Bottle Caps Research Articles

The Bottle Caps (Crown Cork) Waste’s Treatment Innovation as a Solonese Bridal Accessories Product to Supports the Creative Industry

Bottle cap waste’s (crown/cork) pollutes the environment, a breakthrough solution is needed for recycling innovation to become a Solonese women’s bridal accessories product that has aesthetic value and adds its selling value. The objective of the study was to determine the innovation of bottle cap waste treatment as a product of the Solonese women’s bridal accessories. Data collection techniques using observation, documentation and online questionnaires. The design of this research use the R&D the descriptive analysis with product validity and feasibility tests. The results of the validity test of all accessories innovation products in the form of (cunduk mentul, cunduk comb, centung, earrings, brooches, rings, men’s necklaces, tretes bracelets, panetep, tretes necklaces) show an average of 98.46% with very valid criteria, and the preference test results for ten accessories products is obtained by an average of 96.61% with the criteria of very much likeness. The Solonese women’s bridal accessories product as an innovation for bottle cap’s treatment waste is very feasible and can be developed as a home industry to support the creative craft commodities.

Preliminary study of microplastic in bottled drinking water

Microplastic is widely discussed and has become growing attention because of its negative impact on the environment and the well-being of living organisms. Some international studies have found microplastics in some foods and beverages, such as honey, beer, table salt, and drinking water. However, there are few accurate analytical techniques for identifying and analysing microplastics, especially in beverages and foods. This preliminary study investigates microplastics that might contaminate bottled drinking water, their physical properties, and their types of material. Five local brands of 120 ml bottled drinking water were used for this research, collected from a traditional market in South Tangerang. The samples were observed visually for microplastic’s presence, sizes, and shapes using a digital microscope. Furthermore, material identification using a Microscope - Fourier transform infra-red (μ-FTIR) was conducted to analyse the types of material present in the samples. The results show that all examined samples were contaminated, and the major pollutants were fibres with lengths between 0.042 and 3.668 mm. According to the material identification result using μ-FTIR, materials found in most samples are cellulose-based polymers, which are used widely for natural textiles (e.g., cotton) and synthetic fibres. In the five brands of the analysed bottled drinking water, neither the packaging material polypropylene nor the bottle caps made of polyethylene were detected. These findings indicate that the analysed bottled drinking water was not contaminated by microplastic, but by micro debris of natural cellulose-based polymers.

The forensic ability of TD-NMR in detecting counterfeit spirits by analyzing bottle caps

The potential for substantial economic gain, counterfeiting of branded spirits is becoming more and more prevalent and become a worldwide chronic problem, since it is not trivial to organoleptically detect counterfeit spirits by consumers. In addition to endangering consumers’ health, by the presence of dangerous chemicals, counterfeit spirits market is imposing significant financial liability for the genuine suppliers as well as constitute in substantial loss of revenue for governments. The counterfeiting dynamics, the hardship of detecting counterfeit spirits, and the difficulty in using the available analytical methods may result in delays on the reports, inconclusive results, and lack of proof of the materiality of the crime. Counterfeiting process generally take places by refilling bottles of brand spirits with cheaper ones or even produced by counterfeiters and then resealing with the same authentic bottle caps. Fortunately, this practice can leave traces of evidence in bottle caps, which could be used to identify counterfeit spirits. This work shows that Infrared Spectroscopy and Time-Domain Nuclear Magnetic Resonance can be used to identify counterfeit spirits based on the analysis of its bottle caps, being valuable tools in the battle against counterfeit product market.

Reactivity to pseudorandom environmental patterns in woodlice: Effects of hydric deprivation and light exposure

Exploratory activity is an essential component of animal behavior, including among invertebrate species. This study examined the effects of hydric deprivation and their possible modulation by light exposure on locomotion and rearing-up behavior in two woodlice species, Porcellio scaber (Latreille 1804) and Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille 1804). It was also an attempt to replicate previous findings on the stimulation of these behaviors in P. scaber, exposed to (pseudo)random vs. regular visual and tactile patterns in a small enclosure. In Experiment 1, two groups of P. scaber and two groups of A. vulgare were exposed to randomly vs. regularly distributed visual (black and white) and tactile (grained and smooth) patterns for approximately 20 min. No rewards were present in the environment and the woodlice were tested without preliminary hydric deprivation. In Experiment 2, the same procedure was used but the woodlice were tested following a 20-min hydric deprivation under a bottle cap (darkness). Experiment 3 replicated this procedure with the 20-min hydric deprivation spent in a plastic cup (light exposure). The results of Experiments 1 and 3 provide partial replication with A. vulgare, but not P. scaber, of the previous findings: Random patterns stimulate rearing-up behavior on the apparatus’ vertical walls more than regular patterns. Also, a more aversive stimulation in Experiment 3 compared to Experiment 2, increased locomotion, especially in the random environment. The role of hydric deprivation and light exposure in the process of escaping from a hostile environment is discussed, as well as the effects of the treatments used in these experiments.

Pelatihan Siswa MI Dalam Menggunakan The Power of Bottle Cap Untuk Operasi Hitung

Class V mathematics learning includes addition and subtraction of integers. Especially for mathematics in elementary schools, mathematics is useful for equipping students with critical and creative attitudes. Mathematical concepts which are always abstract are presented with concrete and then semi-concrete things which then lead to the abstraction. Problems that arise in the integer system for class V students, especially at MI Al Hikmah Janti Jogoroto Jombang, are when students will perform arithmetic operations such as: 4 + (-7); -6 + 9; -3 – (-6); 2 – 7 and so on. The problems that arise in relation to these questions are how to provide explanations and how to instill the understanding of integer operations in a concrete way. The power of bottle cap is a simple visual aid that can be interesting, fun and inspire students in the learning process. The implementation stage of this service is to provide motivation and assistance in demonstrating the media. The result is training on the use of The power of bottle cap as a teaching aid to simplify arithmetic operations on integers. Students can understand the addition of integers quickly. The students were enthusiastic about using The power of bottle cap props and exploring the props with various types of questions.
 

Analisis High Density Polyethylene Berserat Bambu terhadap Kekuatan Tarik dengan Variasi Temperature Melting Komposit Polimer

This study aims to determine the effect of temperature on the tensile strength of polymeric materials that can have the strength used for HDPE with bamboo fibers. This study uses research methods and data collection will discuss starting from the manufacture of recycled HDPE plastic with bamboo fiber, then a Tensile test and Bending Test will be carried out to see the strength of the recycled results. The HDPE recycling process begins with collecting used plastic bottle caps made from HDPE which will be crushed before being put into the Hot Press Machine. Furthermore, the results of the crushing are put into the Hot Press Machine to be recycled into Panel Board Furniture. Based on the results of the test data obtained, it shows that (1) Variations in the addition of bamboo fiber particles to HDPE specimens affect the physical properties which causes the specimens to have a greater elastic modulus value than specimens without the addition of bamboo fiber particles to HDPE. This causes the stress value on the specimen to be greater, and the strain value to be smaller. (2) Pullouts are present in all types of specimens tested. Tensile which can be interpreted as a bond between the reinforced matrix and the matrix is not good or the bond between the bamboo fibers and the HDPE plastic is not fused. (3) The results of the tensile test show that the greater the temperature heated, the weaker the tensile strength will be. thus, the lower the temperature, the stronger the value of the tensile strength. This can be seen from the data from the tensile test results of the HDPE specimens.

Patient Feedback on a Mobile Medication Adherence App for Buprenorphine and Naloxone: Closed and Open-Ended Survey on Feasibility and Acceptability.

Opioid use disorders impact the health and well-being of millions of Americans. Buprenorphine and naloxone (BUP and NAL) can reduce opioid overdose deaths, decrease misuse, and improve quality of life. Unfortunately, poor medication adherence is a primary barrier to the long-term efficacy of BUP and NAL. We aimed to examine patient feedback on current and potential features of a Bluetooth-enabled pill bottle cap and associated mobile app for patients prescribed BUP and NAL for an opioid use disorder, and to solicit recommendations for improvement to effectively and appropriately tailor the technology for people in treatment for opioid use disorder. A convenience sample of patients at an opioid use disorder outpatient clinic were asked about medication adherence, opioid cravings, experience with technology, motivation for treatment, and their existent support system through a brief e-survey. Patients also provided detailed feedback on current features and features being considered for inclusion in a technology designed to increase medication adherence (eg, inclusion of a personal motivational factor, craving and stress tracking, incentives, and web-based coaching). Participants were asked to provide suggestions for improvement and considerations specifically applicable to people in treatment for opioid use disorder with BUP and NAL. Twenty people with an opioid use disorder who were prescribed BUP and NAL participated (mean age 34, SD 8.67 years; 65% female; 80% White). Participants selected the most useful, second-most useful, and least useful features presented; 42.1% of them indicated that motivational reminders would be most useful, followed by craving and stress tracking (26.3%) and web-based support forums (21.1%). Every participant indicated that they had at least 1 strong motivating factor for staying in treatment, and half (n=10) indicated children as that factor. All participants indicated that they had, at some point in their lives, the most extreme craving a person could have; however, 42.1% indicated that they had no cravings in the last month. Most respondents (73.7%) stated that tracking cravings would be helpful. Most respondents (84.2%) also indicated that they believed reinforcers or prizes would help them achieve their treatment goals. Additionally, 94.7% of respondents approved of adherence tracking to accommodate this feature using smart packaging, and 78.9% of them approved of selfie videos of them taking their medication. Engaging patients taking treatment for opioid use disorder with BUP and NAL allowed us to identify preferences and considerations that are unique to this treatment area. As the technology developer of the pill cap and associated mobile app is able to take into consideration or integrate these preferences and suggestions, the smart cap and associated mobile app will become tailored to this population and more useful for them, which may encourage patient use of the smart cap and associated mobile app.

Reconfigurable Soft Pneumatic Actuators Using Extensible Fabric-Based Skins.

The development of the field of soft robotics has led to the exploration of novel techniques to manufacture soft actuators, which provide distinct advantages for wearable assistive robotics. One subset of these soft pneumatic actuators is conventionally developed from silicone, fabrics, and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). Each of these materials in isolation possesses limitations of low-stress capacity, low-design complexity, and high-input pressure requirements, respectively. Combining these materials can overcome some limitations and maintain their desirable properties. In this article, we explore one such composite design scheme using a combination of silicone polymer-based bladder and reconfigurable fabric skin made from an anisotropic extensible fabric. The silicone polymer bladder acts as the hermetic seal, while this skin acts as the constraint. Bending and torsional actuators were designed utilizing the anisotropy of these fabrics. The torsional actuator designs can achieve over 540° of twist, significantly larger than previously reported in the literature, owing to the lower mechanical impedance of the extensible fabrics. Actuators with 360° of bending were also fabricated using this method. In addition, the lack of TPU-backed or inextensible fabrics reduces the actuator's stiffness, leading to lower actuation pressures. Skin-based designs also confer the advantage of modularity, reconfigurability, and the ability to achieve complex motions by tuning the properties of the bladder and the skin. For applications with high-force requirements, such as wearable exoskeletons, we demonstrate the utility of multilayer design schemes. A multilayer bending actuator generated 190 N of force at 100 kPa and was shown to be a candidate for wearable assistive devices. In addition, torsional designs were shown to have utility in practical scenarios such as screwing on a bottle cap and turning knobs. Thus, we present a novel fabric-skin-based design concept that is highly versatile and customizable for various application requirements.

Optimasi sistem kultur dan media untuk peningkatan tinggi tunas in vitro kelapa sawit

Optimization of in vitro shoot growth is necessary to shorten the culture time and produce vigorous oil palm plantlets. This research was conducted to determine the best media and culture techniques to accelerate in vitro shoot growth of oil palm. Shoots of oil palm derived from somatic embryogenesis were grown on DF media with two culture systems (solid medium and double-layer) combined with hormone treatments (0.5-1 mg L-1 giberellin/GA3 and 0.5 mg L-1 Benzyl amino purine/BAP or thidiazuron/ TDZ). Further optimization was conducted using different bottle closures (polypropylene screw caps and plastic wraps) and macronutrients (standard or double concentrations). This research was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD), with each treatment consisting of 5 bottle replications and each bottle consisting of 5 shoots. The results showed that media with double-layer system combined with GA3 (0.5-1 mg L-1) and TDZ (0.5 mg L-1) gave the highest shoot height increment. The use of double-strength macronutrient media combined with screw bottle caps increased shoot height (136-167 %) and decreased shoot tip necrosis (0-24 %). Plastic wrap bottle caps increased shoot tip necrosis (STN), while doubling macronutrients reduced STN. The growth of oil palm shoots began to slow down after 5 weeks of culture. In conclusion, the optimal conditions for in vitro shoot growth of oil palm were at usage of double-layer media added with GA3 0.5-1 mg L-1, TDZ 0.5 mg L-1, and double macronutrients on bottle jars with polypropylene screw caps.

Building a community-scale plastic recycling station to make flower pots from bottle caps

Plastic waste is increasing worldwide, contributing significantly to pollution and global warming. Our department uses at least 50 plastic water bottles daily; these bottles can be reused to manufacture other products. Recycling plastic waste produces various products, including garden sets for kids, bricks, roof tiles, key holders, and flowerpots. Through this project, we contribute to the fight against pollution caused by plastic waste by developing an easy-to-use plastic processing system. We create these valuable products using plastic collected from landfills. We present an open-source system that can be easily built by a technical team to create an ecosystem. We use the project as a mobile educational model to demonstrate the recycling mechanism and to foster a community recycling culture. The following procedures are included in this study. High-density polyethylene bottle caps are washed and dried before shredding in a shredder to produce flakes. Plastic flakes are fed into an extruder, which heats and transforms them into a homogeneous mass. This molten plastic is molded into the shape of a flowerpot using a die. Pots are great products to obtain from discarded plastic caps due to their strength. Following the fabrication of the entire system, numerous tests are performed to improve the design and obtain the desired specifications, resulting in appealing end products. In our facilities, flowerpots are made from consumer bottle caps and used to grow aloe.

Long term trends in floating plastic pollution within a marine protected area identifies threats for Endangered northern bottlenose whales

“The Gully”, situated off Nova Scotia, Canada, is the largest submarine canyon in the western North Atlantic. This unique oceanographic feature, which became a Marine Protected Area (MPA) in 2004, is rich in marine biodiversity and is part of the critical habitat of Endangered northern bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon ampullatus). To understand the potential impact of plastic pollution in the MPA and on this Endangered cetacean, we evaluated trends over time in the abundance and composition of plastics and compared these to the stomach contents of recently stranded northern bottlenose whales. From the 1990s–2010s, the median abundance of micro-sized (<5 mm) and small plastics (5 mm–2.5 cm) increased significantly, while the median abundance of large plastics (>2.5 cm) decreased significantly. Plastic abundance from the 2010s for micro-sized and small plastics varied from 5586–438 196 particles km−2, higher than previously measured estimates for surrounding offshore areas. Polymers identified using FTIR spectroscopy included polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate polyester, nylon, alkyds (paint), and natural and semi-synthetic cellulosic fibers. The abundance of large debris ranged from 0 to 108.6 items km−2 and consisted of plastic sheets and bags, food wrappers and containers, rope, fishing buoys, and small plastic fragments. Whale stomach contents contained fragments of fishing nets, ropes, bottle caps, cups, food wrappers, smaller plastic fragments, fibers, and paint flakes, consistent with the composition and character of items collected from their critical habitat. Despite being far from centres of human population, the unique oceanographic features of The Gully (i.e. currents and bathymetric complexity) may concentrate plastic debris, increasing exposure rates of whales to plastic pollution. The increase in micro-sized and small plastics over time suggests associated health and welfare impacts of ingested plastics should be accounted for in future recovery plans for this Endangered species.

Pyrolysis Oil Derived from Plastic Bottle Caps: Characterization of Combustion and Emissions in a Diesel Engine

Recycling used plastic can help reduce the amount of plastic waste generated. Existing methods, namely the process of pyrolysis, are chemical heating processes that decompose plastics in the absence of oxygen. This decomposes the plastics in a controlled environment in order to produce fuel from waste. The present study consequently investigated the physical and chemical properties of pyrolysis oil derived from plastic bottle caps (WPBCO) and the effects on the engine performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine operating on WPBCO. The experiments were conducted with a single-cylinder diesel engine operating at a constant 1500 rpm under various engine loading conditions. The experimental results of the chemical properties of test fuels indicated that WPBCO and diesel fuels have similar functional groups and chemical components. In comparison, WPBCO has a lower kinematic viscosity, density, specific gravity, flash point, fire point, cetane index, and distillation behavior than diesel fuel. However, WPBCO has a high gross calorific value, which makes it a suitable replacement for fossil fuel. In comparison to diesel fuel, the use of WPBCO in diesel engines results in increased brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) under all load conditions. The combustion characteristics of the engine indicate that the use of WPBCO resulted in decreased in-cylinder pressure (ICP), rate of heat release (RoHR), and combustion stability compared to diesel fuel. In addition, the combustion of WPBCO advances the start of combustion more strongly than diesel fuel. The use of WPBCO increased emissions of NOX, CO, HC, and smoke. In addition, the particulate matter (PM) analysis showed that the combustion of WPBCO generated a higher PM concentration than diesel fuel. When WPBCO was combusted, the maximum rate of soot oxidation required a lower temperature, meaning that oxidizing the soot took less energy and that it was easier to break down the soot.

Normative Data on the Maximum Twisting Force for an Elderly Person’s Sustainable Life

Most elderly people have difficulty opening a new bottle cap due to the insufficient torque to be applied. The study aims at obtaining normative data on the hand dimensions and the maximum torque that could be generated by elderly persons. This study was conducted on 30 elderly people aged 60 and over. A digital torque meter, digital caliper, and tissue tape were used to measure the maximum torque on a dummy bottle and hand dimensions. SPSS software was used for all statistical analyses. Older men have been found to have larger hand dimensions than older women. However, no significant differences in hand dimensions were found between different age groups. A statistically significant difference was observed between the age group 60–69 years vs. 80–89 years and the age group 70–79 years vs. 80–89 years in maximum torque. The correlation between hand dimensions (thumb width and index finger length) and maximum torque was highly correlated (r = 0.63 and r = 0.62, respectively). Knowledge of the relationship between hand dimensions and maximum torque can be used for future bottle cap designs to meet the needs of the elderly.

Jumper by Jessica Lanan

Reviewed by: Jumper by Jessica Lanan Kate Quealy-Gainer, Editor Lanan, Jessica Jumper; written and illus. by Jessica Lanan. Roaring Brook, 2023 [48p] Trade ed. ISBN 9781250810366 $19.99 Reviewed from digital galleys R 4-7 yrs An intriguing invitation opens this spider-centered picture book, asking readers to imagine what the world would be like if they were “Smaller than a cat or a dog, a bar of soap, or a bottle cap. As small as a bean.” That world is Jumper’s world, and direct address then walks viewers through the spider’s busy day, from hunting to hiding to eating and, of course, jumping. The text is simple but cinematic, anchoring the exercise in relatable reference points: “What if you could jump five times your body length? You could cross a whole garden without a running start.” Illustrations cleverly echo this parallel, foregrounding Jumper’s experience against a young child’s play in a community garden; as Jumper leaps from leaf to leaf, viewers see the girl jump off fences, and as the girl collects the garden’s bounty, Jumper snags a meal from the sky. Dynamic art in ink, watercolor, and gouache matches the subject’s energy, though the natural palette occasionally muddles some of the arachnid’s movement. Shifts in perspective make this satisfyingly dramatic, as viewers get the occasional spider’s-eye view of Jumper’s world as well as scenes fully focused on the spider’s activity; the close-up on Jumper munching on a fly will prompt looks of wonder and/or disgust. Additional information on spider anatomy and biology is included in the backmatter, along with further resources, a glossary, and a plea to not kill spiders that emphasizes most of the eight-legged creepy crawlies are harmless. Copyright © 2023 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

The Flip-flop Toys of Saarenald T. S. Yaawaisan in the Bryn Mawr Art and Artifact Collections

The Flip-flop Toys of Saarenald T. S. Yaawaisan in the Bryn Mawr Art and Artifact Collections

Large Torsion Thin Artificial Muscles Tensegrity Structure for Twist Manipulation

Tensegrity structures have been actively studied in recent years because they are lightweight, compliant, and flexible, which are properties not typically found in conventional robots. This structure can be modularized to create soft robots that operate in unknown environments such as cave or space with more complex and effective behavior. The basic deformation elements in modularization are stretching, bending, and torsion. Among them, torsional motion is important for proper manipulation and rotational operation. However, active, and large torsion in soft tensegrity structures has not been developed. Therefore, this study describes torsional deformation and a novel arrangement method for thin artificial muscles. The proposed method leads to the optimal placement of artificial muscles for torsion, by which we generated a large torsion of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\pm$</tex-math></inline-formula> 50 deg. This is more than 2.5 times larger than that of a previous tensegrity without compromising the favorable properties of the structure. Furthermore, by modularizing the tensegrity structure, a tensegrity arm capable of removing a plastic bottle cap was developed. The applicability of torsional deformation and the usefulness of modularization of the structure are demonstrated.

Point of use drinking water filtration: A microfluidic solution providing safe drinking water during flood situation

In this paper, development of a portable bottle cork is discussed which filters grey water in passive mode with gravity driven feed. The treatment process involves inertia based microfluidic filtration, antimicrobial activated carbon (AC) treatment, and ultra-violet (UV) disinfection stages, to ensure the quality of water, safe for drinking purposes. Eighteen water samples (12 lab made, 3 field, and 3 flood) are considered for testing the filtration performance of the device. Microfluidic filtration is employed for size based exclusion of particulates and bypassing. With optimal bypass port opening, the filtration stage has consistently shown >99 % turbidity reduction. A water stable hybrid activated carbon (AC) coating, developed by crosslinking of organic binder with in silver doped AC, is employed for its excellent adsorption performance and anti-bacterial activity (4 Log reduction, LRV in 20 min). Additionally, a UV chamber housing is integrated to destroy the chemical resistant bacteria (6 LRV in 65 s), resulting in adequately safe drinking water. Thirty six individual filtration units are arranged in parallel to filter and treat nearly 50 l of raw water in 4 days of continuous operation. The final prototype takes the shape of a bottle cap so that it can be fitted to any commercial pet bottle making it ideal solution for emergencies like floods, cyclones, and other natural calamities.

Pengaruh besar sudut potong mata pisau tipe flate terhadap hasil cacahan plastik pada mesin pencacah

Given that plastic is typically only used once, increasing levels of plastic waste in TPA make it difficult for Indonesia and even the rest of the world to solve the problem of plastic trash (final disposal sites). Performing a field investigation and literature review comes first. Making a blade model that is distinct from the previous one involves using the findings of the field survey and the literature study. According to the examination of the most recent blades, which have angles of 30° and 60°, the blade system models can be compared and it can be shown that the results of the number of capacities and the results of the size of the pieces are issued. Waste materials that are cut into plastic bottles, PET or PETE bottle caps, and LDPE (low density polyethylene) plastic bags. The findings for a blade with a 30° angle are 1.8 kg/hour for plastic bottles, 0.780 kg/hour for bottle caps, and nil capacity for plastic bags since the bag is wrapped around the blade. Due to the angle's lack of sharpness or tendency to be moreblunt, this blade tends to only clamp a large amount of plastic. While the 60° blade angle produces 0.200 kg/hour of plastic bags, 1.5 kg/hour of plastic bottles, and 1.3 kg/hour of bottle caps. Since the 60° angle blade has a better sharp angle for slicing or breaking plastic waste into smaller bits, it can be seen that it produces the highest capacitance

Plastic ingestion and trophic transfer in an endangered top predator, the longfin mako shark (Isurus paucus), from the tropical western Pacific Ocean.

Plastic pollution has become a global environmental problem of major concern. However, the plastic contamination in the marine top predators, particularly in endangered species, is incompletely understood because of the limited amount of data on their presence in the digestive system and prey. This study investigated the stomach contents of an endangered but poorly known shark species, the longfin mako shark (Isurus paucus), found in the tropical western Pacific Ocean. We examined the plastics in this female specimen (1.22-m fork length) and her prey to assess the potential for trophic transfer of microplastics. Polypropylene bottle cap and lollipop packaging, longnose lancetfish (Alepisaurus ferox), and squid were found in the stomach of I. paucus, while no apparent internal injuries were noted. The microplastic fragments and granules, confirmed by laser direct infrared spectroscopy, were found in the digestive system of the intact squid ingested by I. paucus, suggesting that trophic transfer may occur between shark and prey. These results indicate that I. paucus is vulnerable to plastic ingestion and provide evidence of trophic transfer of microplastics in shark species. Our study emphasizes the need to evaluate the potential ecotoxicological consequences of increasing plastic pollution to endangered marine top predators.

N09 Exploration of medication adherence interventions in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Multiple Sclerosis and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Scoping Review of Randomised Controlled Trials

Abstract Background The inflammatory diseases of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have recognised medications to maintain remission.Yet between 53–75% of people with IBD, 30-80% with RA and up to 50% with MS do not take medications as prescribed. Recognising and improving adherence in IBD, MS and RA is a primary treatment goal to keep symptoms quiescent. This scoping review aims to identify effective adherence interventions for IBD, MS and RA. As there were few studies in IBD, MS and RA were included to learn lessons from other conditions. Methods Randomised controlled trial (RCT) medication adherence interventions for IBD, MS or RA conducted between 2012-2021, were identified in six electronic databases. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme assessed study quality. Results 3024 participants were included across 24 RCTs; 8(33.3%) investigating IBD, 12(50%) RA and 4(16.7%) MS. Nine RCTs (37.5%) significantly improved medication adherence; all were rated high quality with five being delivered face to face and 1:1; all involving tailored education, advice or counselling by trained health professionals (HPs). IBD interventions were varied; the two significantly effective were web-based; one offering education modules and “red flag” monitoring, with follow up testing versus telephone education. The other used text message reminders with tailored feedback. Four of five effective RA interventions used psychological, behaviour change approaches. Three integrated educational and artificial intelligence-based methods through telephone-education, viewing disease progression on a computer system or text messages. Of the four MS interventions, only a Bluetooth bottle cap with mobile phone reminders and MI based telephone counselling led to significant adherence improvements. Interventions using artificial intelligence were most significantly effective (see Table 1). Tools such as diaries, calendars and advice sheets were also effective in increasing adherence. Only 10 interventions were theory based. Conclusion Tailored, face to face, 1:1 interaction with HPs can provide personalised, adherence support. Integration of several therapeutic approaches can be effective, but it can be difficult to identify cause of any impact. To improve adherence in inflammatory conditions, theoretically informed interventions should be developed and evaluated. Online routes of intervention delivery must be accessible, user-friendly, and functional to promote self-management. However, an adherence intervention which minimises costs, provides patient-centred, value-based care through implementation of evidence-based strategies will no doubt be welcomed by patients, HPs and services alike.