried out. The purpose of this research was, therefore, to compare the primary fermentation and aging effects of different commercial yeast types on the physicochemical properties of gandaria fruit wine. Aging for 14 days caused a significant decrease in the characteristics of gandaria wine produced with different commercial yeast types and concentrations compared to the freshly fermented wine. Total sugar, total acidity, vitamin C, total soluble solids, and turbidity were among the characteristics that decreased. Whereas with aging, the alcohol content and pH values increased. The gandaria wine produced with commercial yeast Pakmaya at a 2.5% concentration was found to be the best due to the alcohol content that complied with the standard for fruit wine and had the clearest resulting wine both for the primary fermentation and the 14-day aging.

A Report of Fungi Associated With the Scarred-Scabbed Symptoms on Maprang (Bouea macrophylla Griffith) in Eastern Thailand

A Report of Fungi Associated With the Scarred-Scabbed Symptoms on Maprang (Bouea macrophylla Griffith) in Eastern Thailand

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF RAMANIA LEAF EXTRACT (Bouea Macrophylla Griff) AGAINST Candida albicans

Background: Root canal infection is a polymicrobial infection that causes pulpitis or localized pulp inflammation. Root canal infection occurs due to the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the root canal. One of the most common pathogenic microorganisms found in root canals is the fungus Candida albicans. Treatment that can be done to treat pulp tissue infection is endodontic treatment. Chlorhexidine gluconate 2% is one of the irrigation materials that can be used in root canal treatment. Ramania leaf extract contains compounds such as triterpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, alkaloids, and tannins that can function as antifungals. Purpose: Measuring and analyzing the antifungal activity of ramania leaf extract (Bouea Macrophylla Griff) on the growth of Candida albicans. Method: This study is a true experimental study with a post-test-only design with a control group design consisting of 7 treatment groups and repeated 4 times. The antifungal activity was assessed from the inhibition zone formed on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar media by the diffusion method. Results: Based on the Mann-Whitney test showed that there was only 1 pair of groups that did not have a significant difference, namely 100% concentration of ramania leaf extract with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate while the other groups had significant differences from each other. Conclusion: Ramania leaf extract concentrations of 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100% had antifungal activity in inhibiting the growth of the fungus Candida albicans. Keywords: Antifungal Activity, Candida albicans, Chlorhexidine gluconate 2%, Ramania Leaf Extract.

PENGARUH LAMA FERMENTASI DAN JENIS GULA TERHADAP KADAR ALKOHOL MINUMAN BERBAHAN DASAR GANDARIA (Bouea macrophylla Griff)

Background: Alcoholic beverages can be derived from palm sap or fruit juice. The fruit most widely used as a base for alcoholic beverages by the fermentation is generally grapes. The Gandaria (Bouea macrophylla Griff) can be used as raw material for substitute grapes for the process of making alcoholic beverages. Sugar is one of the important factors, because sugar is fermented by yeast into ethanol and CO2. The purpose of this research was to know the effect of fermentation time and types of sugar on alcohol content in gandaria(Bouea macrophylla Griff)-based drinks and organoleptic tests as a support for practicum in Ethnobotany courses. Methods: The research was conducted on 13 February-06 March 2023 at the Basic Chemistry Laboratory FMIPA and used destilation method. Results: The results showed that the combination of fermentation time and sugar type gave a very significantly different effect on each treatment. This can be seen from the results of the Least Significant Difference test where every week there is an increase in alcohol content. While, the organoleptic test showed the level of liking of the colour with the highest score of 2.9 in treatment f3g1, for the odor with the highest score of 2.9 in treatment f3g2 and for the taste with the highest score of 3.6 in treatment f2g1. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the time of fermentation and the type of sugar influenced the alcohol content of gandaria (Bouea macrophylla Griff). -based drinks

Effectiveness of Ramania Leaves (Bouea macrophylla Griffith) from South Kalimantan as a Mosquito Larvae Biolarvicidal

Indonesia itself as a tropical country has many plants that can be used as biolarvicides, one of which is the ramania plant (Bouea macrophylla Griffith). Ramania fruit epidermis contains secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, saponins, phenolic tannins, alcohol, steroids and terpenoids where these compounds have a larvicidal effect. The purpose of this study was to determine the activity of the ethanol extract of the epidermis of the ramania fruit as a biolarvicidal Mosquito larvae from the LC50 value. This research is a laboratory experimental research. The treatment concentrations used in this study were 25 ppm, 50 ppm, and 100 ppm. Temephos 1% was used as a positive control. Concentrations were then tested on 20 larvae instar III. The results of SPSS analysis with a significance of <0.05 showed that there was an effect of treatment on the number of larvae deaths, where the results of Tuckey analysis showed that concentrations of 50 ppm and 100 ppm and Temephos 1% showed differences. which means the number of deaths of test larvae. The results showed that the ethanol extract of ramania rind of ramania fruit (Bouea macrophylla Griffith) was effective as a biolarvicidal mosquito larvae. The results of probit analysis showed that the LC50 of ethanol extract of ramania rind against larvae was 20,844 ppm which is a low toxic group in aquatic environments.

Effectiveness of a combination of ethanol extract of 70% ramania leaf (Bouea macrophylla Griffith) and glibenclamid with oral glucose tolerance method

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease in which the body cannot produce insulin effectively. Glibenclamide is often used either in single preparations or in combination. Ramania (Bouea macrophylla Griffith) is one of the typical Kalimantan plants for diabetes treatment. Objective: Determine the best concentration of a combination of the extract of ramania leaves with glibenclamide as an antidiabetic. Method: This study used the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Twenty-four mice were divided into six groups: a negative control (Na-CMC0.5%), a glucose control, a positive control (glibenclamide 5 mg/kgBW), and a combination group of 70% ethanol extract of ramania leaves (125, 250, and 500 mg/kgBW) with glibenclamide 5 mg/kgBW. Mice were induced by glucose orally to experience hyperglycemia. The results were measured at 0 minutes before treatment and 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Results: A combination extract of ramania leaves and glibenclamide with doses of 25 and 500 mg had an effect on glucose-induced male white mice.

Revealing the Tree Species Diversity within Koto Mahligai Temple Ruin, Muaro Jambi

Koto Mahligai Temple is a cultural heritage site in the Muaro Jambi Regency. Environmental disturbances, especially plant-related ones, are rare at this precious shrine. As a result, plant diversity is still sustained. The research aimed to evaluate the plant diversity and general vegetation condition in the Koto Mahligai Temple. The method used was the comprehensive inventory approach, focusing on woody plants through the census sampling method. Vital data were meticulously collected for each tree, including height, diameter, and morphological characteristics. The result found 246 trees from 26 species in the vicinity, including native and introduced species. Local plants that are infrequently seen in urban areas, such as Bouea macrophylla, Canthiumera robusta, Dillenia sumatrana, Flacourtia rukam, and Semecarpus heterophyllus, are among these species. The result suggested that the Koto Mahligai Temple could be well developed into a public site for stakeholders interested in studying plant diversity in Muaro Jambi Regency, owing to the variety and distinctiveness of its plants. Furthermore, the cultural significance of these plants is tied to the Koto Mahligai Temple, which attracts tourists. The study emphasizes the need for future strategies that harmonize plant preservation, archaeological exploration, and temple restoration efforts. Keywords: diversity, enigmatic species, Koto Mahligai, native plant, Sumatra

Pentagalloyl Glucose: A Review of Anticancer Properties, Molecular Targets, Mechanisms of Action, Pharmacokinetics, and Safety Profile.

Pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) is a natural hydrolyzable gallotannin abundant in various plants and herbs. It has a broad range of biological activities, specifically anticancer activities, and numerous molecular targets. Despite multiple studies available on the pharmacological action of PGG, the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of PGG are unclear. Here, we have critically reviewed the natural sources of PGG, its anticancer properties, and underlying mechanisms of action. We found that multiple natural sources of PGG are available, and the existing production technology is sufficient to produce large quantities of the required product. Three plants (or their parts) with maximum PGG content were Rhus chinensis Mill, Bouea macrophylla seed, and Mangifera indica kernel. PGG acts on multiple molecular targets and signaling pathways associated with the hallmarks of cancer to inhibit growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis of several cancers. Moreover, PGG can enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy by modulating various cancer-associated pathways. Therefore, PGG can be used for treating different human cancers; nevertheless, the data on the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of PGG are limited, and further studies are essential to define the clinical use of PGG in cancer therapies.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Gandaria Seeds Bioreductor

The silver nanoparticles (NPP) are synthesized with the chemical reduction method by using a water extract bioreductor of gandaria seed (Bouea macrophylla G.) which acts as a reducing precursor, in this case, AgNO3 Ag+ is reduced to AgO. The concentration of AgNO3 is made between 0.5 mm and 1 mm. The characteristic of NPP is unstable, so a modification is needed with and without the addition of PVA 1 %. The process of NPP shaping is monitored by observing the uptaken of UV - Vis when the color changes occur. The high NPP concentration of AgNO3 has higher absorbance and is wider if compared to the lower AgNO3 concentration. The result of this research based on the absorbance value and the wavelength showed the NPP synthesized without the addition of PVA 1 % (b/v) is wider. The addition of PVA 1 % (b/v) provides better stability and maintains the absorbance of spectrum changes from day to day. The maximum uptaken of UV-Vis from NPP AgNO3 0.5 mm by using green synthesis and 1 mm without adding PVA are 0.946 and 0.980, respectively. However, NPP with the addition of PVA has 0.968 and 0.978 absorbance. The best concentration of NPP produced was 1 mm AgNO3.

Secondary Metabolites from Leaves of Bouea macrophylla

Secondary Metabolites from Leaves of Bouea macrophylla

Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Metanol Daun Ramania (Bouea macrophylla Griffith.) Menggunakan Metode DPPH

Humans have a body that is equipped with a defense system that is considered to be an antioxidant which can minimize the damage caused by free radicals. Ramania (Bouea macrophylla Griffith.) is an herbal plant that has antioxidant properties and inhibits free radicals. This study aims to determine what are the active compounds contained in ramania leaves and determine the IC50 value. Maceration extraction method, obtained the yield of extract 42.5699 g, and the content of compounds contained in the extract are flavonoid compounds, saponins, tannins, steroids, and alkaloids. The extract was tested for antioxidant activity using the DPPH radical inhibition method quantitatively using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer with quercetin as a positive control. In testing the antioxidant quercetin with concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ppm, the results were 3.3434 ppm. In the antioxidant test of methanol extract with concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 ppm, the results were 6305 ppm. The results obtained IC50 value of 6.305 ppm which is included in the category of very strong antioxidants. It can be concluded that the methanol extract of Ramania leaves has antioxidant activity.