Bottom Box Research Articles

Manufacture and Acceptance Test of the Full Size ITER PF5 Conductor Sample

In the R&D process of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) Poloidal Field (PF) coils, 16 m PF5 Cable-in-Conduit Conductor (CICC) was integrated at Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP). The manufacture process of the qualification conductor was according to the ITER design. As required by the ITER Procurement Arrangement (PA), full size PF5 qualification conductor sample was manufactured and delivered to SULTAN facility (CRPP Villigen, Switzerland) for acceptance test. The PF5 conductor sample was made of two legs by one conductor bending, bottom hairpin box, upper terminations, support clamps, insulation, cryogenic piping and instrumentations. The concept of hairpin box and comb-type terminations configuration for ITER PF conductor sample which was co-contributed by ENEA and CEA was successfully verified by the first China PF2 conductor sample tested in SULTAN facility May 2010. The PF5 conductor sample test was initiated at the end of Feb. 2011. The test program included DC performance, cyclic loading, AC loss and MQE test. The conductor manufacture process, conductor sample assembly and test results were presented in this paper.

Preparation of PF1/6 and PF2 Conductor Performance Qualification Sample

The ITER Conductor Procurement Arrangement requires that all the conductors have to be qualified before the production phase. The objects of the work here presented are the Poloidal Field Coils conductors, specifically the PF1/6 and the PF2 conductors. The realization of the samples comprised the jacketing, the compaction and the straightening of the CICC, together with the design and manufacturing of the bottom hairpin box and the upper termination. The instrumentation and the related jacket machining completed the preparation of the samples. The samples have been assembled according to the specification defined by ITER and have been shipped to SULTAN facility. This paper describes all the activities performed during the preparation, the features of the samples and all the related issues.

Compression testing to simulate real‐world stresses

AbstractUnit load testing of boxes reported in the literature typically uses empty boxes to explore the impact and interactions among box configurations, pallet support and other environmental parameters. However, this approach leads to failure in the weakest box in the unitized structure, while in the field, failure almost always occurs in the bottom box, which may or may not be the weakest. We find in this paper that mathematically, numerically and experimentally, forcing box failure to the bottom results in higher test values. While this occurs naturally for boxes in use in the field, it is an interaction which to date has been overlooked by researchers examining box performance in the lab. The impact on box estimation can be on the order of 5% or more, which can be as significant as some of the environmental factors we are working to quantify, and which can have significant cost implications. To improve the assessment used in the industry to account for the impact of a box's ‘in use environment’ on its performance, we need further testing on configurations where the boxes are loaded. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Association of Autistic Spectrum Disorders With Dystrophinopathies

Parents of 85 boys with dystrophinopathies and 51 sibling controls completed the Social Communication Questionnaire, describing child behaviors associated with autism spectrum disorders and a rating of parental stress. Twenty-one boys with dystrophinopathies and no siblings received scores above the cut-point for possible autistic spectrum disorders. Mothers of identified children were given detailed interviews using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised, and 16 boys (about 19% of the sample) met the criteria for autism spectrum disorders. Significant qualitative abnormalities in reciprocal social interactions and communication were evident in all, whereas restricted and repetitive behaviors were generally less pronounced in the group. Moreover, parents of boys with dystrophinopathy and autism spectrum disorders demonstrated significantly higher ratings of stress than parents of boys with dystrophinopathy alone. Increased attention to behavioral concerns associated with dystrophinopathies is necessary to ensure the well-being of the whole family.

Methods and Limitations of Assessing New Noninvasive Tests

Outcomes-based approaches are the preferred methodology for technology validation. As discussed in part I of this review, the difficulties of performing an unbiased diagnostic evaluation are increasingly appreciated.1 An outcomes-based approach is advantageous in that it mimics the clinical application of testing. By risk stratifying patients, the results of this approach can be applied directly to clinical practice.2 Nonetheless, outcomes-based technology validation is not without challenges and limitations. These issues include the need for multivariable modeling for observational data, end point selection, and limitations of estimating posttest risk. Finally, it is increasingly appreciated that the future “gold standard” for outcomes-based assessments will be demonstrating whether imaging can identify which therapeutic approach optimizes patient benefit rather than merely identifying risk. ### Study Design Requirements of imaging studies include a relevant study population, comparison with an appropriate control group, and follow-up for outcomes. Designing randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that address imaging questions is challenging. The RCT may utilize imaging results as inclusion criteria or the basis for therapeutic assignment. Randomization to strategies with versus without imaging is problematic. The use of imaging per se affects outcomes only if a therapy is triggered; hence, in these studies, therapy and imaging results must be linked.3,4 Comparisons of imaging methods/modalities must mandate that test results are acted on rather than “available to the physician” (thus, an emphasis on efficacy rather than effectiveness). Because observational studies are far more common, they will be our focus. Although limited by inherent design flaws (eg, selection biases, potentially spurious observations, missing covariates), patients in observational studies better represent those seen in practice. #### Patient Selection Unlike diagnostic-based validation in which only patients referred to a gold standard after testing are included, in prognostic-based approaches all eligible patients are followed up at a preselected time point after testing to determine their status relative …

Lateral and consolidation behaviors of seabed-type breakwater for very soft ground

A seabed-type of breakwater applicable to very soft ground without the need for soil improvement is newly developed. This type of soft-ground breakwater is expected to ensure sufficient lateral resistance and prevent excessive consolidation settlement due to self-weight of the breakwater. In this paper, lateral and consolidation behaviors of soft-ground breakwater were investigated by performing model tests and finite element simulations. The results revealed that the bottom wall and buoyant box, which are the main features of soft-ground breakwater, contribute to the increase in lateral resistance and to the control of the consolidation settlements, respectively, and that Terzaghi's consolidation theory could be conservatively adopted in deriving the consolidation settlements of soft-ground breakwater proposed herein.

Wave-induced motions of an air cushion structure in shallow water

Model tests were conducted on two 1:100 scaled models of a typical concrete gravity substructure at the University of Western Australia. The two models had dimensions 0.5 m length×0.5 m width with the first model being a sealed closed bottom box of height 0.1 m and the second model being an open bottom box with skirt length of 0.1 m. The mass of the air cushion model was changed to accommodate various water plug heights within the skirt chamber. Each model was floated at a constant draft of 0.1 m and tested in water depths ranging between 0.03 m (shallow) and 0.8 m (deep). The environment comprised regular waves with periods ranging between 0.6 and 3.5 s and amplitude of 0.08–0.02 m. To quantify the dynamic response the heave and pitch motions of each model were measured. A simplified theoretical solution based on long wavelength, linear wave assumptions was developed and applied to the geometries in consideration. Improvements to the theory are sought using the forcing function from a boundary element code, as well as utilizing added mass coefficients from free decay experiments. Results show that experimental trends compare reasonably well with analytical solution in particular for periods longer than the natural period. The results show that introducing air cushion support into a CGS increases the pitch response, while having little effect of the heave motion.

PTH/PTHrP activity and the programming of skeletal development in utero.

There is increasing evidence that nutritional deficiency in utero adversely affects bone development and the risk of developing osteoporosis in later life. Although the mechanisms involved are unknown, circumstantial evidence points to an important role of PTH/PTHrP activity. It is recognized that PTH and PTHrP are critically involved in regulating fetal calcium homeostasis, actions that are mediated at least in part by PPR. As well as playing a central role in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis in the fetus, studies in transgenic mice show that PTH, PTHrP, and PPR exert similar effects on skeletal development in utero, acting to increase the size of the trabecular envelope and decrease that of the cortical envelopes. Taken together, these observations raise the possibility that stimulation of PTH/PTHrP activity in the fetus in response to calcium deficiency acts to increase the size of the trabecular envelope but to reduce that of the cortical envelope. Although any increase in trabecular bone at birth is likely to be relatively transient, a decrease in size of the cortical envelope may have a persistent effect on the trajectory of bone growth in subsequent childhood. Consistent with this proposal, preliminary findings from birth cohort studies suggest that maternal calcium intake and cord blood calcium levels are positively related to bone mass of the offspring as assessed later in childhood. Further studies are justified to determine whether alterations in fetal PTH/ PTHrP activity caused by calcium stress lead to a reduction in size of the cortical envelope at birth that persists into childhood and later adult life and to identify modifiable maternal factors that are responsible for these changes.

Searching for food in the wild: a nonhuman rimate’s expectations about invisible displacement

Five experiments involving invisible displacements were run on a population of semi‐free‐ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The goal of these experiments was to assess, without training, the kinds of expectations individuals spontaneously set up when an object has moved out of sight. The first experiment, modeled after studies of human infants and children, involved a table with one box on the top surface and a second box lined up below on the ground. An occluder was placed in front of the table, blocking the subject’s view. A piece of food was then dropped behind the occluder, above the top box. The presenter then removed the occluder, walked away, and allowed the subject to approach. Consistently, subjects searched in the incorrect bottom box. This error can be interpreted as a failure to understand solidity, containment, or some other factor. It can also be interpreted as an error guided by a gravity bias, i.e. an expectation that all falling objects fall straight down or to the lowest point. Experiments 2–5 tested these alternative hypotheses. Results show that rhesus monkeys do not have an inherent bottom box bias, are not avoiding the top box, and do recognize that in some contexts boxes can contain or hold food. Thus, for example, when the two boxes are placed on the ground, one in front of the other, and occluded, subjects search in the near box after a piece of food has been rolled behind the occluder (horizontal trajectory). This shows that rhesus can solve an invisible displacement problem that involves solid containers, where one container blocks travel to the other container. We conclude that the rhesus monkey’s error in Experiment 1 is guided by an expectation that all falling objects fall straight down or, at least, to the lowest point. This expectation represents a limitation of their knowledge of physical objects and events.

Data Mining Techniques for Patient Satisfaction Data in Home Care Settings

The purpose of this article is to describe tools (top box analysis, bottom box analysis, and segmentation analysis) that allow more thorough use and interpretation of patient satisfaction data. Techniques are demonstrated using data gathered from 22,937 home care patients at 174 agencies during the first quarter of 1999. Results provide unique insights into home care performance. Top box analysis revealed that nursing issues are most likely to be given the highest ratings. Bottom box analysis showed that very low ratings were most prevalent in explanations of billing and cost, resolution of problems, and involvement in decision making. Simple segmentation analysis showed significant differences in satisfaction based on patient characteristics. Complex segmentation analysis identified the most and least satisfied groups of patients using combinations of patient characteristics.

Water and Heat Transport in the Desert Soil and Atmospheric Boundary Layer in Western China

In order to understand the exchange and transferprocesses of water and energy in the desert soil andthe atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), we have developeda coupled model, in which a desert soil modelincluding water movement of both liquid and vapourphase, and an ABL model based on a non-local transilientturbulence closure scheme, are coupled together. Withthis model, the evolution of potential temperature andspecific humidity, the distribution of net radiationamong sensible, latent and soil heat fluxes, and thewater and heat flux profiles both in the soil and ABLhave been simulated. The HEIFE (HEIhe River Basin FieldExperiment) observational data are used to calibrate calculation of the water and heat flux both in thesoil and the ABL. The sensible and latent heatfluxes warm and moisten the bottom grid box (100m) of theABL. In this way the ABL model and the desert soil model are coupled together. The simulated results show that when the flux of watervapour in the soil is neglected, the evaporation rateand the flux profiles of specific humidity in the ABLshow great changes, hence the importance of watervapour movement in the desert soil for the calculationof specific humidity in the ABL. In the upper 5cm of thesoil, which is called an active layer, water andheat transport are more effective than in the substrate(soil below 5 cm).

Two-tier box trap catches Chrysops atlanticus and C. fuliginosus (Diptera: Tabanidae) near a Georgia salt marsh.

A new two-tier box trap designed for collecting Chrysops was tested on St. Simons Island, GA. The bottom box was constructed of plywood 1.2 m wide with the sides painted flat black on the outside and glossy off-white on the interior. The upper box was of similar construction, but painted glossy off-white. The bottom edge of the lower box was 0.6 m above the ground, and the bottom edge of the upper box was 1.8 m above the ground (0.6 m above the top of the lower box). In some trials, a glossy black beach ball was suspended below the center of the box and 1-octen-3-ol was dispensed midway between the boxes. Significantly more Chrysops fuliginosus Wiedemann and C. atlanticus Pechuman were collected in the upper box than in the lower box. A glossy spherical target and the presence of 1-octen-3-ol increased the catch of C. atlanticus in the upper box.

Assessment of Vibration Injury to Bartlett Pears

Laboratory tests revealed that palletized fiberboard boxes of Bartlett pears are most susceptible to bruising damage at vibrational frequencies below 40 Hz (cycles/s), which are common in refrigerated highway trailers. Damage studies indicate that of the four frequency regions observed in-transit (3.5 Hz, 9 Hz, 18.5 Hz, and 25 Hz), Bartlett pears are most severely damaged at 3.5 Hz and 18.5 Hz. Laboratory studies also show that fiberboard boxes of pears amplify vibration at frequencies below 40 Hz such that, for some frequencies, the lid of the top box in a pallet is accelerated three to four times more than the level input to the bottom box.

Resolutions, homological dimensions, and extension of hook representations

We describe explicit universal projective resolutions of the Weyl modules for the general linear groups that correspond to (skew) hook diagrams. Using these resolutions the homological dimensions of the hook Weyl modules are determined in many cases. Our results are applied to obtain explicit projective resolutions and to find the homological dimensions of certain irreducible representations over fields of positive characteristics. Finally, we determine various Ext groups involving hook Wey μ modules. For example, let X and μ be two hooks, where IJL is obtained by raising the bottom box of λ to the top row. Then for i ¦ 1 while for i=1 is cyclic of order the weight of λ. Here A is the appropriate integral Schur algebra.

Variability of acoustic reflectivity over a manganese nodule field

The backscattering from a manganese nodule field is studied. The theory predicts a dependence of reflectivity on acoustic wavelength, nodule shape, nodule size and number of nodules per unit area. First results from a recent deep tow expedition (ECHO Leg 01, June 1983) are presented. The variability of reflectivity with nodule coverage and size is discussed for each of several frequencies (4.5, 9, 28, 60, 110, 163 kHz). The acoustic data, obtained some 70 m above the deep sea floor, are compared with bottom photographs and box cores taken along the same path.

Deep-sea ichnofacies: modern organism traces on and in pelagic carbonates of the western equatorial pacific

Modern abyssal organism traces were investigated in bottom photographs and box cores collected on Ontong Java Plateau, western equatorial Pacific, in water depths of 1597–4441 m. All the sediments were highly burrowed, white to medium brown, calcareous nannofosil ooze. Trails of echinoids and holothuroids and also surface traces resembling Glockeria were recognized in the photographs. The box cores contained specimens of Chondrites, Planolites, Skolithos, Spiroraphe, Teichichnus and ? Zoophycos. Bioturbation at this locality is intense, and so surface trails and other features appear to be destroyed following burial by the activity of infaunal burrowers.