Waste Bottom Ash Research Articles

Properties of mortar made with bottom ash and silica fume as sustainable construction materials

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the properties of mortar made from a bottom ash substitute as a sustainable construction material. It is believed that the use of cement in concrete construction contributes to the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which has been a consistent increase in recent years. The utilization of bottom ash waste is expected to reduce pollution associated with cement production.Design/methodology/approachBottom ash is used as replacement materials for cement and fine aggregate in the manufacture of mortar. Bottom ash substituted for cement of 10%, 20% and 30% of the total weight of the binder, whereas bottom ash substituted for the fine aggregate of 30%, 40% and 50% of the total weight of the sand. Binder properties were determined using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray. Meanwhile, the fresh properties (slump flow) and hardened properties were determined (compressive strength and mass density). In the hardened properties test, two types of curing were used: water and sealed curing.FindingsThe compressive strength of mortar decreased as the amount of bottom ash as cement replacement. However, the compressive strength increased when bottom ash was used as aggregate replacement. Additionally, bottom ash was sufficient as a substitute for fine aggregate than as a substitute for cement.Originality/valueThis research presents test results that are more straightforward to apply in the construction site.

Influences of Waste Inclusion on Impact and Crushing Force Resistance of Track Ballast

Recently, the incorporation of various waste materials into the ballast is studied in terms of physical and mechanical behavior. However, the inclusion of concrete debris (CD) and bottom ash (BA) waste, which are enlisted as the inventory materials for railway ballast have not been thoroughly examined. Hence, this paper investigates the improvement in damage resistance of waste incorporated conventional ballast (CB) under impact and crushing force using impact hammer and crushing machine. The initial and final particle size distribution (PSD) were obtained to analyze the damages through the Hardin‘s breakage index and fouling index. The results show that the resistance against crushing and impact force is better when the composition is in the ratio of 1:1 of conventional ballast (CB) and concrete debris (CD). Under crushing load, mixture with 50% of CD recorded breakage index with 4% deviation compared to using 100% of CB. However, integrating with 40% of CD and 10% of BA proved that the values are 2.14% lower than the ACV limit and 9.09% higher than the AIV limit set by British Standard. Although the impact and crushing index of 100% CB aggregates are below the allowable limit, mixing the CD and BA also records results which is only slightly different than the threshold limit. This is due to the cushioning effect caused by the waste acting as the buffering material that reduces the time of impact, which saves the angular materials from wearing off. This will reduce the ballast maintenance intervals that indirectly reduce the service cost and promotes sustainable construction. Based on the results from this study, further experiments are recommended to be carried out to relate and understand which waste material plays a major role in damage reduction or causing higher maitenance cost.

Effect of Coal Bottom Ash as Partial Sand Replacement for Lightweight Aggregate Concrete

Environmental degradation due to disposal of waste namely coal bottom ash waste from thermal power plant, clinker waste of palm oil mill and river sand mining activity for concrete production need to be resolved. Palm oil clinker lightweight concrete with zero granite aggregate that been produced in effort to reduce dependency of natural stone consumption has been further explored its potential in this research. Thus, the present research investigates the compressive strength, water absorption and acid resistance of lightweight aggregate concrete containing coal bottom ash as partial sand replacement. Five types of concrete mixes were produced using 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% coal bottom ash as fine aggregate replacement. After curing process, specimens were immersed in acid hydrochloric solution before subjected to compressive strength testing. Findings show that all specimen experience strength reduction after exposed to acidic environment. On overall, the use of coal bottom ash influences the durability performance of lightweight aggregate concrete.

Engineering Properties of Concrete Made with Coal Bottom Ash as Sustainable Construction Materials

Concrete is considered one of the construction materials that contribute the most significant carbon dioxide in the world. Meanwhile, according to various studies, concrete production will continue to rise through 2050, especially in developing countries. According to several reports, cement manufacture is one of the largest sources of carbon dioxide in the concrete sector. In addition, overexploitation of aggregates due to concrete production also causes unavoidable natural damage. Bottom ash waste was used as a replacement for cement and fine aggregate as sustainable construction materials. It is envisaged that this research would allow industrial waste to be utilized to its full potential, resulting in a concrete that is more environmentally friendly and minimizes carbon dioxide emissions during the manufacturing process. This study is divided into bottom ash as a cement substitute and bottom ash as a fine aggregate substitute. The engineering properties of the concrete were checked during the experiments in this study when it was fresh and hardened states. The slump test is used to determine the workability of fresh concrete. While for the hardened properties tests consist of compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and mass density. The usage of bottom ash as a cement replacement demonstrates that as the composition of bottom ash increases, the performance of the hardened properties of concrete decreases. While using bottom ash as a fine aggregate replacement reveals that the performance of hardened properties has improved as the proportion of bottom ash utilized has increased. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-01-014 Full Text: PDF

Characterization of Waste Bottom Ashes of Thrace Region for Concrete Production

Kömürün yanması ile kazan diplerinde biriken taban külleri hem bertarafları sırasında depolama alanı ihtiyaçları dolayısıyla hem de depolandıkları bölgede kirleticilerin yeraltı sularına sızma olasılıkları nedeniyle çevreye zarar vermektedirler. Bundan dolayı birçok çalışmada taban küllerinin inşaat sektöründe çimento veya kum yerine harç/beton yapımında kullanımı konusunda çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Atık taban külleri, çimento yerine bağlayıcı olarak ve kum yerine agrega olarak veya çok iKömürün yanması ile kazan diplerinde biriken taban külleri hem bertarafları sırasında depolama alanı ihtiyaçları dolayısıyla hem de depolandıkları bölgede kirleticilerin yeraltı sularına sızma olasılıkları nedeniyle çevreye zarar vermektedirler. Bundan dolayı birçok çalışmada taban küllerinin inşaat sektöründe çimento veya kum yerine harç/beton yapımında kullanımı konusunda çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Atık taban külleri, çimento yerine bağlayıcı olarak ve kum yerine agrega olarak veya çok ince malzeme yerine dolgu malzemesi olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Trakya Bölgesi taban küllerinin bertaraf edildiği Tekirdağ-Çorlu’da bulunan bir düzenli depolama tesisinden temin edilen taban küllerinin kimyasal bileşimi, tane biçim özellikleri ve dayanım aktivite indeksi belirlenmiş ve bu özellikler dikkate alınarak CEM I 42,5 R Portland çimentosu ile karşılaştırma yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçlarında 75 m elek altı atık taban küllerinin 28 günlük dayanım aktivite indeksi %79.8 olarak elde edilmiştir. Bu değer uçucu küller için verilen %75 sınırını sağlamaktadır. Buna göre çalışmada kullanılan 75 m elek altı atık taban külleri puzolanik özellik gösterdiği için çimento yerine belirli düzeylerde kullanılabilir olarak değerlendirilmiştir. 2 mm elek altı taban külünün CEN standard kuma göre oldukça ince olduğu ve CEN standard kum yerine kullanımının taze beton/harç numunelerinin işlenebilirliğini azaltabileceği belirtilmiştir. nce malzeme yerine dolgu malzemesi olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Trakya Bölgesi taban küllerinin bertaraf edildiği Tekirdağ-Çorlu’da bulunan bir düzenli depolama tesisinden temin edilen taban küllerinin kimyasal bileşimi, tane biçim özellikleri ve dayanım aktivite indeksi belirlenmiş ve bu özellikler dikkate alınarak CEM I 42,5 R Portland çimentosu ile karşılaştırma yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçlarında 75 m elek altı atık taban küllerinin 28 günlük dayanım aktivite indeksi %79.8 olarak elde edilmiştir. Bu değer uçucu küller için verilen %75 sınırını sağlamaktadır. Buna göre çalışmada kullanılan 75 m elek altı atık taban külleri puzolanik özellik gösterdiği için çimento yerine belirli düzeylerde kullanılabilir olarak değerlendirilmiştir. 2 mm elek altı taban külünün CEN standard kuma göre oldukça ince olduğu ve CEN standard kum yerine kullanımının taze beton/harç numunelerinin işlenebilirliğini azaltabileceği belirtilmiştir.

Assessment of the structure, composition, and agrochemical properties of fly ash and ash-and-slug waste from coal-fired power plants for their possible use as soil ameliorants

Coal combustion byproducts—fly ash (FA), bottom ash (BA), and ash and slag waste (ASW)—are of considerable interest for the development of their application as soil ameliorants since these harmful wastes are produced in large quantities and need to be utilized or processed. Moreover, if FA is studied quite well in this respect, much less data exists on the BA and ASW, with fewer opportunities for their other economically justified use. Thus, this research focused on the possibility of FA and BA (ASW) application as soil ameliorants. Ash samples from power plants in European Russia were selected since they are not studied in detail before. To estimate the impact of ash application, changes in key indicators reflecting the soil quality, its suitability for growing safe products were assessed: particle size distribution, acidity, nutrient, and potentially toxic elements (PTEs; heavy metals and metalloids) concentration, and their potential availability for plants. The application of ash samples to soddy-podzolic soil contributed to pH normalization, confirming the possibility of using these wastes as a stabilizer of soil acidity at the optimum ratio of ash to the soil of 1:2 or 1:5. ASW samples can aggregate with soil particles, contributing to agrophysically valuable aggregates 250–2000 μm. Despite the contents of PTEs, ASW can be considered a safe material as the legislatively established standards are not exceeded.

Effect of bottom ash waste on the rheology and durability of alkali activation pastes

On a global scale, thermoelectric energy remains the main source of the energy industry. This process results in a large amount of coal waste. Among them, the bottom ash still has no suitable application in civil construction and usually is discarded in sedimentation basins. The objective of this investigation is to evaluate the valorization of bottom ash in alkali activation pastes. Rheological, mechanical, microstructure, and durability properties were assessed for application to external structures. Bottom ash and metakaolin were used as aluminosilicate and as an alkaline solution a mixture of sodium silicate and NaOH was made. A room temperature cure was adopted for all the samples. The findings show that the alkali activation of bottom ash (BA) was not satisfactory to achieve minimum strength and durability. BA samples require supplementation to improve its mechanical and durability properties. At 28 days of reaction, the formation of superficial cracks was observed, which contributed to the deterioration in the durability tests. However, metakaolin and bottom ash (MKBA) mixtures resulted in the best performance. It was observed an increase of reaction degree and compressive strength (47.9 MPa at 28 days), greater development of thermal conductivity, and reduced deterioration through wetting and drying cycles, marine environments, and sulfate attack.

Characterization of Bottom Ash Waste Adsorbent from Palm Oil Plant Boiler Burning Process to Adsorb Carbon Dioxide in a Fixed Bed Column

Palm oil bottom ash utilization from mill boilers as CO2 adsorbent has been in use for few years. This study aims to examine adsorbent characteristics and capabilities of bottom ash produced from boiler combustion in palm oil industry for CO2 adsorption before and after utilization, such as compound functional group using the Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectrophotometer, adsorbent morphology through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and compound amount using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX). The CO2 adsorption was carried out in fixed-bed column. Process variables consist of volumetric flow rate, contact time and bed height. Results showed that SiO2 compounds in the heterogeneous form with average particle size of 1073 nm, as supported by FT-IR spectrum finding indicating SiO2 signal at wavelength of 958–954 cm–1. Additionally, EDX analysis showed Silica and Oxygen content of 11.88% and 36.90%, resulting 70% CO2 adsorption capacity of 0.350 mg/g at discharge of 5 L/min, contact time of 40 min, and bed height of 12 cm. Langmuir isotherm model was obtained with R2 of 0.998, qm of 1.588, and kL of 0.144. Meanwhile, the kinetic model followed a simple first-order prototypical with R2 of 0.952, C02 of 0.260, and k1 of 0.006.

An Overview of Eco-Friendly Alternatives as the Replacement of Cement in Concrete

Due to the global urbanization, economic development, and increasing rate of the world’s population, the construction of new buildings and infrastructure is increasing. The manufacture of concrete has become an essential part of our life all over the world. Emitting 5-8% of carbon dioxide (CO2), the production of concrete becomes the main obstacle to reach global climate action under the Paris 2050 Agreement. Reuse of waste or recycled waste materials in concrete as an environmentally friendly construction material has become highlighted as a feature of achieving sustainability, because of its potential environmental and economic benefits. The focus of this paper is to assess the application of alternative eco- friendly substitutes of cement for an innovative, economically attractive, and environmentally friendly alternative, and the transition towards of circular economy by reducing the number of natural resources consumed. Based on the existing studies, waste material (fly ash, bottom ash, coal ash, tire, steel slag, construction and demolition waste, glass, ceramic) incorporated with concrete accepted performance in the environment and economic perspective by reducing energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, costs, and other indicators.

The Impact of Wood Waste Ash on Physical Mechanical Properties of Concrete

In this work is analysing the impact of wood waste bottom ash (WWBA) on the physical mechanical properties of Portland cement concrete (PCC). WWBA is a waste generated in power plants during burning forest residues to produce energy and heat. In 2019, about 19,800 tons of WWBA was generated only in Lithuania. Usually, WWBA is disposed of in landfills, only 26% of WWBA is used in the construction or maintenance of local roads, because of that it is useful to know properties of such WWBA and to analyse possibilities of using it in cement concrete. In the chemical composition of such WWBA type was fixed a big amount ~50% of CO2. It is known, that C retards cement hydration. Due to stabilisation this process, it was used in the same amounts catalyst waste from oil cracking (FCCCw), which could accelerate hydration processes. Oil refineries worldwide generate more than 800,000 tonnes of FCCCw per year, of which around 20% in Europe and it is the big problem to landfill. In the investigation the amount of Portland cement (5-20% by mass) was replaced by mentioned wastes and properties of fresh PCC (density, slump, flow diameter) and physical mechanical properties of hardened PCC (water absorption, capillary water absorption, ultrasound pulse velocity, density, compressive strength after 28 days and 2 years curing, SEM) were established. It was determined, that by increasing amount of waste (till 20%) the workability of concrete decreases, because used wastes had higher water requirement. The best results were obtained, when 5% of cement was replaced by WWBA. Then compressive strength after 28 days curing comparing to control sample decreased 8%, but after 2 years curing it increased 1%, also the capillary water absorption decreased, denser structure was formed. The obtained results of hardened PCC density, ultrasound pulse velocity and water absorption are similar to control samples.

A preliminary study of fuel mixtures of industrial sludge, bottom ash, and municipal solid waste for co-firing in coal boilers

A preliminary study of fuel mixtures of industrial sludge, bottom ash, and municipal solid waste for co-firing in coal boilers

Incinerated municipal solid waste bottom ash bricks: A sustainable and cost-efficient building material

Incineration of Municipal solid waste leads to the generation of bottom ash and fly ash. The applications of fly ash are many, but the bottom ash is usually being disposed of directly to the landfills. The study seeks the application of municipal solid waste incinerated bottom ash in the manufacturing of bricks. Since bottom, ash has a high amount of silica, but due to high porosity and less unit weight compared to clay, the direct use of bottom ash is not feasible for brick production. Cement stabilizes the inorganic compounds present in ash and provides the required compressive strength. A series of compressive strength, efflorescence, pH, water absorption, and Ultrasonic pulse velocity tests were performed on eight different mix proportions. OPC 43 grade cement was used to replace 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20% of incinerated bottom ash content by mass. These lightweight bricks fulfill the criteria of minimum water absorption even with 6% cement content, minimum compressive strength, and brick with 20% cement lie under the second-class brick, and the efflorescence for all bricks was under the required limits. The pH value varied from 11.44 at 6% cement content to 12.19 at 20% cement content, and the maximum value of ultrasonic pulse velocity obtained at 20% cement content was 2.74 km/s. A final cost analysis of these bricks was done with the conventional ones, which confirms that these bricks are equally efficient for the construction industry. The applications of these bricks were less but not limited to a specific use.

A Review of the Utilization of Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) in the Construction Industry

One effective method to minimize the increasing cost in the construction industry is by using coal bottom ash waste as a substitute material. The high volume of coal bottom ash waste generated each year and the improper disposal methods have raised a grave pollution concern because of the harmful impact of the waste on the environment and human health. Recycling coal bottom ash is an effective way to reduce the problems associated with its disposal. This paper reviews the current physical and chemical and utilization of coal bottom ash as a substitute material in the construction industry. The main objective of this review is to highlight the potential of recycling bottom ash in the field of civil construction. This review encourages and promotes effective recycling of coal bottom ash and identifies the vast range of coal bottom ash applications in the construction industry.

Aluminium Tertiary Industry Waste and Ashes Samples for Development of Zeolitic Material Synthesis

Wastes generated in large amounts have been recognized as sustainable sources of raw materials for the synthesis of adsorbents. The synthesis of zeolite through wastes recycling of two different ash sources (coal bottom ash and sugarcane waste ash) and industrial aluminum waste was evaluated. The molar ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 for zeolite 4A formation was achieved by the addition of aluminum waste from tertiary industry as aluminum source. Coal bottom ash and sugarcane waste ash were used as a source of both silica and alumina. The synthesized materials were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The analysis of the properties of the products demonstrates that the by-products can be used to produce zeolite A. The utilization of synthesized zeolites as adsorbent for cadmium removal from aqueous solution was conducted following the concept of implementation of utilization of waste materials as a component of the circular economy in the wastewater sector.

STATIC AND CYCLIC PROPERTIES OF MUNICIPAL SOLID BOTTOM ASH IN VIETNAM

: In this study, direct shear tests and cyclic triaxial tests were conducted to investigate the effectiveness of using municipal solid waste bottom ash (MSWIBA) material as fill material or base/sub-base in Vietnam. A square of large – scale (300 x 300 x 140 mm) and a small scale (60 mm in diameter) direct shear test were carried out on MSWIBA samples to study the effect of specimen size on shear strength of the samples. The results show that the MSWIBA sample at R95 has a very high CBR value of 115%, which is much higher than the CBR value of crushed stone for subgrade applications. The cohesion and friction angle in the case of R95 are higher than those in the case of R90. The value of cohesion and friction angle in the large direct shear test are significantly higher than those obtained in the small direct shear test. The shear strength of MSWIBA is like natural sand. The resilient modulus decreased with the increase of deviator stress in the case of R90 sample and increased with the increase of deviator stress in the case of R95. The numerical method results also show that MSWIBA material can be used as construction material such as roadbed and foundation layers.

Characterization of Gas Transport Properties of Compacted Solid Waste Materials

Gas transport parameters such as gas diffusivity (Dp/D0), air permeability (ka), and their dependency on void space (air-filled porosity, ε) in a waste body govern convective air and gas diffusion at solid waste dumpsites and surface emission of various gases generated by microbial processes under aerobic and anaerobic decompositions. In this study, Dp/D0(ε) and ka(ε) were measured on dumping solid waste in Japan such as incinerated bottom ash and unburnable mixed waste as well as a buried waste sample (dumped for 20 years). Sieved samples with variable adjusted moistures were compacted by a standard proctor method and used for a series of laboratory tests for measuring compressibility, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and gas transport parameters. Results showed that incinerated bottom ash and unburnable mixed waste did not give the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content. Measured compressibility and saturated hydraulic conductivity of tested samples varied widely depending on the types of materials. Based on the previously proposed Dp/D0(ε) models, the diffusion-based tortuosity (T) was analyzed and unique power functional relations were found in T(ε) and could contribute to evaluating the gas diffusion process in the waste body compacted at different moisture conditions.

Valorizing the waste bottom ash for improving anaerobic digestion performances towards a “Win-Win” strategy between biomass power generation and biomethane production

Anaerobic digestion of food waste is operationally challenged by rapid over-acidification. Bottom ash, a largely abandoned solid waste from biomass power generation, was supplemented in the anaerobic digestion of 2 typical food wastes of kitchen waste and fruit/vegetable waste for an attempt on this challenge. Results indicated no methane was recorded in anaerobic digestion of only food waste, indicating a complete failure by over-acidification. When bottom ash was involved, the digestion performances were significantly improved with the cumulative methane of 431.63 mL/g and 428.59 mL based on 1.0 g total solid of kitchen waste and fruit/vegetable waste. It was found that the digestate pH was stabilized to approximately 7.5 during the digestion of these food wastes because of the excellent buffering capacity of bottom ash to the derived volatile fatty acids, indicating a main contributor to the improvement. 47.9%–71.8% promotion on digestate conductivity and the obviously enriched Methanosarcina abundance also were observed, suggesting the intensified direct interspecific electron transfer; this also had a contribution to the improved digestion. Technically, it can be proposed as a novel solution to valorization of bottom ash via facilitating the efficient anaerobic digestion of food wastes, by which a “Win-Win” strategy for these 2 bioenergy industries can be achieved to make them more sustainable.

Recycling bottom ash in production of eco-friendly interlocking concrete paving blocks

Coal combustion waste reaches huge amount that causes environmental problem. In modern world, wastes generated from an industry can be used by another industry as raw material. Bottom ash, a coal combustion waste, has found less usage area compared to fly ash in cement and concrete areas. Concrete paving block can be a good material to recycle bottom ash. Experimental works were fulfilled to investigate influences of recycling bottom ash in production of concrete paving blocks in this study. Three bottom ashes obtained from different coal burning plants were used. Elemental analysis, mineral characterization, and particle morphology of bottom ashes were determined by XRF, XRD, and SEM analyses, respectively. In production of blocks, cement was substituted with bottom ashes at 10%, 20%, and 30%. Unit weight, absorption, freeze–thaw, abrasion, and leaching tests were performed on specimens. Splitting tensile and compressive strength tests were also performed to determine the mechanical properties of the paving block. It can be concluded that bottom ashes can be used up to 20% replacement ratio in production of concrete paving blocks. It is also emphasized that freezing and thawing, and wear resistant concrete paving clocks can be obtained, even using bottom ash waste.

Durability Performance of Concrete Debris and Bottom Ash as an Alternative Track Ballast Material

Concrete debris and bottom ash has been identified as the potential materials to be used in construction industry. This would certainly reduce wastage produced from construction and demolition (C&D) activities and bottom ash from the power plant. However, the concrete debris waste and the bottom ash are been neither tested nor proven to be feasible in the construction of railway track. This paper will discuss the potential usage of concrete debris collected from destruction site and also the bottom ash waste from Coal Energy Power Plant. Currently, neither concrete debris nor bottom ash is used in railway construction. The main objective of this study is to analyse the engineering properties of bottom ash and concrete debris along with the conventional ballast to verify whether the traditional material can be replaced or otherwise. Experiments such as the sieve analysis test, Los Angeles abrasion test, aggregate impact value test and the aggregate crushing value test were conducted to measure the properties. The engineering properties tested in this research are the hardness, toughness and resistance towards impact and crushing of ballast. In terms of gradation, particle size distribution curve was plotted and compared in this research. It was found that the mixture of concrete debris and track ballast in the proportion of 50:50 each has brought some improvement to the properties and tend to behave close to the existing track ballast. The mixture of concrete debris and track ballast also shows that its crushing resistance is better than the existing track ballast. In conclusion, both the waste materials used in this research is highly potential to partially complement traditional material of track ballast.

Characteristics of Porous Asphalt Mixture by Using a Bottom Ash Boiler as a Filler

Porous asphalt is asphalt mixture using open gradation dominated by coarse aggregate to produce a large enough cavity. Bottom ash waste produced by a boiler used in the extraction process of palm oil into crude palm oil. Shells and pulps that has been burned at high temperature between 500°C to 700°C will later become of boiler bottom ash. The aim of this study was to inspect the performance of Porous Asphalt Mixture characteristics which combining bottom ash boiler and cement as filler using Retona Blend 55 as a binder. The specimen preparation were designed by the Australian Asphalt Pavement Association (AAPA) method by parameter of Cantabro Loss (CL), Asphalt Flow Down (AFD), Voids In Mix (VIM), Stability and Marshall Quotient (MQ). The Optimum Asphalt Contain (OAC) obtain was used to prepare specimens within OAC with variation 50 % bottom ash boiler and 50 % cement as filler. The result of study showed that the OAC obtained 6%. Almost all parameter values were meet to the required specification of AAPA (2004). The value of CL is 9.25 %, AFD value is 0.19%, Stability 573.27 kg, flow 4.7 mm and VIM 12.29%. The value of VIM not meet to required specification (18%-25%).