Bottom Rim Research Articles

Impingement of unlike-doublet liquid jets with different surface tensions

The effect of surface tension asymmetry on the atomization of unlike-doublet impinging jets was experimentally studied. Three typical features were identified, including wrinkled sheet edge, inner-sheet patch, and serrated bottom rim. The wrinkled sheet edge represents the propagation front of the Marangoni flow subsequent to rim encapsulation. The inner-sheet patch is caused by the through-plane mixing across the liquid sheet with uneven thickness and results in the occurrence of the serrated bottom rim. In the presence of these Marangoni-driven flow structures, the liquid sheet tends to be more unstable, and atomization is improved for unlike-doublet impinging jets, as the breakup length is reduced and smaller droplets are generated compared to like-doublet impinging jets.

An investigation into potential improvements in the design of lead glasses for protecting the eyes of interventional cardiologists

The lens of the eye can be damaged by ionising radiation, so individuals whose eyes are exposed to radiation during their work may need to protect their eyes from exposure. Lead glasses are widely available, but there are questions about their efficiency in providing eye protection. In this study, Monte Carlo simulations are used to assess the efficiency of lead glasses in protecting the sensitive volume of the eye lens. Two designs currently available for interventional cardiologists are a wraparound (WA) style and ones with flat frontal lenses with side shielding. These designs were considered together with four modifications that would impact upon their efficiency: changing the lead equivalent thickness, adding lead to the frames, elongating the frontal lenses, and adding a closing shield to the bottom rim. For the eye closest to the source, standard models of lead glasses only decrease the radiation reaching the most sensitive region of the eye lens by 22% or less. Varying the lead thickness between 0.4 mm and 0.75 mm had little influence on the protection provided in the simulation of clinical use, neither did adding lead to the frames. Improved shielding was obtained by elongating the frontal lens, which could reduce radiation reaching the eye lens by up to 76%. Glasses with lenses that had a rim at the base, extending towards the face of the user, also provided better shielding than current models, decreasing the dose by up to 80%. In conclusion, elongating the frontal lens of lead glasses, especially of the WA design, could provide a three-fold increase in shielding efficiency and this is still valid for lenses with 0.4 mm lead equivalence.

Evaluation of the Water Quality and Farming Growth Benefits of an Intelligence Aquaponics System

In 2019, the degree of food self-support in Taiwan was 32.08%, which was lower than that in the previous year by 2.4%. Taiwan does not have the ability to control the availability of food in the face of a food crisis. This study used an aquaponics system to implement the mutualism of fish, flowers, vegetables, and water, as well as to implement the cyclic utilization of water, so that vegetables and fruit could be produced to relieve food shortages in the world. The simulation site of this study was located on a gentle grassy slope alongside Li-tze Lake in Changhua County, Taiwan. In the simulation, three light-tight experimental buckets, with an upper rim diameter of 130 cm, a bottom rim diameter of 125 cm, and a height of 180 cm, were embedded in the ground. The target vegetables and flowers were planted in pots at 17 cm apart, and they were planted on the water surface using the floating island principle. A solar power system enabled a motorized pump to irrigate the plants. An aerator provided adequate aeration to achieve an elementary purifying effect. The experimental results showed that, in terms of the dissolved oxygen, the mean difference of the experimental group was about 1 mg/L, that of the control group was 2 mg/L, and the maximum difference was 6.5 mg/L. As the fish died in April, the ammonia nitrogen value of the control group was 68 times higher than that of the experimental group. Due to the nitrification in July, the ammonia nitrogen decomposed into NO2, which suddenly increased to 13 mg/L and was extremely unsuitable for the existence of aquatic organisms. This amount was five to six times higher than that of the experimental group. In terms of the fish growth rate, the control group could not bear the drastic changes in the water body at the intermediate stage, and all the fish died, whereas the fish in the experimental group were not affected. The results of this study could provide useful data for gardening, aquatic products, and space design staff.

Five- and six-member bowl-shaped structures from acylphloroglucinols: an ab initio and DFT study.

Molecular structures containing bowl-shaped cavities are interesting for purposes such as hosting molecules or metal ions. Acylphloroglucinols are derivatives of phloroglucinol (1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene) containing a CRO group. A previous study had considered bowl-shaped structures consisting of 3 or 4 identical acylphloroglucinol units linked by methylene bridges, selecting representative R chains and including also a structure with phloroglucinol units. The presence of three 'binding' levels between neighbouring units (consecutive hydrogen bonds in the lower rim, the methylene bridges at intermediate level, and another set of hydrogen bonds in the upper rim) makes these bowls 'deeper' than bowls from other hydroxybenzenes. The current study considers larger bowls, consisting of 5 and 6 identical units, to investigate how the molecular properties change with the increase in the size of the bowl. The monomeric units are the same as in the previous study, and the levels of theory are the same as in the previous study, to enable meaningful comparisons. Like in the previous study, two conformers are considered for each bowl, differing by the orientation of the OH groups in the lower rim. Calculations were performed at the HF/6-31G(d,p) and DFT/B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) levels with fully relaxed geometry, complemented by single-point MP2/HF/6-31G(d,p) calculations. The results show that the Cnv symmetry (with n being the number of constituting monomers) is maintained for 5-member bowls, while 6-member bowls do not show C6v symmetry but only C2v symmetry. The molecular properties of the calculated bowls are analysed in detail and also compared with the properties of the previously calculated 4- and 5-member bowls. Graphical abstract Bowls built from acylphloroglucinol units have three levels of intermonomer linkages: hydrogen bonds in the bottom rim, methylene bridges at intermediate level, and other hydrogen bonds in the upper rim. They are the deepest bowls that can be built from hydroxybenzene units.

Assessment of Dome Building Damage and Repair Method

The paper deals with the assessment of the damage of a concrete dome type of structure and the method of repairment. Due to own weight of the dome, the concrete portion of the dome near bottom rim is in tension and the steel reinforcement was not sufficiently provided, causing cracks at bottom and leakage at top of dome. UPV tests, profometer tests and core drilling were carried out to observe the condition of existing dome. Testing results were used as bases for constructing repairment method, epoxy grout, epoxy mortar and the use of carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP).

Encoding and display with stereo split-ring resonator arrays.

In this Letter, we report on encoding and display based on stereo standing U-shaped resonator (SUSR) arrays. The SUSR serves as a perfect absorber at a structure-dependent frequency when the polarization of incident light is parallel to the bottom rim of the SUSR. When the incidence polarization is rotated for 90° (perpendicular to the bottom rim of the SUSR), the SUSR turns to a perfect reflector at broadband frequencies. Further, the resonant frequency sensitively depends on the height of the arms of the SUSR. By introducing SUSRs with different arm heights, a resonant absorption state may occur at different frequencies. By defining the resonant absorption state as "dark" and the reflection state as "bright," we can encode and display binary patterns. Beside, when the SUSR rotates with the direction of the standing arms as axis, a different reflectivity, hence, a different shade will be generated. In this way, we may realize a grayscale display. Experimentally, we demonstrate that this encoding and display scheme indeed works.

Exploring the geological features and processes that control the shape and internal fabrics of late diagenetic dolomite bodies (Lower Khuff equivalent – Central Oman Mountains)

The Lower Permian carbonate rock succession of the Oman Mountains represents a stratigraphical surface analogue for Middle Eastern Lower Khuff hydrocarbon reservoirs. The characteristics of the carbonate rocks are highly variable both laterally and vertically due to the superposition of several episodes of dolomitization. A stratabound early dolomitization event affected the well-bedded limestones during Triassic times. Subsequently, a later burial dolomitization led to the emplacement of several hundreds of meter wide and tens of meter thick dolomite bodies. The goal of our study is to understand the distribution and genetic controls on the formation of late diagenetic dolomite bodies.Field mapping in Wordian to Capitanian beds was conducted in the Jebal Akhdar tectonic window in the Central Oman Mountains to determine the shape, internal fabrics and associated structures of late diagenetic dolomite bodies. The longest extension of late diagenetic dolomite bodies was found to follow predominantly the strike direction of fracture planes, bed-to-bed contacts, the Precambrian–Permian unconformity and the bottom rim of early diagenetic dolomite. Two groups of diagenetic fabrics were observed in association to fractures and bedding planes. First, vug related fabrics comprise vuggy pores and zebra dolomite. Second, breccia related fabrics consist of either small-scale crackle/mosaic breccia fabrics and centimeter sized vugs followed by bedding-parallel vugs lined up. Petrographic analysis revealed three types of diagenetic phases referred to as D1, D2 and D3. The matrix replacive phase D1 represents the main diagenetic phase formed during burial. Coarse crystalline dolomite rhombs (phase D2) and saddle dolomite (phase D3) were found along stylolites, in vugs and in fractures. Based on the presence of saddle dolomite and zebra dolomite textures, late diagenetic dolomite bodies are interpreted to have formed by the circulation of warm dolomitizing fluids of at least 60 °C.

Effect of Fill Temperature on Clostridium botulinum Type A Toxin Activity during the Hot Filling of Juice Bottles

The potential threat of terrorist attacks against the United States food supply using neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum (BoNT) has resulted in the need for studying the effect of various food process operations on the bioavailability of this toxin. The objective of this study was to evaluate C. botulinum type A neurotoxin bioavailability after a simulated hot fill juice bottling operation. C. botulinum type A acid mud toxin (∼10(6) mouse lethal dose [MLD50]/ml) was deposited into juice bottles at an experimentally determined fastest cooling spot. Bottles (12 or 20 oz [355 and 592 ml]) were filled with either apple juice or an orange drink, at 80 or 85°C, in either upright or inverted orientations. Toxicity of the juice was evaluated as a function of holding time (1 to 2 min) by the mouse bioassay. The fastest cooling point in the upright orientation was determined to be at a bottle's bottom rim. In the inverted orientation, the fastest cooling point was in the bottle cap region. With respect to these two points, the upright bottle cooled faster than the inverted bottle, which was reflected in a higher inactivation of BoNT in the latter. For the orange drink (pH 2.9) toxicity was reduced by 0.5 × 10(6) MLD50/ml to a nondetectable level after 1 min in all bottle sizes, orientations, and temperatures as measured by the mouse bioassay. This indicates that there was at least a 0.5 × 10(6) MLD50/ml reduction in activity. Inactivation in apple juice (pH 4.0), to the same degree as in the orange drink, was found only for the inverted orientation at 85°C. Complete inactivation in apple juice for all conditions was found at a lower added toxin level of 0.25 × 10(5) MLD50/ml. In general, bottle inversion and filling at 85°C provided complete inactivation of BoNT to the 0.5 × 10(6) MLD50/ml level. All experiments resulted in the inactivation of 2.5 × 10(4) MLD50/ml of BoNT regardless of juice type, fill temperature, or bottle orientation and size.

Interaction between an emerging flux region and a pre-existing fan-spine dome observed by IRIS and SDO

Abstract We present multiwavelength observations of a fan-spine dome in the active region NOAA 11996 with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) and the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) on 2014 March 9. The destruction of the fan-spine topology owing to the interaction between its magnetic fields and a nearby emerging flux region (EFR) is observed for the first time. The line-of-sight magnetograms from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the SDO reveal that the dome is located on the mixed magnetic fields, with its rim rooted in the redundant positive polarity surrounding the minority parasitic negative fields. The fan surface of the dome consists of a filament system and recurring jets are observed along its spine. The jet occurring around 13:54 UT is accompanied by a quasi-circular ribbon that brightens in the clockwise direction along the bottom rim of the dome, which may indicate an occurrence of slipping reconnection in the fan-spine topology. The EFR emerges continuously and meets with the magnetic fields of the dome. Magnetic cancellations take place between the emerging negative polarity and the outer positive polarity of the dome's fields, which lead to the rise of the loop connecting the EFR and brightenings related to the dome. A single Gaussian fit to the profiles of the IRIS Si IV 1394 Å line is used in the analysis. It appears that there are two rising components along the slit, in addition to the rise in the line-of-sight direction. The cancellation process repeats again and again. Eventually the fan-spine dome is destroyed and a new connectivity is formed. We suggest that magnetic reconnection between the EFR and the magnetic fields of the fan-spine dome is responsible for the destruction of the dome.

An improved Otsu method using the weighted object variance for defect detection

Defects on product surfaces affect quality of the product. Machine vision provides an efficient tool for the surface defect detection. Threshold is commonly used to separate objects from the image background in the vision-based inspection method. The Otsu method is one of the most used approaches to decide the threshold for a satisfied result when the image histogram is bimodal, but it fails when the histogram of an image is unimodal or close to unimodal. Defects in product surfaces can range from small to large sizes, which results in distributions of the image histogram change from unimodal to bimodal. An improved Otsu method, named the weighted object variance (WOV), is proposed in this research to detect defects on product surfaces. A parameter that equals the cumulative probability of defects occurrence is weighted on the object variance of between-class variance. The weight ensures that the threshold always be a value that locates at the valley of two peaks or at the left bottom rim of a single peak histogram. It is essential to have a high detection rate and low false alarm rate for the defect detection. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the improved Otsu method in the defect detection of various surfaces. Compared to other thresholding methods such as maximum entropy, Otsu, valley-emphasis, and modified valley-emphasis methods, the WOV method provides better segmentation results.

Rocking and rolling: A can that appears to rock might actually roll

A beer bottle or soda can on a table, when slightly tipped and released, falls to an upright position and then rocks up to a somewhat opposite tilt. Superficially this rocking motion involves a collision when the flat circular base of the container slaps the table before rocking up to the opposite tilt. A keen eye notices that the after-slap rising tilt is not generally just diametrically opposite the initial tilt but is veered to one side or the other. Cushman and Duistermaat [Regular Chaotic Dyn. 11, 31 (2006)] recently noticed such veering when a flat disk with rolling boundary conditions is dropped nearly flat. Here, we generalize these rolling disk results to arbitrary axi-symmetric bodies and to frictionless sliding. More specifically, we study motions that almost but do not quite involve a face-down collision of the round container's bottom with the tabletop. These motions involve a sudden rapid motion of the contact point around the circular base. Surprisingly, similar to the rolling disk, the net angle of motion of this contact point is nearly independent of initial conditions. This angle of turn depends simply on the geometry and mass distribution but not on the moment of inertia about the symmetry axis. We derive simple asymptotic formulas for this "angle of turn" of the contact point and check the result with numerics and with simple experiments. For tall containers (height much bigger than radius) the angle of turn is just over pi and the sudden rolling motion superficially appears as a nearly symmetric collision leading to leaning on an almost diametrically opposite point on the bottom rim.

Reaction of 1-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-1-methyl-3-phenylurea with pyrogallol

Reaction of formaldehyde diethylacetal with resorcinol in acid medium leads to formation of a cyclic tetramer, calix[4]resorcinol [1]. In the reactions of phosphorylated acetals with resorcinol calixarenes were formed containing phosphorylalkyl or thiophosphorylalkyl groups at the bottom rim of the molecule [2–4]. The condensation of resorcinol with αmethylaminoacetic aldehyde dimethylacetal (I) in aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid led to the formation of hydrochlorides of substituted polyphenolic products originating from two resorcinol and one aminoacetal molecules [5].

Thermocapillary convection in an annular cylindrical container

The liquid–gas interface of a liquid in an annular container is subjected to a temperature gradient. Since shear stress on the free liquid surface depends on the temperature it shall create a variable shear stress on the surface which in turn yields by viscous traction a thermocapillary convection in the bulk of the liquid. For constant temperature T 2 > T 1 on the outer cylindrical wall and T 1 on the inner wall a steady convection shall emerge. The morphology of the ensuing flow is investigated as a function of the diameter ratio and the liquid height ratio and exhibits the growth of bottom rim vortex rings, which unite to single vortex rings of opposite flow direction to the original single strong vortex ring above it. The results also show how such a system depends on the magnitude of the diameter ratio and the liquid height ratio. The evaluation of the results exhibits the evolution of vortex rings.

The Pyrrole Approach toward the Synthesis of Fully Functionalized Cup-Shaped Molecules

[reaction: see text] A novel method for the synthesis of new highly functionalized cyclotrimers is described. The method consists of an original synthesis of beta-dibromosubstituted pyrroles, metalation, cycloaddition, and cyclotrimerization. The sequence is highly compatible with common functional groups and allows the construction of cup-shaped molecules functionalized both at the upper and bottom rim. This feature makes the newly formed structures useful scaffolds for the development of supramolecular receptors.

A Case Study of a Modified Gravity Type Cage and Mooring System Using Numerical and Physical Models

A modified gravity-type cage, developed by SADCO Shelf Ltd., was examined using numerical and physical models to determine if the cage and mooring system is suitable for an exposed site south of the Isles of Shoals, NH. The 3000-m/sup 3/ SADCO Shelf Submersible Fish Cage has angled stays between the upper framework and the ballasted bottom rim (in addition to net) to resist the horizontal shear deformation. The mooring system consists of three legs-each made up of a taut vertical chain and an angled rope, both leading to deadweight anchors. Normalized response amplitudes (response amplitude operators) were found for motion response in heave, surge and pitch, and load response in the anchor and bridle lines, in regular (single frequency) waves. In addition, a stochastic approach was taken to determine the motion and load transfer functions in random waves using a spectrum representative of seas at the selected site. In general, the system motion had a highly damped response, with no resonant peaks within the wave excitation range of 0.05 to 0.45 Hz. The anchor line force response was at all frequencies below 5 kN per meter of wave amplitude. The physical model tests showed consistently more conservative (larger) results compared to those for the numerical model.

A computational study of regioselectivity in a cyclodextrin-mediated Diels-Alder reaction: revelation of site selectivity and the importance of shallow binding and multiple binding modes.

The use of a cyclodextrin.Diels-Alder transition structure complex (CD.TS) as a model in molecular dynamics simulations has enabled us to gain insight into the controlling factors in the cyclodextrin-mediated Diels-Alder reaction of methyl-p-benzoquinone with isoprene. MD simulations were carried out with multiple binding configurations of the CD.TS (TS=meta-TS, para-TS) complexes at the top and bottom rims of beta-CD. We discovered that i) only shallow binding with the CD is necessary for the regioselectivity, and multiple binding geometries are possible; ii) the narrow bottom rim, with the primary hydroxyl groups, of the CD binds both regio-TSs better than at the wider top rim (secondary hydroxyl groups), which was unexpected from the perspective of shape complementarity that governs the stability of most CD.guest complexes. Overall, the bottom rim of the CD exhibits higher regioisomer discrimination for the meta-TS; iii) structural clustering analyses of the CD.TS configurations (sampled during MD simulations) have enabled us to evaluate the binding energies of the different binding configurations. The result indicates that there is a direct correlation between meta-product selectivity and a higher number of binding configurations favoring the formation of the CD.meta-TS complex. The main forces of stabilization in the CD.TS complexes are the van der Waals interactions when the TS is bound at the top rim. At the bottom rim, closer contacts between polar functional groups of the TS and CD have increased the importance of electrostatic interactions. We found that van der Waals, solvation, and torsional forces are less favorable for complexation at the bottom rim; however, this is compensated by large favorable electrostatic interactions. With insights obtained from the study of CD.TS complexes and MD simulations of the modified heptakis-[6-O-(2-hydroxy)propyl]-beta-CD, we were able to explain why a low selectivity was observed when the Diels-Alder reaction was carried out in this modified CD. Two types of search method [Monte Carlo and multiple minimum (MCMM) and molecular dynamics (MD)] to explore and evaluate the different possible binding geometries of the TS within beta-CD, were discussed.

Time Variation of the Thin Liquid Film Thickness under the Boiling Bubbles.

The high heat flux region near the burnout heat flux has recently been utilized not only in the nuclear power plant and the boiler system but also in the electrical and laser equipments. Since the mechanisms of the burnout heat flux modeled so far has some unclear aspects in predicting the dynamics behavior of thin liquid films under the boiling bubbles, the thickness of the boiling bubbles has been challenged to measure in this paper. To measure the thickness of the liquid film on the heat transfer surface under the boiling bubble, a capacitance probe has been newly devised. The thickness of the thin liquid film under the boiling bubble was obtained, and the relationship between the bubble shape around the bottom rim and the thickness of the thin liquid film under the bubbles (micro layer) was clarified for predicting the critical heat flux mechanism.

Time‐dependent trench profile formation during RIE‐processing of silicon with CCl2F2‐gas mixture

AbstractThe formation of the three main types of trench profiles (step‐like profile and trapez‐like profile the small side down or up, respectively) and their time‐dependent development during trench etching have been explained by taking into consideration not only the vertical etch rate and the factor of etching anisotropy given by mask undercutting but also the additional factor of etching anisotropy given by applying the definition to the bottom rim of the trench. Concidering both time‐and depth‐dependence of etching anisotropy the formation of projecting brims within a trench can be interpreted, too.

An Improved Method of Making Tissue Carriers for TEM and SEM Fixation

Hazards in fixing small pieces of tissue for electron microscopy include damage, drying, or loss. Over the years, microstrainer tissue carriers have been developed to minimize these problems. Construction materials have included glass tubing, copper grids for electron microscopy, stainless steel screen, and bolting silk (Padawer 1951, Friend 1963, Bronskill 1970). Carriers made from plastic embedding molds (e.g., BEEM capsules) with either TEM grids attached to the conical tip (Buchanan 1965) or Nitex screen cloth held to one end by a retaining ring have proven to be inexpensive and popular, though the former has a very small filtration area and in the latter small tissues may be lost or crushed between the screen cloth and the bottom rim of the carrier. This note describes a carrier in which Nitex is permanently sealed to the bottom edee of a BEEM capsule cylinder.

It's What We Want

I"» V-¿£.l·:·;·' , VI fe· ML '¦ int It's What We Want by Charles Brashers When settlers from North Carolina and Virginiamoved across theline into Cherokee hunting grounds and went so far as to build a bunch of cabins even on the banks of the Watauga River, John Stuart, King George's Indian agent at Charles Town, and Alexander Cameron, his assistant, sent them strong talking papers and threatened to bring their redcoat army to force the greedy Americans back. We Cherokees were shocked by the idea. How could anyone think of raising the war hatchet against people of the same tribe, who spoke the same language and followed the same customs? Stuart and Scotchie sent us a talk, saying we should be patient and not take up the war-axe ourselves. But the whites were still on our 41 land. They were interfering in our lives, and we didn't like it but didn't quite know what to do about it. Our Head Man, Oconostota, the Great Warrior, sent Stuart a talk saying, "We think the Virginia People don't hear your talks nor mind, nor do they seem to care for King George's. . .. We would that they would move offourlands and let us alone; it's what we want." "My voice is forwar!" Dragging Canoe said in council, not waiting his turn to speak. "Forty strong warriors of Mialaquo -town are ready to take up the bloody war-axe with me and strike the blackpole. We arereadytodrivethemoff Cherokee lands. There are fifty warriors in Tuskegee, a hundred in Toqua, a hundred in To-ma-tli, not to mention over two hundred here in Chota. I say we are not weak. We are fourteen towns here in the Over-the-Hills district alone. And there are the Valley Towns, our brothers; and the Middle Towns; and the Chickamuga Towns. We do not have to quail against the wall and wait for them to come even to our door. They have crossed the tine; let us go and kill them." But Oconostota did not give permission for a raid. He pointed out that we have so little powder and lead, and, when that is gone, their guns will be far superior to our war-axes. Then there would be anotherof those disasters that Dragging Canoe is a little too young to understand. Or too hardheaded. The tribe listened to the old man, for he has no battle scars on his back. He has always faced his enemies. Of course, Atta-kulla-kulla, the Little Carpenter, and his niece, Nanye-hi, the Ghigau, Beloved Woman, are for conciliation . They have relatives among the whites, and they both speak the language. Theywill sayrenegotiate. Livepeacefully with them as brothers. Marry with them. Come to know them as we know each other. Taska-ya, the Conjuror of Chota, has cast his divining stones, but the red stones and black stones and white stones were all mixed together every time he cast them. There wasn't much there to read. And we, the Cherokees, hardly know what to do. We have to know that the power and knowledge of our ancestors who still live here, whose bones are buried here, are in and with the Cherokee spirit. We have to have the Thunder, the power of the Spirits, if we are to influence the whites to lay down their enmity and pick up the good will of a friend. If that's what we want. We have asked the spirits in all the directions to be with us, just as you must when you are remaking ceremonial tobacco . Ifyou've ever done that, you know how good it is. You start with ordinary brown tobacco from the earth. In the slit of time between the top and bottom rim ofthe sun coming up, you hold up the tobacco and say the four charms. From the East, which is Red and which contains the powers ofcreativity, success, life-giving, you ask that your beginnings may be bright. From the North, whichisBlue and which contains the powers of suspicion, defeat, trouble, you ask that your decisions may be made with caution and a just pessimism...