Bottom Of Snowpack Research Articles

<b>Method for Estimating Outflow from the Bottom of Snowpack</b>

In order to evaluate the risk of slope disasters caused by melt water in the early spring, it is important to estimate the amount of melt water outflow from the bottom of snowpack on slopes. A model has been developed that enables estimation of the outflow from the bottom of snowpack on slopes using only four meteorological elements. This model estimates the outflow taking into account the effect of the aspect and inclination of a slope. A comparison of observed and estimated values confirmed that the outflow estimations correlated well with observed values.

A Simplified Method for Estimating Outflow from the Bottom of Snowpack

To ensure the safety of train operations, it is important to estimate the outflow from the bottom of snowpack which might incur a full-depth avalanche. Therefore, the authors examined a simplified method for estimating the outflow from the bottom of snowpack, which can be applied to railway disaster prevention, on the basis of heat balance observations, snowmelt observations and previous studies. Consequently, the simplified method, which combines a snowmelt (heat balance) model and a percolation model, yields a good estimate of the outflow from the bottom of snowpack at 1 hour intervals using four input data available from the nearest AMeDAS: i.e., air temperature, precipitation, wind speed and duration of sunshine.

積雪底面流出観測におけるenclosed snowmelt lysimeterの有効性

積雪底面流出観測におけるenclosed snowmelt lysimeterの有効性