Top Positions Research Articles

Performance, Emissions, and Combustion Characteristics of a Hydrogen-Fueled Spark-Ignited Engine at Different Compression Ratios: Experimental and Numerical Investigation

This paper investigates the performance of hydrogen-fueled, spark-ignited, single-cylinder Cooperative Fuel Research using experimental and numerical approaches. This study examines the effect of the air–fuel ratio on engine performance, emissions, and knock behaviour across different compression ratios. The results indicate that λ significantly affects both engine performance and emissions, with a λ value of 2 yielding the highest efficiency and lowest emissions for all the tested compression ratios. Combustion analysis reveals normal combustion at λ ≥ 2, while knocking combustion occurs at λ < 2, irrespective of the tested compression ratios. The Livenwood–Wu integral approach was evaluated to assess the likelihood of end-gas autoignition based on fuel reactivity, demonstrating that both normal and knocking combustion possibilities are consistent with experimental investigations. Combustion analysis at the ignition timing for maximum brake torque conditions demonstrates knock-free stable combustion up to λ = 3, with increased end-gas autoignition at lower λ values. To achieve knock-free combustion at those low λs, the spark timings are significantly retarded to after top dead center crank angle position. Engine-out NOx emissions consistently increase in trend with a decrease in the air–fuel ratio of up to λ = 3, after which a distinct variation in NOx is observed with an increase in the compression ratio.

Optimization of Compliance and Mitigation of Accounting Frauds in American Organizations

It is through fraudulent accounting records that organizations’ annual results invariably lead directors and stakeholders to substantial losses, if not bankruptcy. The literature shows that financial frauds result from improper accounting entries, stemming from the bad intentions and greed of corrupt individuals in top management positions in various businesses. These individuals choose to engage in conduct that harms entire groups composed of companies, workers, and investors, affecting their credibility and integrity in their industry and also impacting professionals in the fields of accounting and auditing. In order to prevent financial frauds, organizations must take preventive measures by adopting good practices in Corporate Governance through the implementation of effective compliance actions, establishing specific and effective objectives among internal controls, and avoiding risks and accounting practices that may negatively impact the organizations. This original article, prepared through bibliographic research, aims to demonstrate that compliance actions contribute to the mitigation of fraud when properly applied in administrative and organizational processes. As a result, it was found that adopting compliance measures within the organizational system is not enough without regular verification of its effectiveness by administrators and managers.

A Contribution of Women Entrepreneurs in Economic Development of India

A woman plays a crucial role in development of any country and contributes as an employee in different -different sectors. Some educated women have occupied top position like Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Managing Directors (MD) and Chief Information Officer (CIO). Woman holds 36% of senior management positions in mid-market companies in India, compared to 32% globally, a survey from Grant Thorton reveals. Name of some women entrepreneurs are Kiran Mazumdar shaw (Biocon), Vinita Singh (Sugar Cosmetics), Chitra Gurnani Daga (CEO-Thrillophilia.com), Khushboo Jain (Impactguru.com) and Shreya Lamba (Munmun Co). These female entrepreneurs play a crucial role in the Indian economy and have a significant effect on it by generating employment, accelerating development and fostering prosperity. As per recent figures, women comprise 14 percent of the total entrepreneurs in India, which works out to 8 million.

Lightning current analysis for tall tower strike using 3D FEM

In this study, the lightning current waveforms at the middle and bottom positions for 60 m tall tower strikes were observed using the three-dimensional finite element method (3D-FEM). When creating the model for lightning current waveform analysis at the middle and bottom positions of towers, base current speed and ground conductivity characteristics were taken into account. The model was developed using scattering boundary conditions to avoid wave reflections and limit computation time. We have considered ground conductivity of 5.98 e7 S/m, 0.1 S/m, and 0.01 S/m, respectively, in our model. Base current speeds were considered in our model to be equal to the velocity of light, half of the velocity of light, and one-third of the velocity of light, respectively. This investigation will aid in developing a lightning protection strategy and a better understanding of the properties of lightning.

A Study on Barriers to Women’s Career Advancement in Private Sector Companies in Malaysia

The research was motivated by the desire to ascertain the progress Malaysia has made in achieving the 17 Sustainable Development Goals in ensuring equal rights for women. This includes ensuring women have equal opportunity to gain top management positions in organizations. The purpose of this research is to identify the barriers in women’s career advancement in private sector companies in Malaysia and the path by which gender stereotypes, family responsibilities, organizational cultures, and glass ceiling affect women’s career advancement. A total of 130 women employees from various private sector companies constitutes the sample. This research disclosed that gender stereotypes, family responsibilities, organizational cultures, and glass ceiling are significantly and positively related to women’s career advancement in Malaysian private sector companies.

Breaking the glass ceiling: gender equality practices in a Japanese bank

PurposeThis study aims to explore the mechanism of the relationships between financial and non-financial outcomes and gender equality through a case study of a Japanese bank that has consistently pursued gender equality.Design/methodology/approachA single case study was adopted to explore the outcomes of promoting gender equality. Primary data were collected from 12 semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed by rereading and coding the interview responses coded to generate themes.FindingsThrough governance reform in Company A, women have been placed in top management positions and the number of female managers has increased, allowing frontline intentions to be reflected in decision-making. The increased number of female managers has led to a decrease in female turnover, men taking parental leave, improved training of female managers and the recruitment of excellent new graduates. The appropriate allocation of jobs to female managers and employees also meets customer needs and has led to increased sales. Finally, involvement of female employees in product development in male-dominated workplaces brings women’s experiences and perspectives to product development, resulting in the development of products that are favoured by customers.Originality/valueThis study determined the mechanism behind the relationships between financial and non-financial outcomes and gender equality, based on agency, upper echelons, resource dependence, institutional and social role theories. It also contributes to gender equality research methodology by providing compelling qualitative stories of gender equality outcomes to increase a company’s commitment to promoting gender equality.

Low-velocity impact of square conical gradient aluminium foam-filled automobile energy-absorbing boxes

In this paper, the low-velocity impact and lightweight design of the square conical gradient aluminium foam-filled automobile energy-absorbing boxes (EABes) is numerically studied. Firstly, the validity of the finite element calculation model is verified by comparing with the experimental results. Then, the influences of the conical bottom angle, tube-wall thickness, the number, position, height and depth of induction grooves, and the parameters of gradient foam on the energy absorption properties of the EABes under axial low-velocity impact are studied. After that, the mitigation and energy absorption of square conical gradient aluminium foam-filled automobile EAB are optimised. The results indicate that the aluminium tube-wall thickness has no obvious effect on improving the energy absorption properties of the EAB, and other factors have good effects on improving the energy absorption properties of the EAB. Compared with the constant cross-section EAB before optimisation, the peak impact force (F max) of the finally optimised square conical gradient aluminium foam-filled automobile EAB reduces by 22.4%, and the specific energy absorption (SEA) increases by 59.8%. The investigation is helpful for the design of the square conical gradient aluminium foam-filled automobile EAB.

Women representation in soil science: gender indicators in the University Program of Interdisciplinary Soil Studies

IntroductionIn the world, 33% of soils are degraded, and 2.9 million people are affected by land degradation, with problems associated with food security, conflicts over natural resources, and migration with different impacts on men or women. To support sustainable soil management, it is necessary to include women’s contributions to soil Sciences; their achievements and academic performance still need to be represented. Women in Science represent 30% worldwide. In Mexico, only 24% of top academic positions are women. For commitment to soil Sciences for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), UNAM created the University Program for Interdisciplinary Soil Studies (PUEIS).MethodsThis research evaluates women’s representation through gender indicators in the PUEIS and SNI datasets and discusses their implications for the gender gap in the soil Science community from Mexico. The data was collected with an online semi-structured survey and the gender indicators selected were related to participation, gender gap, sexism, equal opportunities, exclusion, and academic performance.ResultsThe results show that in the PUEIS, 54% of members identify themselves as women and 46% as men. The gender gap shows equality in the total number of members. However, low-rank jobs, such as lecturers and lab technicians are women dominated, and the top-ranked positions as a full professor, associate professor, and research scientist are equal. One result to consider for the PUEIS members is that the younger generation, as is the older generation, is dominated by men. This could indicate a setback in intermediate generations’ progress toward achieving gender equality. In the case of SNI members, there is a gender gap problem; of members with a Ph.D. degree, only 38% are women, and the elite group of scientists with a Ph.D. at the top position is represented only by 24% of females.DiscussionThis work constitutes the first gender exercise for analyzing women’s participation in the soil Sciences in Mexico. From our perspective, it is not about competition in scientific careers between women and men; however, it is essential to recognize that gender inequalities are related to income, professional development, and science funding inequalities, and these disparities impact women more than men.

Analisa Prediksi Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Nelayan Lombok Timur Menggunakan Algoritma Random Forest

The economic life of the people on the coast, especially fishermen, is very dependent on the natural resources that are around, for example, marine resources, which still get the top position in the survival of fishing communities which are widely used and are also included as renewable natural resources. One example used as material for this research is the fishing community in East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. The Fishermen's Community can be interpreted as a group of people whose main livelihood is fishermen. The characteristics of the life of this community are different from society in general. Natural factors influence their lives a lot, from their lifestyle to the level of their economy and welfare, which is different from other communities. The purpose of this study is to predict the level of welfare of fishing communities in East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara by using the classification method and the Random Forest algorithm. The dataset used is private data, the data is taken from fishing applications. Data processing is done to get the result or performance of the algorithm as the best result in predicting. From the existing dataset we use five supporting variables including, Education, family members, wells (related to clean water), employment and housing. The results or targets of this data processing are the level of welfare of fishing communities with prosperous and non-prosperous statuses. The final results of this study are seen using the Confusion Matrix, where the end result is the accuracy value. Random Forest has the highest accuracy value with a value of 93.37% and an AUC value of 0.735%.

Effects of Variated Final Temperature and Workpiece Thickness for Hot Rolling of Aluminum Alloy EN AW-8011

Hot rolling in the process chain of aluminum-rolled products presents the critical element of material quality and influences productivity. To increase the letter demand modifications of hot rolling, the consequential changes of microstructure, crystallographic texture, and mechanical and formability properties must be acknowledged and consistently considered when planning the rolling process and rolled product. Achieving lower thicknesses of the hot-rolled band would enable fewer passes with cold rolling; consequently, hot rolling with the same number of passes can be completed with lower temperatures. Microstructural and texture characterizations conducted using the light microscope and scanning electron microscope, respectively, of the 3.25 mm hot-rolled band revealed that the smaller grains appeared in the center of the cross-section, unlike for the 6 mm hot-rolled band, where smaller grains were detected on the top and bottom positions of the cross-section. Furthermore, the comparison also shows that the 6 mm hot-rolled band had 64% of random texture components and 83% of recrystallized grains, whereas the proportional adjustment for the 3.25 mm hot-rolled band had 42% of random texture components and 55% of recrystallized grains. For the mechanical testing results, the elongation values in rolling and transverse directions significantly differ only in the case of a hot-rolled band of 3.25 mm. Consequently, the earing results are more than 1.5% higher for the 3.25 mm hot-rolled band, than the 6 mm hot-rolled band.

Female journalists who have reached the top: perceptions on communication, leadership, and gender bias in the Portuguese press

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to understand challenges and constraints in reaching top leadership positions for women in the Portuguese press. Specifically, it aims at characterizing their communication and leadership styles, and at identifying main gender biases in newsrooms routines from their point of view.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative method was employed by conducting in-depth interviews with four women who have held higher management positions in Portuguese leading newspapers. Participants were asked to characterize their communication and leadership style, but also newsrooms environment, trying to understand how gender asymmetries persist and manifest. Results were analyzed using thematic analysis.FindingsWhile considering that Portuguese newsrooms are no longer environments marked by a sexist/macho environment, through increasing female participation, women still represent a minority in leadership. Leadership traits linked to male styles, including assertiveness and courage, were revealed, though mixed with a more participative/relational leadership. Also, female leaders regret when emotional ties with teams are not developed and recognized some degree of privilege towards other women through family support or not having children.Research limitations/implicationsThere is a limited number of interviews, although they represent the few top women leaders in Portuguese journalism.Practical implicationsPolicymaking recommendations derived from conclusions include participative leadership, implementing quotas, and monitoring tools of gender biases and special training.Social implicationsMedia literacy policies and open debates on main media outlets concerning female leadership and communication styles may contributes toward the acknowledgement of lingering gender biases in the industry.Originality/valueThis study contributes to a fuller insight into the identification of leadership and personal traits among women who managed to disrupt stigmas and break barriers. Their voices are seldom heard in studies focusing leadership, so results enable ascertaining whether there is a female way of leading in journalism and comprehending the sense of privilege these women perceive.

Poster 218: Hip Arthroscopy Improves Sexual Function in Receptive Partners with Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome in Positions of Flexion and Abduction

Objectives: 1) To evaluate if femoracetabular impingement syndrome (FAI) interferes with sexual relations and influences patientdecision to pursue surgical intervention. 2) To determine when patients return to sexual intercourse after hip arthroscopy for the treatment of FAI. 3) To compare preoperative to postoperative improvement in pain experienced during sexual intercourse based on sexual role assumed (receptive or penetrative) and position. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for FAI between January 2019 and January 2022. Hip symptoms during sexual intercourse were evaluated using a Likert- style questionnaire. Patients were also asked to rate the severity of their hip pain with 12 common sexual positions before and after surgery. Patients who primarily participate as the penetrative role during intercourse were compared to those who participate as the receptive role. The difference in preoperative and postoperative pain experienced with each position was assessed using a series of Wilcoxon signed-rank tests for ordinal data. To confirm the results, each comparison was also evaluated using a series of ordered logistic regressions. Results: Sixty-one patients with a mean age of 33.8 +/- 8.48 and a mean follow up time of 1.96 +/- 0.88 years were included in the analysis. 47.5% of patients primarily assume the receptive role during sexual intercourse (36.1%: penetrative role; 13.1%: both). A significantly greater proportion of patients participating in receptive intercourse reported hip symptoms that interfered with sexual intercourse compared to patients participating in penetrative intercourse ( p =.007). Furthermore, a greater proportion of patients in the receptive group reported that the hip pain during intercourse contributed to the decision to pursue hip surgery ( p =.009) (Table 1). Following surgery, 94.9% of patients had returned to sexual intercourse by the time of latest follow up. These patients resumed sexual intercourse at a mean of 7.6 +/- 3.4 weeks postoperatively. There was no difference in time to resume intercourse between patients participating in receptive intercourse and those participating in penetrative intercourse ( p = 0.277) (Figure 1). Overall, 52.2% of patients reported no pain or little pain with sexual intercourse at the time of latest follow up. Patients in the receptive group continued to report worse pain symptoms during intercourse compared to the penetrative group postoperatively. However, these patients experienced significantly greater improvement in preoperative to postoperative symptomatology during intercourse, specifically in sexual positions involving greater degrees of flexion and abduction (Figures 2, 3). For patients assuming the penetrative role during intercourse, there was no difference in hip pain after surgery based on sexual position (Figure 2, 4). Conclusions: Hip pain secondary to FAI interferes with sexual intercourse, particularly for patients who participate in the receptive role, and it influences their decision to undergo hip arthroscopy. These patients experience pain specifically in sexual positions involving greater degrees of flexion and abduction. Hip arthroscopy successfully improves the pain experienced while participating in these positions postoperatively.

Liquefaction proneness of stratified sand-silt layers based on cyclic triaxial tests

Most studies on liquefaction have addressed homogeneous soil strata using sand or sand with fine content without considering soil stratification. In this study, cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on the stratified sand specimens embedded with the silt layers to investigate the liquefaction failures and void-redistribution at confining stress of 100 kPa under stress-controlled mode. The loosening of underlying sand mass and hindrance to pore-water flow caused localized bulging at the sand-silt interface. It is observed that at a silt thickness of 0.2 H ( H is the height of the specimen), nearly 187 load cycles were required to attain liquefaction, which was the highest among all the silt thicknesses with a single silt layer. Therefore, 0.2 H is assumed as the optimum silt thickness ( t opt ). The silt was placed at the top, middle and bottom of the specimen to understand the effect of silt layer location. Due to the increase in depth of the silt layer from the top position (capped soil state) to the bottom, the cycles to reach liquefaction ( N cyc,L ) increased 2.18 times. Also, when the number of silt layers increased from single to triple, there was an increase of about 880% in N cyc,L . The micro-characterization analysis of the soil specimens indicated silty materials transported in upper sections of the specimen due to the dissipated pore pressure. The main parameters, including thickness ( t ), location ( z ), cyclic stress ratio (CSR), number of silt layers ( n ) and modified relative density ( D r,m ), performed significantly in governing the liquefaction resistance. For this, a multilinear regression model is developed based on critical parameters for prediction of N cyc,L . Furthermore, the developed constitutive model has been validated using the data from the present study and earlier findings. ©2022 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).

Focus of Research on Leadership in Islamic Education: Bibliometric Analysis

Leadership is not only about ordering or giving instructions but also involves motivating, inspiring, and influencing others to achieve common goals. Leadership can occur in a variety of fields, including business, politics, and education, and plays a critical role in the success of an organization or community. This research aims to identify publications related to leadership in Islamic education and describe the characteristics of this research. The bibliometric analysis method was used in this study. The research results show that publications about leadership in Islamic schools have increased yearly from 2019 to 2023—meanwhile, the largest number of documents come from Indonesian authors. Proceedings of the ICECRS hold the top position as an institution or publisher with the most four documents. In contrast, the author with the most citations is Firman-Mansir, with a total of 3 published documents and eight citations, followed by the writer Eugenie A Samier with a total of 3 and 5 citations of published papers and followed by writer Fitriyah with a total of 3 published documents and two citations. Keywords that appear a lot in joint events are Education, Islam, Institution, Approach, Leader, Development, Activity, Quality, Teacher and Problem. The new theme keywords are Strategy, Community, Skill, Creativity, Facility, Decision, Generation, Innovation, and Prophetic Leadership. Therefore, these new themes can become new material for further research that addresses this field.

Digital-native news media: Reach in 46 countries, top brands and user profiles in Spain

Digital-pure news publications have become competitive players in many countries, populating audience rankings in the context of a high-choice media environment. With the aim of gaining insight into the performance of digital-native news brands around the world and into how their audiences are similar or different to those of media with traditional roots in Spain, we draw on survey data for 2021 and 2022, respectively. First, we examine what proportion of online adults use any of the most popular digital-pure news brands in 24 mostly European countries and in 22 markets in America, Africa and the Asia-Pacific region, and we highlight how the main digital-native brands rank among online news sources, based on their weekly audience reach. Then we compare the user profiles of the five most-used online-only news organizations in Spain, against the audiences of the top five legacy brands (N = 2028), looking at reader loyalty, gender, age, income and education levels, and political leaning. With this media-centric approach to audiences, we find that digital-native news media brands either lead (in 15 out of 46 countries) or occupy some of the top positions by weekly reach in most markets, with Nordic countries standing out as an exception. In Spain, audiences of the top digital-native brands check them slightly less frequently than the users of news sites with traditional roots. News sites in our study are slightly more popular among males, older people, and more affluent and formally educated users who can define their political stance. Nevertheless, the diversity of editorial approaches found among sites in an externally pluralistic news media market inevitably results in brands with user profiles that show exceptions to these trends.

Analysis of French Language Training Needs for Tourism Actors in Nusa Penida

This research is intended to review and characterize the French language training requirements for Nusa Penida tour operators to develop their foreign language skills. In Klungkung Regency, Nusa Penida Island which is located in the south of Bali Island is managed as a Regency. Dubbed “Bali Is Called Nusa Penida The Best Destination for Backpackers,” it ranks first out of 20 countries as the biggest destination for tourists worldwide, beating Vietnam, Madagascar, and other ASEAN countries, according to the New Dublin Based Online and Hostel-Booking Platform.
 Comparing the number of visitors from various European countries to Bali from 2016 to 2020, the number of French tourists occupies the top position. Likewise, the island of Nusa Penida sees many French visitors. The following questions were included in a questionnaire given to 50 respondents: What topic of French are you most interested in learning? What kind of French language education are you looking for? What French term or verb would you like to learn first? What kind of substance do you need? What learning method do you prefer?
 According to the responses, speaking and oral communication skills were cited by 70% of respondents as their top learning priority, followed by outreach by 50% of respondents and courses by 36%. 44% of respondents identified greetings as a function of the language they wanted to learn, while 24% chose greetings and giving information. 48% of respondents said they wanted travel information, and 26% said they wanted information about food. 34% of respondents chose reading and writing as their preferred learning method, while 28% chose to listen.

Impact of Revenue Diversification on Financial Health with Mediating Role of Felxibility: Non-Profit Organizations of Afghanistan

As nonprofit organizations continue to be faced with financial difficulties especially in the context of Afghanistan during recent years. Although several studies have found that revenue diversification has a significant impact on the financial health of nonprofits but studying organizational flexibility as a common mediating variable that defines the organizations’ access to multiple options of funding, risk tolerance, autonomy, and, community connectedness is not observed or at least not measured yet. Thus, this study aimed to test the effects of the mediating role of flexibility on the relationship between dependent and independent variables through hypothesis testing, therefore the positivism philosophy of the research with a deductive approach and quantitative methodology was applied. The data of this study has been collected from among the top nonprofit organization's senior positions with 124 employees. The result of the study indicates that nonprofits with several funding resources are less vulnerable to financial shocks as the revenue diversification provides more options for funding which consequently increase the risk tolerance, independence, and community connectedness “widening of coverage area” of the organization. Being overly dependent on a limited number of resources is risky, because if a major donor of the organization declines or stops its funding, then it is more likely that the organization face financial problems. But the nonprofit organizations should be vigilant of the risk–reward of revenue diversification as well. Keywords: Revenue diversification, Financial Health, Organizational flexibility, Nonprofit organizations. JEL Code: G01, G32, D24, H20, D23, L21.

Overcoming the barriers to women's career in information and communication technology business

PurposeThe paper focusses on the intrapersonal vs environmental barriers to women's career advancement to the top leadership positions in the information and communication technology (ICT) business and envisages the individual, organisational as well as societal practices for overcoming such barriers in the given sector.Design/methodology/approachThe study relies on the qualitative research method of expert interviews with top-level women managers in the leading ICT companies in Lithuania. The study allowed identifying and structuring the key barriers to women's careers and three-level practices for overcoming them.FindingsThe research has shown that the key intrapersonal barriers are related to the lack of self-confidence and perceived glass ceiling. The main environmental barriers are male domination and socially gendered professions. The practices for overcoming women's career barriers can be categorised into three levels – individual, organisational and societal. The study has shown that the most important individual practices are the ability to continuously self-educate and self-affirmation. On the organisational level, the following key practices can be applied: mentorship and inclusive company culture. The societal practices for improving women's career advancement in ICT are mainly represented by the visibility of successful leaders as role models and initiatives increasing awareness for an inclusive society.Research limitations/implicationsThe research limitations are largely related to the research sample selected for the qualitative research (interviews). The respondents are already established in the top leadership positions, so may only have a retrospective view on the obstacles to the respondents' careers. A larger sample could provide a more generalisable data, whilst a larger number of interview participants for preselected categories, like company category or tenure in a position, would provide insights on the different stages of career growth and company's influence for the individual's growth. The authors encourage extending research to other sectoral and national contexts.Practical implicationsThe research sets out the key barriers that can be overcome with the help of individual, organisational and societal practices. This provides a comprehensive list of practices that can be adopted by the organisations (in the ICT and beyond), as well as the policy makers on the societal level.Social implicationsAddressing the issues of gender balance and women's career advancement in one of the fastest growing industries (ICT) has profound social implications. Qualitative research has shown how the barriers can be overcome at different levels of the social system.Originality/valueThe paper marks one of the first attempts to introduce a three-level approach to addressing the intrapersonal and environmental barriers to the advancement of women's careers with a particular focus on the ICT sectoral context.

PERBANDINGAN MATERIAL AKUSTIK DALAM MENYERAP BUNYI

This study aims to examine the comparison of room acoustics by using room engineering methods and testing zinc plate and GRC board materials in the same room. The results of the study show that the selection of materials for sound absorption in the room must be considered carefully and adjusted to the desired sound absorption needs. In testing using the room engineering method, it was seen that there was an increase in the effectiveness of sound absorption in both materials at various volume levels. However, in testing using the mandatory sound of the room acoustic tester, it can be seen that the sound frequency at the lower speaker position is more prominent in both materials at a lower volume. Meanwhile, in the test using the free sound of people giving speeches, it was seen that there was an increase in sound frequency at the top speaker position for both materials at a higher volume.

Mother Leads with Her Heart: A Case Study of Women Worker Leaders in the Men-Dominated Forestry Sector

The masculine image and the notions of manual work and physical strength have resulted in more men workers in forestry. This gender imbalance has influenced the sector’s leadership environment, a critical element in the workplace setting for meeting organizational goals. This study aims to investigate women’s leadership dynamics in Perhutani, the only state-owned enterprise responsible for managing forest resources in Indonesia. Utilizing in-depth interviews with 11 women leaders from middle to top management levels, we found that there is a perceived physical limitation barrier to being a woman leader in Perhutani. To climb the career ladder, a support system from family, colleagues, and supervisors is important. However, family can be two sides of a coin, as it is also acknowledged as an internal constraint to being a woman leader. Our respondents acknowledge leadership labyrinth theory in being able to reach top leadership positions and tokenism theory, pointing out that the benefits of women leadership for Perhutani include the realization of gender equality, referring to the key performance index from the Government of Indonesia. For our respondents, being in a men-dominated sector is considered one of the attractive aspects of being a woman leader. They felt constantly challenged, but in a positive way. With these circumstances, our respondents showcase leadership styles in line with the theories of heart leadership and mother leadership. Heart-led leaders draw on the qualities of empathy, love, and vulnerability, while mother leadership means not only leading with the heart of a mother, but also with the mission, vision, and actions of a mother.