Bottom Floor Research Articles

The Pure Theory of Elevators

PUZZLE 1. It has often been noted that, unless you are waiting at either the bottom floor or at the top floor of a building, the next elevator is almost always going in the wrong direction. (See e.g., [1], 10-1 1.) On the other hand it seems reasonable, since what goes down must come up (the author is indebted to Miss Shari Shreiber for pointing this out to him), and conversely, that it ought to be just as easy (i.e., take just as long) to get an elevator going up as one going down. How can both of these things be true?

7.振動流による水槽底面上のnidgeのまわりの二次流れ

Circular cylinders, flat plates or a rigid wavy wall was fixed on the bottom floor of a water tank.When the fluid in the tank was performed in sinusoidal oscillations along the floor, the secondary flows induced around the ridges were investigated experimentally by means of flow visualization techniques.In the case of a single ridge, another circulatory streaming is induced near the bottom floor besides what is called the inner one and the outer.In the case of several ridges at regular gaps, there exist two circulatory streamings in each gap.

Natural Evaporation of Sodium with Mist Formation: Part I—Measurement of Evaporation Rates and Comparison of Values against Theoretical Predictions

Measurements were made of the rate of natural evaporation into a stagnant argon or helium atmosphere from a rectangular-shaped surface of liquid sodium placed on the bottom floor of an evaporation test box. The tests were carried out at various levels of sodium temperature and inert gas pressure under conditions where mist formation could be expected. The values obtained as the Sherwood number were compared with those predicted by various theoretical models. The overall results revealed that the enhancement of evaporation brought about by mist formation significantly increased as the sodium temperature did. It was concluded that the previous theoretical models were not adequate for obtaining correct values for the evaporation rate.

円筒容器における球形粒子の低速沈降たい積電算機シミュレーション Ｔｏｒｙ充てんプログラムの改良

Tory's Computer simulation of the slow settling of spherical particles into a randomly packed bed is modified: After removing the periodical boundary of the wall and the randomly packed bed at the bottom, a new boundary condition of a cylindrical container is introduced. In order to identify the position of the particles in the container, the coordinate of cubical lattices of side 1.0 sphere diameters is devised and the particle numbers are stored in the corresponding three-dimensional array of the computer memory. This saves considerable amount of the necessary memory and the computer program becomes simple, comparing with Tory's method where small lattices of side 0.5×1.15 sphere diameters are used. The average volume fractions of the particles without the wall effect are 0.582 for uniform feeding of the particles over the cross-section of the container and 0.612 for the particle feeding from the center. In the latter, the bottom floor of the container affects the particle arrangement as far as 13 particle layers into the interior. For the other cases, however, the wall effects are on two particle layers only. Although the packing structures obtained from the computer simulation cannot be actual, experimental results, the data may be able to play important roles in the theoretical analysis.

A general element for analysis of asymmetric multi-storey buildings with varying cross-section

The paper presents a finite element method for analysis of asymmetric multi-storey buildings with varying cross-section. The basic structural component is a rectangular thin panel bounded between floors and vertical edges. Its behaviour is governed by the conventional axial, bending and shear assumptions of beam theory. The element displacement vector consists of four corner axial movements and top and bottom floor translation and rotation. Two additional displacements, related to the compatibility along the vertical sides, are temporarily included prior to the condensation of the stiffness matrix of shear wall substructures of floor height. This approach allows a uniform type of solution for all common components, e.g. open, closed or mixed cross-section coupled shear walls and frames. Since the conventional assumptions of the open and closed shear wall theories are included, this finite element method provides identical numerical results. As a computer program basis it has the following advantages: (a) minimum amount of data due to the absence of conventional sectional properties, (b) uniform solution for common structural components, (c) inclusion of varying cross-section and different foundation types, (d) direct output of stresses for each nodal point.

ちょう積層基底れき層について

Alluvial plains in the coastal regions of Japan are considered to have developed according to the following processes : during the last glacial stage when the sea level was lowered, rivers dissected their valleys downward to that level. After then, in consequence of the postglacial rise of the sea level, these valleys were drowned and were filled up with Flandrian deposits.The bottom floors of such buried valleys are mostly found at 30-80 meters below the present sea level. These bottom floors in many cases are covered with fluvial gravel beds about 10-20 meters thick. Such gravel beds are mostly overlaid with sediments of finer materials which deposited in the shallow sea during the late and post glacial transgression. They are called “Basal Gravel Beds” of the Recent deposits by the present author. They have probably been formed when the lowering of the sea level reached the limit during the last glacial stage. The huge accumulation of gravels as the Basal Gravel Beds might have been brought on by the overloaded streams which carried much detritus as the production of the strong physical weathering under glacial or periglacial conditions during the Ice Age. The author found that some of the Japanese alluvial fans of a large scale are formed by Recent Basal Gravel Beds.The maximum accumulation of the ice during the last glacial stage should be enough to cause a lowering of the sea level of about 80-15 meters below that of the present. In order to get a acceptable figure regarding the lowering of the sea level or the lowest sea level during the last glacial stage, the author, presuming the figures-100 and-140 meters as the postulated low sea level stand, examined the depth of these floors of buried valleys, respectively.Based on the results of borings which were carried out with 21 major buried valleys in Japan, the depth from the surface of present-day alluvial plain to the upper face of Basal Gravel Bed which covered bottom floor of buried valley was measured in each alluvial plain and then the relation between the depth of the deepest bore hole and the distance from the mouth of the old valley to that bore hole site was investigated (Fig. 3 and 4). The correlation coefficient between the depth and distance was also calculated.Fig. 3 indicates the case in which the sea level was presumed to be 100 meters below that of the present and Fig. 4 in the cases of-140 meters, respectively. Is is obvious from these two charts that the depth of the deepest bore hole negatively correlates with the distance from the mouth of buried valley to that bore hole site. So far as the correlation coefficients are concerned, being-0.870 and-0.890, respectively, the presumed figure of the latter seems to be more acceptable than that of the former. Therefore, judging from the depth of buried valley floors, the author is of the opinion that the figure-140 meters as the lowest sea level during the last glacial stage should be more acceptable than that of-100 meters.

Recent bottom floor of the summit crater of Mihara Volcano observed with a radio-controlled model helicopter

Recent bottom floor of the summit crater of Mihara Volcano observed with a radio-controlled model helicopter

A study for prediction of great earthquakes in and around Sagami Bay

A plate model to account for the genetic relation between great volcanic eruptions and earthquakes which occurred along the Sagami trough branching off from Japan trench, and along the Nankai trough off the Chubu district is proposed on the basis of the newly compiled neotectonic map.The northwestern Philippine Sea plate is bounded by the Nankai trough to the west and by the Sagami trough to the north. The Nankai trough is regarded as an active subduction zone in recent geologic time. So the Philippine Sea plate moves northwestwards in parallel with the Sagami trough. Consequently, the Sagami trough is regarded as a transform fault of trench-trench type which joints the Nankai trough and Japan trench. On a cross section of the northwestern Philippine Sea plate cut parallel to the Sagami trough, the Nankai trough, Oshima Volcano, Miyakejima Volcano, and the Izu-Bonin trench stand side by side from northwest to southeast. Large cracks for rising magma are expected to locate below these volcanoes, thereby dividing the plate into three segments (P1, P2 and P3 from east to west in Fig. 7) in the cross-section. P1 is pushed by a northwestward motion of the Pacific plate, therefore, at the first stage, the eruption of Miyakejima Volcano may occur owing to squeezing of magma beneath the volcano in response to the stress generated by P1, and eventually, the bottom floor of the summit crater of Oshima Volcano may start to rise up. Secondly, the bottom floor of the summit crater may come up owing to the successive compressive stress generated by P2 together with P1, and then a great and/or large eruption of Oshima Volcano may occur. Thirdly, the Philippine Sea plate moves further northwestwards and then a great earthquake may occur to release the strain accumulated along the Sagami trough. Since such a continuous process is repeated several times, the Philippine Sea plate may go down beneath the Nankai trough where a greater earthquake may inevitably occur as the result. In fact, epicenters of recorded great earthquakes of M≥7.5 are located in a limited area along the Sagami trough and in the just inner parts of the Nankai trough. Evidently, greater earthquakes of M≥8.0 have mainly occurred in the latter province.The plate model can well be applied to explain the genetic relation of the recorded eruptions and earthquakes in the studied region. Added to the facts, recent vertical crustal movement of the southern Kanto district also supports the model inferred from these events. So that, mutual relationship among eruption, earthquake and recent crustal movement may be an excellent clue to predict the coming great earthquake. Further detailed discussion is summarized as follows.1) It is concluded with full confidence that great and/or large eruptions of Oshima Volcano in the last 200 years have occurred in 2 to 14 years after the eruptions of Miyakejima Volcano. The large eruption of Miyakejima Volcano occurred in 1962, from which that of Oshima Volcano will ensue in the next time. Added to the fact, the proper activity of Oshima Volcano must have started itself since 1972, based on seismicity of volcanic earthquakes in and around Oshima Volcano.2) Judging from that the bottom floor of the summit crater of Oshima Volcano is regarded as risen up since around 1960, and that the strain has been accumulated based on the observation of the recent crustal vertical movement at Aburatsubo in the Miura Peninsula and the bottom floor may soon come to the peak position as shown in Fig. 11. The coming great and/or large eruption of Oshima Volcano might be expected to start from around a last half of 1970's by all above accounts.

Edificio de oficinas de la Asociación de Educación del estado de Nebraska, Lincoln-(U.S.A.)

The State Education offices are situated on the two bottom floors of this building, and the third and fourth floors, at present let to outside businesses, will be also used later by the Nebraska State Education Association if needed. The top three floors are built to a fixed module, which provides a great flexibility of internal distribution and adaptation to specific requirements.

Miami Natural Radiocarbon Measurements I

The construction of the dating apparatus started in the summer of 1960 and was completed one year later. The laboratory is located on the bottom floor of a three-story concrete-block building which has two thin concrete floors on concrete beams above the shield. The building is underlain by carbonate mud and coral rock. The geographic location is 25° 43.9′ N Lat, 80° 09.8′ W Long and only a few feet above sealevel. We use a proportional-counting tube with an active volume of 1 L, and a total sample volume of 1.30 L, filled with purified CO2to a pressure of 225 cm Hg (3 atm) at 25°C. The tube is made of copper with brass ends and quartz insulators. The shielding consists of 20 cm of iron, 10 cm of paraffin with boric acid, 2.5 cm of selected lead (Östlund, 1961), and cosmic ray guard counters. The room is air-conditioned but no additional precautions have been taken to exclude outdoor dust.