River Bottom Research Articles

Underwater sound from rotary oscillator and pile driving construction activities - I-205 Bridge over the Willamette River - I-205 Abernethy Bridge, Oregon

The Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) is conducting construction work in the Willamette River that involved the installation of piles through the water. There is a potential for impacts to wildlife, primarily fish, due to high noise levels. The project added piers to the existing bridge that consist of 12-foot diameter pile casings and drilled shafts. These casings are installed through rotary-oscillation drilled shafts that extended well below the water. These piles extend 200 feet below the river bottom. A large rotary oscillator was required to install the casings, which was supported on temporary platforms constructed in water. The platforms were supported by hollow 36-inch diameter steel piles. Underwater sounds from rotary oscillators have not been measured extensively in the past. This paper describes the underwater sound levels and characteristics of drilling large diameter casings deep through the substrate using the rotary oscillator. Measurements were also conducted for impact pile driving sounds from installation of the 36-inch diameter piles. The sound measurements evaluated the effectiveness of air bubble curtains meant to reduce sound from impact pile driving and meet permit requirements to minimize exposure of fish to harmful sound levels.

Experimental Assessment of Egg Mat Gear Retention and Collection Efficacy

Abstract Assessment of egg deposition is a method widely used to provide an index of spawning efforts for lithophilic spawning fishes; however, little is known about the collection efficacy and bias of fish egg collection methods. We conducted a two-phase study consisting of a simulated-river flume study (two-part design) and a field study (an egg drift comparison with capture on mats) to assess egg collection methods and evaluate egg retention and capture on egg mats. Lake Whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis egg retention on seeded mats decreased with increasing velocity, and Walleye Sander vitreus egg retention was variable as velocity increased. We collected fewer Lake Whitefish eggs on egg mats when limestone reef rock was present in the flume study during the simulated spawned trials, but the inverse was true for Walleye. Similarly, during field collections we collected more Lake Whitefish eggs in benthic D-shaped frame (D-frame) drift nets set near a known spawning reef compared with egg mats set on the reef, indicating that Lake Whitefish eggs drifted downstream along the river bottom. By contrast, we observed fewer Walleye eggs in D-frame drift nets than number of eggs captured on the egg mats. Therefore, egg mats are an informative tool for evaluating Walleye egg deposition in an immediate area, but may underestimate egg deposition of Lake Whitefish, especially in lotic systems. Compared with other egg collection methods described in the current literature, our study indicates that egg mats are useful for assessing egg deposition by lithophilic spawning fishes but that the collection and retention efficacy and bias of this gear may vary between species and habitat types.

Pollution by total suspended solids and its relationship with the liquid-solid flow of the lower basin of Usumacinta River in Tabasco, Mexico

Rivers are natural environments that collect water from basins and transport it in laminar flow to the sea. Gradual changes occur due to the erosion of the walls and the bottom of rivers and the deposition of solids that the current carries. In the Usumacinta River basin, there is a sinusoidal correlation between liquid and solid flow. The term solid flow refers to the amount of sediment in motion, gaining its name from the product between liquid flow and the concentration of suspended solids. 21 simple samples of surface water were taken from June to December 2017, in the municipalities of Tenosique, Emiliano Zapata and Jonuta, in the state of Tabasco, Mexico. The concentrations of total suspended solids exceed the maximum permissible limits of the NOM-001-SEMARNAT-1996 (Mexico), for urban public use. Moreover, according to CE-CCA-001/89 (Ecological Water Quality Criteria in Mexico), the surface water of the lower basin of the Usumacinta River is classified as polluted.

Hemipteran Species in Row Crops of the Brazos River Bottom in Central Texas

Hemipteran Species in Row Crops of the Brazos River Bottom in Central Texas

Pollution Analysis of an Active River Bottom Sediment in Borokiri (Ikpukulu River), Niger Delta, Nigeria

The Niger Delta region, endowed with significant oil and gas resources, faces environmental challenges linked to artisanal petroleum refining activities. This study explores the environmental repercussions of these activities on the ecosystem health of Ikpukulu River bottom sediments in Borokiri, Niger Delta, Nigeria. The study incorporates an assessment of heavy metal and hydrocarbon contamination using geoaccumulation index (Igeo), pollution load index (PLI), and potential ecological risk index (PERI). Three sampling points (X, Y, and Z) along the Ikpukulu River were investigated. While heavy metal concentrations generally fell within background levels, hydrocarbon content, particularly Total Hydrocarbons (THC), exhibited significant pollution. The PERI values for all three points indicated very high ecological risk, demanding immediate attention and remediation efforts. The Ikpukulu River serves as a potential sink for waste from illegal hydrocarbon refining, highlighting severe coastal river pollution in the region. Proactive measures and stringent pollution control regulations are recommended to safeguard the ecosystem's health. The study contributes valuable insights for remediation efforts and policy development in addressing the environmental challenges associated with artisanal petroleum refining in the Niger Delta.

Assessment of ecological risk for ecosystems caused by dredged materials in freshwater environments

Several chemical substances are released into the environment, and many of them accumulate in the silt or sludge constituting sediments, at the bottom of rivers and lakes as well as in estuaries and seabeds. The ecological and health damage caused by the contamination of sediments by these chemical substances can have serious consequences on ecosystems by reducing the diversity of communities, particularly invertebrates, with indirect consequences on fish populations, loss of edibility of fish or shellfish, recreational uses affected or impossible, ecological risk assessment can be used prospectively or retrospectively. The general outline of the evaluation includes three stages: the formulation of the problem, which aims to develop an analysis plan and define the means to be implemented to characterize the risk, the analysis itself, where we collect the data necessary for the assessment of effects and exposure, and risk characterization, where the risk(s) and, as far as possible, the associated uncertainties are estimated. The application of this approach to dredged materials is proposed in the form of two successive stages: the first consists of a simplified risk analysis, from which we can decide to initiate a second stage of detailed evaluation. The review evaluates the ecological risk associated with the disposal of dredged materials in freshwater environments. It examines the impact of dredged materials on biodiversity and ecosystem health, focusing on assessing the extent of ecological damage, identifying influential factors, and proposing mitigation strategies.

To Study the Strength Characteristics of Concrete Using Mineral Admixture

Aside from the combustion of fossil fuels, the cement making business emits carbon dioxide. The global cement industry accounts for around 7% of greenhouse gas emissions into the earth's atmosphere. To address the environmental impacts connected with cement manufacturing, alternative concrete binders must be developed. Another important environmental concern is the extraction of natural resources such as sand from river bottoms. As a result, substantial study into the use of cement substitutes, including several waste materials and industrial byproducts, is continuing. Bamboo leaf ash was utilised as a partial replacement for cement and fenugreek as an addition in this study, and it was compared to standard concrete. The considered bamboo leaf ash was 5%, 10%, 15% by weight of cement for M25 grade concrete and 5% of fenugreek powder as additive for every mix [1]. Additionally, an experimental investigation of the effects of using bamboo leaf ash in place of some of the cement and fenugreek powder as an additive on the performance of concrete in terms of compressive strength and flexure strength. Concrete is cast for the experimental study, and cement is partially substituted with bamboo leaf ash by weight of cement and fenugreek powder as an addition. Because the inclusion of bamboo leaf ash and fenugreek powder works as a binding ingredient in the concrete, the compressive and flexural strength increases. Finally, the compressive and flexural strengths for the combination of bamboo leaf ash as a partial replacement and fenugreek powder as an addition powder in concrete are investigated for the best results obtained from the aforementioned experiment.

Experimental Investigation of the Evolution Process of Suspended Pipelines through River Bottoms under Unsteady Flow Conditions

One of the major geological hazards that can cause harm to long-distance oil and gas pipelines are water-induced disasters. These disasters are quite common and widespread. Pipelines that cross river channels are at a higher risk of facing damage due to flood-induced erosion. To shed light on the evolution pattern of riverbeds adjacent to pipelines under the influence of unsteady flow conditions, a flume model test was conducted, and the underlying mechanisms of local scour were elucidated. The experimental results demonstrate that pipelines are more susceptible to suspension during flood conditions. The suspension process of pipelines under flood conditions could be broadly divided into five stages. In comparison to constant flow conditions, the evolution process of local scour and the suspension of pipelines under unsteady flow lacked the erosion pit expansion stage, and the scour duration was shorter. Each stage exhibited distinct erosion characteristics, and both the peak flow rate and the number of flood peaks significantly impacted the maximum range and depth of the erosion pit. During pipeline-laying projects, selecting a covering layer with a larger particle size can enhance the erosion resistance of the riverbed around the pipeline. The study of the local erosion process of underwater crossing pipelines under unstable flow conditions can provide a reference for pipeline engineering design and riverbed pipeline protection strategies.

Пермь – земля задняя

The study serves as a follow-up to the article that provided a historiographical review of the debate surrounding the etymology of the toponym Perm. About 40 geographical objects with Permian names found on the territory of Finland and 13 regions of the Russian Federation were involved in the historical-geographical research. Various kinds of “back lands” (Perm) are evenly distributed throughout the studied territory, and parallel searches for “front lands” did not yield results, which forces us to question the version of a drifting toponym. At the same time, an abundance of Permian hydronyms is recorded, although this should seem paradoxical, because Perm is the “back land”. The use of historical-geographical methods made it possible to clarify the etiology (origin) of the names of the Permian series, which should be understood not just as the back ground, but the land on the river bottoms, in the upper reaches of rivers, in areas of concentration of overland sections of waterways. Portages of varying intensity of use are recorded in the vicinity of 30 “perm”, in 19 cases it was not possible to detect portages. Exceptions to the rule are fixed in the southeastern periphery of the studied area, in villages and villages named Permyaki and Perminov, which are nominated by origin or by the surname of the first settlers. In ancient times, the most important transit and transport interchanges were carefully fixed on the ground by Perm toponyms and hydronyms, which is why the areas of concentration of the most important transport routes (Perm and Permtsa) attracted special attention of the Novgorod and later Moscow authorities as nodes of strength in the colonized territory.

Study of entomopathogenic nematodes and their role in microbial control of pests

An essential part of managing insect pests is the use of entomopathogenic nematodes and in preventing environmental contamination. Their use has been increasing in recent years. So far, about 30 to 40 nematode families are in contact with insects and other vertebrates. Among these families, the group widely studied as the so-called "entomopathogenic nematodes," also known as EPN, are Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae. Two species of Oscheius (Oscheius chongmingensis and Oscheius carolinensis) have been added in recent years to the EPNs group, and we expect that several species will be added to EPNs. ENP has a wide range of host insects found in a species of EPN that can attack over 250 different kinds of insects from several families. Suitable environments for EPNs include insect hemocoels, soil pores, or river bottoms that grow in contact with these environments. Occurrence, mobility, distribution, and stability of EPN under the influence of several factors, including intrinsic factors such as behavioral, physiological, and genetic characteristics. Biological nature included are hosted and non-host arthropods, predators, parasites, diseases, and aberrant environmental elements like temperature, moisture content, texture, pH, and UV radiation. Proper mass production and application are essential for the biological control effectiveness of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN). In addition, there is no problem in applying EPNs because they are simple to spray with common equipment and are compatible with almost all chemical fertilizers, but the compatibility is different from chemical pesticides.

Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical and Preliminary Phytochemical Investigation of Trapa natans Linn. root

Background: Water caltrop (Singara), a plant belonging to the Trapaceae or Lytraceae family is an essential medicinal herb used in Ayurvedic preparations. Due to its unique characteristics and therapeutic properties. It is one of the most widely consumed vegetables in Asian countries. Taiwan, China and areas of Southeast Asia are home to Singara. Objective: To study the pharmacognostic, physicochemical and preliminary phytochemical investigation of Trapa natans Linn. root to establish the salient diagnostic features. Methods: Macroscopical, microscopical, physicochemical evaluation, detection of inorganic constituents, fluorescence analysis, extractive value and phytochemical analysis were performed. Extraction was performed by using different solvent such as petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, methanol and distill water. Results: Macroscopically roots were mostly 10–65 mm long and less than 1 mm in diameter, except for the first adventitious roots arising from the cotyledonary nodes, which were much longer and often descended into the substrate river bottom. Microscopically the stele of roots is typically tetrarch, but hexarchy and pentarchy occur in large roots and triarchy in some roots. Central metaxylem vessel elements with a discontinuity of mature xylem elements between protoxylem and metaxylem are common. The cortex of Trapa natans Linn. root is characterized by aerenchyma in its middle by schizogeny but it often has asymmetrically larger lacunae in the inner cortex. The result of physicochemical parameters such as foreign matter, loss on drying (moisture content), total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, water soluble extractive value, alcohol soluble extractive value, foaming index were found to be 0.3%w/w, 2.04%w/w, 9.5%w/w, 3.5%w/w, 5.0%w/w, 10.2%w/w, 5.2%w/w, less than 100 respectively. Qualitative tests of inorganic elements confirmed the presence of calcium, sodium, potassium, iron, sulphate, phosphate and chloride. The result of fluorescence analysis showed that in visible light, the root powder exhibit various shades of green and brown fluorescence. Various shades of green, brown and black were found under UV light. Preliminary phytochemical investigation of various extracts using different solvents confirmed the presence alkaloids, amino acid, glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrate, steroids, triterpenoid compound, tannins, phenolic compounds, mucilage and saponins respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study concluded that the presences of various phytoconstituents in Trapa natans Linn. root may be medicinally useful. Also the results can be helpful in setting some diagnostic indices for identification, authentication and preparation of the monograph of the plant.

Keanekaragaman dan Distribusi Gastropoda Air Tawar di Sungai Ciapus, Jawa Barat, Indonesia

Despite being part of food web and bioindicator in freshwater ecosystems, gastropods are globally jeopardized. Therefore, the occurence of freshwater gastropods need to be assessed. This research aimed to examine diversity and distribution of freshwater gastropods along the Ciapus River in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. The research was conducted from February to May 2020. Sampling was carried out within limited 15 minutes time period using five 1 × 1 m plots established at each of four survey stations. Gastropods were collected from the bottom of river, rock surface and riverbanks within 15-100 cm of water depth. Environmental parameters were recorded. Data was analyzed using biodiversity index parameters and diversity t-test. The survey collected a total 587 individuals from 7 species of freshwater gastropods. The abundance, species richness and diversity of gastropods in the Ciapus river were different between upstream and downstream, location with high altitude tend to have low number of species. Glyptophysa stagnalis became the only species recorded from upstream area. Meanwhile, there were 4 species, which were collected in other three stations and 2 species that recorded from two stations. In three stations, Tarebia granifera was the most dominant species.

Chemical and Microbiological Composition of Tom River Bottom Sediments (Yurginskii District, Western Siberia)

Chemical and Microbiological Composition of Tom River Bottom Sediments (Yurginskii District, Western Siberia)

Chemical and Microbiological Composition of Tom River Bottom Sediments (Yurginskii District, Western Siberia)

Data of chemical and microbiological analyses of bottom sediment composition of the Tom R. near Yurga Town, Kemerov oblast, are given. All samples of bottom sediments were found to contain organic compounds of mixed, biogenic, and anthropogenic origin with the predominance of the latter. Clayey and silty bottom sediments show a higher content of ash-free substance, heavy metals, practically all classes of identified hydrocarbons, except for oxygen-containing and acyclic compounds. Bottom sediments with sand composition contain minimal concentrations of organic pollutants, and the proportions of hydrocarbons of different origin in them are comparable. Microbiological analysis showed the predominance of hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria in bottom sediments composed of clays and silty sand.

Vertical Patterns in Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) Larval Drift within Two Rivers Directly Connected to Green Bay, Lake Michigan

Fish larvae in riverine environments often disperse (e.g., drift) from areas of egg deposition at the time of hatch. Several components of drift can be important in terms of survival including timing, distribution in the water column, and body size. The longitudinal and cross-sectional aspects of larval lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) drift from upstream spawning sites have received considerable study. However, the vertical distribution of larval lake sturgeon in the water column has not been comprehensively evaluated with respect to river size, water depth, the size of larvae in drift over the entire drift period, and the effectiveness of traditional sampling gear (D-frame nets) designed to collect larvae along the river bottom. In 2013, we sampled larval lake sturgeon drifting from upstream spawning sites in the Menominee and Oconto Rivers (Wisconsin, USA) using traditional D-frame nets and custom fabricated sampling nets that vertically partitioned the water column. Drifting larval lake sturgeon were observed from the river bottom to the top of the water column in both systems. Vertical net section was a significant predictor of total larval catch with the highest catch occurring in nets towards the center of the water column but was dependent on net location within the rivers’ cross section and downstream distance from spawning locations. 42% of larvae captured across both rivers were outside of the sampling capability of the traditional D-frame nets (i.e., fish would have drifted over the top). Studies seeking to describe larval production for lake sturgeon, as well as other fish species that exhibit drift in larval dispersal, need to consider a balance between net design and sampling the vertical/cross sectional profiles of rivers. Size-based vertical drift may also have consequences for studies seeking to estimate genetic parameters (e.g., diversity and parentage).

Morpho-Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, and Radiocarbon Chronology of Suyanggae Sites, Focusing on Loc. VI, South Korea

We reconstruct the processes of sedimentation at the Suyanggae Paleolithic sites, geomorphologically characterized by fl uvial terraces in the Namhan River, the base level of which is higher than the present river bottom. The fl uvial sedimentary deposits, slope deposits, and paleosols are the main units of surfi cial deposits, constituting the site materials of Suyanggae Loc. VI. According to the representative profi les of the site, the deposits comprise sands and gravel at the bottom part, while sands and fl ooding muds with occasional intercalations of reddish-brown slope muds, as well as rounded or subangular cobbles or boulders, dominate the middle to upper part. Regarding the terrace’s morpho-stratigraphy, Suyanggae Loc. VI is located above the low (second) fl uvial terrace. Considering the chronology of site material formations, Suyanggae Loc. VI was formed in the last glacial period. On the basis of radiocarbon dates obtained for the charcoals from Suyanggae Loc. VI, the age of cultural layers is determined. Cultural layer 2 was formed in the late Upper Paleolithic, and CL 3 and CL 4 are associated with the early Upper Paleolithic. The archaeological assemblage of Suyanggae Loc. VI is described: lithic artifacts of CL 2 are characterized by abundant microblades (ca 20 ka BP, Last Glacial Maximum), while those of CL 3 and CL 4 are associated with tanged points and blades (36–42 ka BP, middle of the last glacial period). Especially noted are a line-engraved cobble stone excavated from the sedimentary matrix of fl uvial origin, and a face-engraved pebble stone found in fl ooding muds. The fi nds are interpreted as manifestation of symbolic human behavior.

Study on failure characteristics of baking-free bricks with wrap-shell aggregate

Using sediment at the bottom of rivers and lakes as raw materials to prepare non-fired wrap shell aggregate (WSLAs) and using wrap shell aggregates to replace natural crushed stones to prepare baking-free bricks is a means of resource utilization. In this paper, using harmless treated sludge and other cementitious material mix as the core and cement as the shell, the wrap shell aggregate baking-free bricks were prepared and its damage characteristics were studied. By means of physical test and image processing, the mechanical properties of the baking-free brick under different aggregate substitution rate and grading conditions were analyzed. At the same time, the existing image analysis method is compared to select the most suitable method to study the damage characteristics of the baking-free brick, and further explore the meso-mechanism of the baking-free brick and the development and evolution of the crack under different substitution rates. The main research contents and conclusions are as follows: (1) Based on image processing technology, Multifractal spectroscopy and Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix are faster, lower cost, and more accurate image analysis methods. These two methods make the development and evolution of cracks more convincing through quantitative analysis when exploring the damage characteristics of the wrap shell aggregate baking-free brick. (2) The fracture width Δa, maximum peak value and Δf are linear with the substitution rate, indicating that with the increase of the substitution rate, the fracture diversity is higher, the fracture complexity is higher, and the fracture propagation is wider and richer. (3) When GLCM analysis is used, the correlation between fracture characteristic values and the substitution rate is also linear, and the results show that the energy and correlation decrease with the increase of WSLAs substitution rate. Entropy and contrast increase with the increase of WSLAs substitution rate. (4) Both multifractal spectrum and gray level co-occurrence matrix can well reflect the fracture characteristics under different CAWS substitution rates. From the perspective of fracture complexity, the entropy linear correlation degree of gray level co-occurrence matrix is better than that of multifractal spectrum, which can simply and intuitively reflect the fracture expansion degree. The grayscale level co-existence matrix divides the crack expansion form into four different levels for more detailed research. For crack propagation, the two methods can be compared and verified at the same time to provide reference value for further engineering applications.

Evaluation of small hydropower turbines installed downstream of Nile River branches (Egypt)

The current study proposes a new strategy for using small hydroelectric turbines in downstream river branches with the least amount of construction and the lowest cost by comparing two different methods of installing the turbines, the first by installing the turbines at the river's bottom and the second by installing the turbines on floating boats. The methodology of this article is based on predicting the distribution of velocities through the watercourse using experimental data collected at various points in the river's depth, and then predicting the resulting electrical power for different sizes of turbines, as well as estimating the number of turbines for each row and the number of rows along the river. Therefore, Investigate the proposed systems. The proposed small hydropower system's economic viability and environmental impact are investigated in this article. According to the nature of the waterway, the best diameter of a turbine that can be used is 1.5 m based on water velocities and river depths. The proposed power plant generated 25.8 kW per single turbine row, with an estimated cost of produced power (0.035 USD/kWh) of approximately 20 turbines installed per row. Compared to other renewable energy sources, the proposed hydropower system is cost-effective and environmentally friendly, as generating electricity with the proposed small hydropower plant could reduce annual carbon dioxide emissions by 368 tones of CO2 per single turbine row.

EFFECTS OF CONSTITUENT MATERIAL PROPERTIES ON EROSION OF FLAT BED AND RECESSION OF BLUFF

Seashores and river bottoms are constantly eroded by the flow processes. Grains of various types, including gravel, sand, silt, and clay, mixed at different ratios, and demonstrating varying characteristics, are the constituent materials of these eroding land features. The present study quantifies the importance of the geomechanical properties of soils, with a large fraction of granular material and a smaller portion of fine grain particles, on the incipient motion of the sediment under steady-state flow. Further, it highlights the implications of the soil properties on the erosion and recession of steep beach and bluff systems.

Новые данные об интенсивной дегазации Земли в Арктике на севере Западной Сибири: термокарстовые озера с кратерами выбросов газа и грязевыми вулканами

In the last decade, in the north of Western Siberia, the authors carried out a large amount of comprehensive research, which made it possible to obtain fundamentally new information about the gas-dynamic mechanisms of dangerous processes in the Arctic permafrost. According to remote sensing data, at the bottom of thermokarst lakes, rivers and coastal zones of the Kara Sea, more than 4.5 thousand zones of powerful gas blowouts with the formation of craters (pockmark) were found. There are reasons to believe that powerful gas emissions mainly come from shallow deposits with ultrahigh (superlithostatic) pressures. For the first time, large mud volcanic uplifts with pronounced craters have been found at the bottom of the Arctic thermokarst lakes. Based on the monitoring of the ice situation and the water environment on the basis of retrospective satellite images on lakes Otkrytie, Labvarto and Yambuto, the presence of periodic emissions of formation fluids, including gas, is shown. Based on the combination of a number of features, the discovered objects can be classified as active mud volcanoes with a high level of probability. The results of the studies allow us to state that mud volcanism is widespread in the Circum-Arctic megaregion.