Bottom Element Research Articles

Comparison of Bottom Blowing Element Based on the Characteristics of Gas Stream and Stirring Ability in 120t Converter

Comparison of Bottom Blowing Element Based on the Characteristics of Gas Stream and Stirring Ability in 120t Converter

PREPARATION OF COMPONENTS FOR ORBITAL WELDING OF TITANIUM TUBES WITH TITANIUM CLAD STEEL SIEVE BOTTOM

The article presents the method of preparing the tube sheet of a heat exchanger made of B265 Grade 1 titanium-clad steel with B338 grade 2 titanium tubes allowing for the qualification of the TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) orbital welding technology. A test plate was made of A516M Grade 485 unalloyed steel clad with B265 Grade 1 titanium using the explosive method. The 300 x 300 mm plate consisted of a layer of 60 mm thick non alloy steel and 5 mm titanium clad. It had 20 holes drilled in a triangular arrangement, into tubes with a diameter of 34.93 mm made of B338 Grade 2 titanium with a thickness of 0.7 mm were welded. In order to obtain mechanical restraint inside the holes in the test plates, the titanium tubes were rolled out. For rolling, a five-roller was used, equipped with a retaining collar which allows the tube to move freely during rolling. The tests carried out showed that the proposed technology for preparing tube – sieve bottom elements allow for the preparation of a test plate for the qualification of welding technology. The test plate made in accordance with the technological assumptions met all the requirements necessary to qualify the technology for welding tubes with tube plates. Both in the case of non-destructive testing and macrographic testing, there were no problems with compliance with the PN-EN ISO 15614-8:2005 standard.

Lift and generalized ordinal sum of negations on bounded posets

In this paper, two construction methods for fuzzy negations on bounded structures are presented. The first method focuses on lifting a fuzzy negation from a more general subposet to the complete lattice, extending the existing research. It provides an effective approach to lift fuzzy negations, even when the top and bottom elements of the subposet differ from those of the complete lattice. The second method explores the generalized ordinal sum of negations on an abelian partially ordered group, achieved by complementing a given fuzzy negation. A sufficient and necessary condition for the generalized ordinal sum, with a familiar fuzzy negation as the complement, to be a fuzzy negation is given. Building upon this, the paper introduces a supplementary fuzzy negation based on the provided family of subintervals, which guarantees that the generalized ordinal sum is still a fuzzy negation.

On modularity of hyperlattices

The purpose of this paper is to study some properties of modular hyperlattices. We state and prove some propositions (theorems) of [2] with a stronger condition(modularity) than distributivity. We prove that if hyperlattice L with bottom element 0 is modular, then 0 ∨ 0 =0 and there exists no element in x ∨ x greater than x. Also, we study pentagonal hyperlattice that is non-modular. Finally, some results of fundamental relation are given.

Development of a rock-bit interaction analytical model by considering the in-situ stresses for a bottom-hole element

PDC drill bits are an important part of drilling engineering, but improper selection or design can lead to decreased performance and increased costs. Then, accurate modeling of rock-bit interaction for Oil/gas well drilling is critical. Although several mathematical models are presented for this purpose, they have not been able to present a comprehensive model for the rock-bit interaction. In-situ stresses in real drilling conditions affect the force required for rock failure. However, the models proposed so far either have not considered the effects of in-situ stresses or have assumed that the rock failure angle in the downhole conditions is equal to the one calculated in the atmospheric conditions. In this work, after reviewing the background of studies conducted on the rock and bit interaction, with an analytical method, stresses applied to the bottom hole element are examined, including stresses resulting from bit and in-situ stresses. Based on the principle of superposition, the total stress imposed on the bottom hole element is calculated to determine the angle and force of rock cutting. Finally, a novel mathematical model of rock-bit interaction in vertical and deviated oil/gas wells drilling by Considering In-Situ Stresses is presented. Also, the study compares the current model to the Nishimatsu and Xin Ling models using data from a southwest field in Iran. The results show that the simplifying assumption made by previous models leads to a significant underestimation of the failure angle and the amount of force required to the rock failure, with reductions of up to 21% and 48%, respectively, in the case of a vertical well. In an inclined well, the current model predicts cutting force at about 0.14 of that predicted by the previous model.

On the maximum velocity profile of wave boundary layer flows in the very rough turbulent regime

The maximum velocity profile in turbulent wave boundary layer flows has been experimentally investigated under both regular and irregular wave conditions. Four types of seabed models are adopted, i.e., smooth, sand-covered, uniform-sphere-covered and nonuniform-stone covered. The results show that the maximum overshoot increases with the decreasing A/ks (A is the semi-excursion of fluid particles in the free stream and ks is the bottom roughness), but it is not notably influenced by the irregularity of the waves nor the nonuniformity of bottom roughness elements. Two-dimensional numerical simulations are carried out to reveal the physics behind the large overshoot behavior. It is found that the gap flow accelerates around roughness elements and subsequently contributes to the overshoot. A three-parameter defect function is proposed that well describes the maximum velocity profile, and all three model parameters are correlated with the governing flow parameter A/ks.

The parameters of flow-forming elements for controlling the behavior of fish in artificial channels.

The current level of anthropogenic impact on open water sources shows a decrease in the quality of surface runoff, a constantly growing volume of water withdrawal for economic purposes, exerting the greatest significant impact and damage on the hydrobiological resources of water sources. The processes of interaction between subjects of hydro-biocenosis force us to study the mechanisms of interaction between fish, water flow, and hydraulic structure (channel), including the optimization of elements of hydraulic structures that affect the environmental safety of a water source as a whole. We noted the main formation patterns of the structure of a turbulent flow and its interaction with a hydraulic structure (channel), such as the pulsating nature of the aquatic environment, heterogeneous structure, gradient nature, and vortex structure. We analyzed the advantages and features of the effect of three-dimensional flow-forming elements on the behavior of fish. We developed the design and method of designing a bottom flow-forming element for controlling the behavior of fish in a river flow, substantiated geometrical parameters, created an optimal layout of bottom flow-forming elements in artificial channels. We provided an assessment of the use of technical solutions for flow-forming elements of existing and reconstructed fish protection facilities.

A STUDY ON GRAPHS DEFINED ON L-SLICES

Let L be a locale with top element 1L and J be a join semilattice with bottom element 0J. The L-slice (σ,J) is the action of the locale on join semilattice satisfying certain properties. The concept of L-slices were modelled in tune with the modules in algebra. The benefit of studying L-slices is that we can approach the structure algebraically as well as topologically. This paper deals with the graph theoretic approach to L-slices. The idea of relating graphs with algebraic structures was started by the work of Beck in [3]. The algebraic properties of L-slices prompted us to consider the possibility of various graphs that could be associated with L-slices. The article introduces two different graphs on L-slices. The total graph Γ((T(σ,J)) is defined. We derive a characterisation for such graphs to be nonempty. The structural properties of Γ((T(σ,J)) is studied. The weak Zariski Topology on (σ,J) gives us the graph GT(ω∗). The conditions under which the graph is nonempty is examined. Also some of the structural properties of GT(ω∗) is obtained.

Innovative stress analysis and machine learning forecasting for semi-trailer truck body durability

This article presents an in-depth analysis of the stress-deformation state (SDS) in the bottom structure of a semi-trailer truck body. Engineering analysis was conducted utilizing the SolidWorks software, focusing on a comprehensive CAD model of the semi-trailer truck body. The study explored variations in SDS parameters resulting from alterations in the geometric parameters of the body bottom elements. The research investigated alterations in static stress and displacement relative to changes in the proportions of the cross-section of the channel while maintaining fixed geometric dimensions of the workpiece, thickness of the workpiece, and the material of the body bottom. Graphical representations were generated to illustrate the variations in static stress, displacement, and safety margin concerning the thickness of the shelf and channel. Additionally, dependencies were derived that correlate static stresses in the channel with the thickness of the channel wall and the thickness of the body bottom sheet. The study results were compiled and summarized, offering valuable insights into the stress-deformation state of the semi-trailer truck body's bottom. Furthermore, machine learning techniques, specifically the RandomForest algorithm, were implemented in a Python environment to predict changes in static stress based on various factors. The model's predictions were validated by comparing predicted static stress values with actual values on a test sample. These findings facilitate efficient selection of appropriately sized elements by predicting static stress values, employing the RandomForest machine learning algorithm.

Development of ventilation and sound insulation materials by the multi-objective optimization

Natural ventilation-based houses in tropical countries often suffer from poor acoustic performance. To address this issue, we developed ventilation and sound-absorbing materials using a multi-objective optimization program. The program was developed to design test specimens that optimize the sum of the flow velocities of all elements of the divided cylindrical 3D model for sound-absorbing ability and the sum of the flow velocities in the bottom elements of the model for ventilation ability, with the objective of maximizing both. By outputting the specimens using a 3D printer, we were able to select materials suitable for the installation environment without requiring individual design changes. In this report, we focus on improving the sound insulation rate by refining the objective functions used to create the specimens. We measured the transmission loss using a self-made impedance tube and the 4mic method and verified the validity of our programming results by comparing them with those of laboratory experiments. Our approach has the potential to improve the acoustic performance of natural ventilation-based houses in tropical countries, making them more comfortable and conducive to living and working.

Algebraic structures formalizing the logic with unsharp implication and negation

Abstract It is well-known that intuitionistic logics can be formalized by means of Heyting algebras, i.e. relatively pseudocomplemented semilattices. Within such algebras the logical connectives implication and conjunction are formalized as the relative pseudocomplement and the semilattice operation meet, respectively. If the Heyting algebra has a bottom element $0$, then the relative pseudocomplement with respect to $0$ is called the pseudocomplement and it is considered as the connective negation in this logic. Our idea is to consider an arbitrary meet-semilattice with $0$ satisfying only the Ascending Chain Condition (these assumptions are trivially satisfied in finite meet-semilattices) and introduce the operators formalizing the connectives negation $x^{0}$ and implication $x\rightarrow y$ as the set of all maximal elements $z$ satisfying $x\wedge z=0$ and as the set of all maximal elements $z$ satisfying $x\wedge z\leq y$, respectively. Such a negation and implication is ‘unsharp’ since it assigns to one entry $x$ or to two entries $x$ and $y$ belonging to the semilattice, respectively, a subset instead of an element of the semilattice. Surprisingly, this kind of negation and implication still shares a number of properties of these connectives in intuitionistic logic, in particular the derivation rule Modus Ponens. Moreover, unsharp negation and unsharp implication can be characterized by means of five, respectively seven simple axioms. We present several examples. The concepts of a deductive system and of a filter are introduced as well as the congruence determined by such a filter. We finally describe certain relationships between these concepts.

Effect of different bottom blowing elements on stirring characteristics of molten bath in converter

Effect of different bottom blowing elements on stirring characteristics of molten bath in converter

RELIEF STRUCTURE OF THE LAKE LADOGA BOTTOM BASED ON SEISMIC-ACOUSTIC AND BATHYMETRIC DATA<a href="#FN2"><sup>2</sup></a>

A large amount of data on geological structure, quaternary deposits and bottom sediments of Lake Ladoga was obtained during the last 70 years. Meanwhile, bottom geomorphology of the lake is poorly studied. In most of cases geomorphological description includes only short morphometric characteristics and large-scale bottom elements description. In the present study new materials on Lake Ladoga bottom geomorphology is presented. Ultrahigh-resolution seismic data of 2014 and 2015 expeditions on research vessel “Ekolog” (Organizers: Saint-Petersburg State University, Marine Research Center of MSU, and Karelian Scientific Center of RAS), as well as digital bathymetric model of the basin, developed in the Institute of Limnology of SPB FRC RAS were used as original data. As a result of geomorphological interpretation 6 geomorphological genetic types were characterized: denudative constructive, erosional subequal, lacustrine, glacial, fluvioglacial marginal, and glacial lacustrine. Meso- and macroscale forms such as plains, ridges, hollows, valleys were distinguished. Signs of neotectonic movements north of Vallaam archipelago were approved. Terminal glacial landforms produced during the Neva stage of the Ostashkov glaciation were traced in the central part of the lake. Conditions and forms of the postglacial landscape development were characterized. These data were used to construct 1:1 000 000 scale geomorphological scheme applying the morphogenetic approach of analytical geomorphological mapping.

Cover Feature: Electrochemical Cycling Behaviour and Shape Changes of Zn Electrodes in Mildly Acidic Aqueous Electrolytes Containing Quaternary Ammonium Salts (ChemElectroChem 12/2023)

The Cover Feature shows a schematic representation of Zn plating from an aqueous electrolyte in the presence of Quaternary Ammonium Salts (QASs) (upper part) and in an additive-free solution (bottom element). The study provides insight into the cycling behavior of zinc anodes in battery context, using QASs as additives in mildly acidic aqueous electrolytes. The cover was designed by one of the paper authors: Elisa Emanuele. More information can be found in the Research Article by B. Bozzini et al.

Collapse deformation simulation of metal liner under coupling of multi-physics field

In order to study the collapse deformation mechanism of metal liner under coupling of multi-physics field, the input current was obtained through circuit design and simulation by Multisim. The results show that the peak input current is determined by the capacitor voltage. The coupling simulation of electromagnetic-thermal-mechanical field was carried out by using LS-DYNA software. The influence mechanism of liner on the collapse deformation of the metal liner is analysed. The collapse deformation of liner with cylindrical tip is different from that of traditional liner. The tip of the cylinder is beneficial to utilizing the high pressure in the centre of the cylinder. But the micro-element at the top of the cone collapse to the axis with decreasing velocity along the outer contour of the tip. For the conical metal liner with cylindrical end, the current peak needs to reach more than 2 MA to make the liner obtain sufficient collapse velocity. The collapse velocity of conical metal liner element increases with the decrease of wall thickness, while the collapse velocity of bottom liner element decreases with the increase of cone diameter and cone height.

On $T_1$-reflection of topological spaces

This paper deals with some universal spaces. For every topological space $X$, the universal $T_1$ space is viewed as the bottom element of the lattice $\mathcal{L}_X$. The class of morphisms in $\mathrm{\mathbf{Top}}$ orthogonal to all $T_1$ spaces is characterized. Also, we introduce some new separation axioms and characterize them. Moreover, we characterize topological spaces $X$ for which the universal $T_1$ space associated with $X$ is a spectral space. Finally, we give some characterizations of topological spaces such that their $T_1$-reflection are compact spaces.

THE STUDY OF STRESS-STRAIN STATE ELEMENTS OF THE TRUCK SEMI-TRAILER BODY BOTTOM

Research on the influence of geometric parameters of body bottom elements on the stress-strain state (SSS) of the truck with the general application of computer simulation methods was conducted. The nature of the change in static stress and displacement depending on the change in the proportions of the cross-section of the channel at fixed geometric dimensions of the workpiece and the thickness of the workpiece and the bottom material of the body has been studied. Analytical, numerical and experimental methods were used in the study of the stress-strain state of the metal structure of car bodies. Its weight minimization is an important aspect of a truck body design. Because an excess weight leads to increased production costs, reduced payload and reduced fuel efficiency. According to the concept of weight reduction with the provision of a given strength, the body model with variable parameters of the bottom elements is modelled and analyzed. CAD - body models and analysis of the stress-strain state of the channels of the bottom of the bodies have been performed using the software package SolidWorks.

Development of ventilation and sound-absorbing materials using specimens generated by the multi-objective optimization method

In hot and humid tropical countries, the houses are designed to be naturally ventilated with vent louvers. However, these louvers play as direct paths for noise entering the house. It is necessary to create geometries that can maximize the noise transmission loss and the ventilation performance of the housing structure. The present study aims to develop ventilation and sound-absorbing material using the multi-objective optimization method. This material has a specific design that enables wind from the exterior of the building to pass through while reducing noise. This study is presented in two parts. This paper, Part 1, explains the multi-objective optimization method and analysis calculation result. In the following paper, Part 2, the acoustic experiment of the ABS specimens manufactured by the 3D printer and results will be reported. An optimization problem is formulated by the Digital Fourier transformation, which searches the patterns of existing and blank elements. The sum of the magnitudes of the flow velocities in all the elements and those in the bottom elements are obtained from fluid potential flow analysis and used as by-objective functions. Multi-objective optimization is performed using "Platypus," an external library of Python. As a result, models that maximized the sum of the magnitude of each flow velocities are obtained.

A High-Performance 3-D Imaging Technique Using Simultaneous Azimuth and Elevation Compounding.

A new technique for 3-D imaging with a row-column array (RCA) configuration has been developed. The technique requires an electrostrictive piezoelectric for the active substrate. While the top set of electrodes is connected to RF transmit and receive channels for conventional diverging wave imaging (DWI), the orthogonal bottom set of electrodes is connected to independently controlled variable dc bias channels. By implementing modulated bias patterns compounded across multiple pulses, fine delay control across the bottom elements can be achieved simultaneously with imaging with the top set of electrodes. This resulted in a high-quality two-way focus in both azimuth and elevation. A 20-MHz electrostrictive composite substrate was fabricated, and 64 top ×64 bottom electrodes were patterned and connected to custom beamforming and biasing electronics. The point spread functions were generated in all dimensions, and the -6 dB resolution was measured to be 93 [Formula: see text] axially, [Formula: see text] in the azimuth, and 328 [Formula: see text] in the elevation dimension. This was in good agreement with the simulated resolutions of 80, 273, and 280 [Formula: see text], respectively.

Study on the interlaminar shear properties of hybrid cross-laminated timber (HCLT) prepared with larch, poplar and OSB

In order to better understand, and ultimately improve, the interlaminar shear performance of CLT, this paper explores the influence of three different laminates—larch, poplar and OSB—as transverse layers on the interlaminar shear performance of CLT. The results showed that, although larch, poplar and OSB have little difference in overall density, the interlaminar shear strength of CLT was significantly affected with the use of each as the transverse layer. The interlaminar shear strength in the major direction of CLT prepared with three different materials as transverse layers is: 4.18 MPa (Larch - Poplar - Larch), 3.52 MPa (Larch - Larch - Larch) and 2.71 MPa (Larch - OSB - Larch). The interlaminar shear strength in the minor direction of CLT prepared with three different transverse layers is: 0.91 MPa (Larch - Poplar - Larch), 1.11 MPa (Larch - Larch - Larch) and 0.22 MPa (Larch - OSB - Larch). The interlaminar shear failure modes of the three CLT specimens are different: in the major strength direction, when larch was used as the transverse layer, the interlaminar shear failure mode was rolling shear failure of the transverse layer. When poplar was used as the transverse layer, the interlaminar shear failure modes of CLT were transverse layer shear failure and surface layer shear failure. When OSB was used as a transverse layer, the interlaminar shear failure mode of CLT was the internal shear failure of OSB. In the minor strength direction, the interlaminar shear failure mode of each of the three CLT specimens starts from the unsized gap on the side of the bottom laminate element, and the typical bending failure mode occurs in the transverse layer. CLT prepared with poplar as the transverse layer has lower density, but better interlaminar shear performance in the major strength direction. The interlaminar shear strength in the strong axial direction is affected by the structure of the transverse laminates, and as such homogeneous laminates are more suitable for use as transverse laminates.