Botrytis Fabae Research Articles

Cost-effective and optimal control analysis for mitigation strategy to chocolate spot disease of faba bean

Faba bean is one of the most important grown plants worldwide for human and animal. Despite its various importance, the productivity of faba bean has been constrained by several biotic and abiotic factors. Many faba bean pathogens have been reported so far, of which the most important yield limiting disease is Chocolate Spot Disease (Botrytis fabae). The dynamics of disease transmission and decision-making processes for intervention programs for disease control are now better understood through the use of mathematical modeling. In this paper a deterministic mathematical model for Chocolate Spot disease (CSD) on faba bean plant with an optimal control model was developed and analyzed to examine the best strategy in controlling CSD. The optimal control model is developed with three control interventions, namely prevention (u1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$u_{1}$$\\end{document}), quarantine (u2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$u_{2}$$\\end{document}) and chemical control (u3\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$u_{3}$$\\end{document}). The Pontryagin’€™s maximum principle isused to derive the Hamiltonian, the adjoint variables, the characterization of the controls and the optimality system. A cost-effective approach is chosen from a set of possible integrated strategies using the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). The forward-backward sweep iterative approach is used to run numerical simulations. We obtained the Hamiltonian, the adjoint variables, the characterization of the controls and the optimality system. The numerical results demonstrate that each integrated strategy can reduce the diseases within the specified period. However due to limited resources, an integrated strategy prevention and uprooting was found to be a best cost-effective strategy to combat CSD. Therefore, attention should be given for the integrated cost-effective and environmentally eco-friendly strategy by stake holders and policy makers to control CSD and disseminate the integrated intervention to the farmers in order to fight the spread of CSD in the Faba bean population and produce the expected yield from the field.

Evaluation of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Varieties for Yield and Chocolate Spot (Botrytis fabae) Disease in Western Tigray, Ethiopia

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) has an important pulse crop in Ethiopian. It is consumed in various forms and contributes to soil fertility improvement. However, its production and productivity are challenged by biotic and abiotic constraints. Chocolate spot is known as Botrytis fabae, is a significant biotic constraint that negatively impacts faba bean crops in highland areas of western Tigray. The aim of the study mentioned was to assess faba bean varieties for their grain yield and resistance to chocolate spot disease under field conditions. Field experiment was conducted at Welkayt and Tsegedie district during 2017 cropping season using five released faba bean varieties and one local check. Treatments were evaluated with RCBD and replicated three times. There was significant difference (p<0.01) among tested faba bean varieties and lactation, while, interaction effect of varieties and lactation were non-significant variation (p<0.05). In the analysis conducted on grain yield from different varieties, it was observed that the variety Hachalu achieved the highest grain yield at 632kg/ha, followed closely by Tumsa with a yield of 611.8kg/ha. While, minimum yield was obtained from variety Obse (384.3kg/ha) at Welkayt. Similarly, in Tsegedie maximum yield was calculated from variety Tumsa (339.8kg/ha) and Hachalu (334.4kg/ha), respectively. Minimum yield was obtained from variety Obse (238.8kg/ha). There was significant variation among faba bean varieties in terms of PSI at a significance level of P<0.05, while disease incidence did not show significant differences among the varieties tested. Lowest mean disease severity was recorded from varieties Hachalu (15%) followed by Tumsa (17.7%). However, Highest mean value was recorded from Obse variety (30.02%) at Welkayt. Similarly, in Tsegedie lowest disease severity was recorded from varieties Hachalu (28.7%) and Tumsa (28.8%). Highest mean value recorded from varieties Obse (susceptible) (50.13). There was positively and significant correlation among yield and Agronomic traits. However, there was negatively significant yield with PSI at both locations. Varieties with low disease severity are useful in breeding program aimed at developing with higher resistance of chocolate spot disease.

Spatial spread of Ditylenchus gigas and its interaction with Botrytis fabae on Vicia faba

AbstractDitylenchus gigas Vovlas is the dominant species of Ditylenchus nematode on faba bean in the UK. It is normally reported with Botrytis fabae Sardiña, which causes chocolate spot of faba bean. The aim of the work reported here was to estimate how fast isolated infections of D. gigas may spread spatially and how background infection of the host with B. fabae alters multiplication of D. gigas. Spatial spread in field conditions was measured in plants growing in square grids. After establishment, single plants at the centre of each grid were spray inoculated with D. gigas. In summer 2017, D. gigas spread to a distance of at least 1 m, the edge of each 2 m × 2 m plot. Incidence on shoots decreased very slowly with distance beyond 0.4 m. In a repeat experiment harvested in autumn 2018, D. gigas was detected at distances of up to 160 cm in 4 m × 4 m plots. The yield effect and reproduction rate of D. gigas were measured in glasshouse experiments, alone and following brush inoculation with low (103) or high (106 conidia/mL) doses of B. fabae. At low doses of D. gigas inoculum multiplied by approximately 75‐fold, with lower rates of multiplication as the inoculum dose increased. The reproduction rate of D. gigas was reduced in plants inoculated with B. fabae, especially at high doses of D. gigas. The reduction was approximately proportional to log (B. fabae dose). Seed yield from inoculated plants decreased approximately in proportion to the logarithms of the initial dose of D. gigas and of B. fabae.

First Report of Chocolate Spot Caused by Botrytis eucalypti on Faba bean in China.

Faba bean (Vicia faba) is one of the characteristic economic crops in Qinghai Province of China, which has multiple uses as grain, vegetable, fodder, fertilizer and medicine. Chocolate spot is a critical disease of faba bean in the world, and it is widely spread in all production areas of Qinghai. In August 2021, a severe occurrence of chocolate spot was found in a faba bean field in Xunhua County, Qinghai Province (35°52'N, 102°22'E, alt. 1890m). All plants in the field were affected by this disease. A voucher specimen was deposited in the Herbarium of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences at Qinghai University under accession No. PY015. The pathogen infected the leaves and stems, causing small irregular red spots to appear, which later coalesce into larger spots and faded green lesions appear around the spots. Diseased leaf pieces 5 mm2 were surface sterilized with 75% ethyl alcohol for 30s, 1.2% NaOCl for 30s, and rinsed three times with sterile water. They were then plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 22℃ for 10 days in the dark. Fungal colonies are initially white, then gray, and have produced spores by 5 days. Conidia are clusters, ellipsoidal or ovoid, 9-14 × 6-9 μm. The conidiophore is straight, terminally enlarged, septate, 300-1500 μm long, 8-13 μm wide. No sclerotia were observed during culture. DNA of the strain PY015 was extracted by CTAB method. Molecular identification was first performed using the universal region of ITS (ITS1/ITS4). The PCR product was sequenced, the sequence was deposited in GenBank under the accession number OR739575. The results showed 100% similarity to Botrytis spp. (KX301016, MT250940, LC519322) in BLAST search. Molecular characterization was continued using five specific primer pairs: RPB2 (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase subunit II, RPB2-5F/RPB2-7cR), NEP1 and NEP2 (necrosis and ethylene-inducing proteins, NEP1for/ NEP1revB and NEP2forD/NEP2revD), HSP60 (heat-shock protein 60, HSP60for/HSP60rev), G3PDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, G3PDHfor/G3PDHrev). The sequences of PY015 were deposited in GenBank (accession numbers: OR731179, OR731180, OR731181, OR731182, OR731183), and all five sequences showed 100% similarity to Botrytis eucalypti YZU171088 (accession numbers: MH614610 MH614611, MH614612, MH614613 MH614614). A phylogenetic tree based on these five genes was constructed using Mega7.0 (1000 bootstrap replicates, neighbor-joining method), and PY015 was placed in the same clade as YZU171088 with 100% bootstrap values. Morphological and molecular biological results confirmed that isolate PY015 was B. eucalypti. To fulfill Koch's postulates, the spore suspension (2 × 105 conidia/ml) was sprayed on healthy faba bean (Yun-122) plants at the 10-leaf stage, while an equal amount of sterile distilled water was applied to controls. After 7 days, the inoculated plants showed symptoms consistent with field infection and B. eucalypti was re-isolated using the same protocol, while the control remained asymptomatic. The pathogenicity test was repeated twice. The same isolates were recovered from symptomatic leaves and identified by NEP1 sequence. B. eucalypti was morphologically and molecularly identical to the original isolates, completing Koch's postulates. Currently, Botrytis fabae, Botrytis fabiopsis, and Botrytis cinerea are the main pathogens of chocolate spot on faba bean that have been identified and reported nationally and internationally. B. eucalypti is a new species discovered from eucalyptus in southern China in 2016, and its current hosts are only eucalyptus and citrus. To our knowledge, the present study is the first report of chocolate spot caused by B. eucalypti on faba bean in China.

Genome Comparisons between Botrytis fabae and the Closely Related Gray Mold Fungus Botrytis cinerea Reveal Possible Explanations for Their Contrasting Host Ranges.

While Botrytis cinerea causes gray mold on many plants, its close relative, Botrytis fabae, is host-specifically infecting predominantly faba bean plants. To explore the basis for its narrow host range, a gapless genome sequence of B. fabae strain G12 (BfabG12) was generated. The BfabG12 genome encompasses 45.0 Mb, with 16 chromosomal telomere-to-telomere contigs that show high synteny and sequence similarity to the corresponding B. cinerea B05.10 (BcB0510) chromosomes. Compared to BcB0510, it is 6% larger, due to many AT-rich regions containing remnants of transposable elements, but encodes fewer genes (11,420 vs. 11,707), due to losses of chromosomal segments with up to 20 genes. The coding capacity of BfabG12 is further reduced by nearly 400 genes that had been inactivated by mutations leading to truncations compared to their BcB0510 orthologues. Several species-specific gene clusters for secondary metabolite biosynthesis with stage-specific expression were identified. Comparison of the proteins secreted during infection revealed high similarities, including 17 phytotoxic proteins that were detected in both species. Our data indicate that evolution of the host-specific B. fabae occurred from an ancestral pathogen with wide host range similar to B. cinerea and was accompanied by losses and degeneration of genes, thereby reducing its pathogenic flexibility.

Identification of Faba bean genetic loci associated with quantitative resistance to the fungus Botrytis fabae, causal agent of chocolate spot.

Chocolate spot, caused by the ascomycete fungus Botrytis fabae, is a devastating foliar disease and a major constraint on the quality and yield of faba beans (Vicia faba). The use of fungicides is the primary strategy for controlling the disease. However, high levels of partial genetic resistance have been identified and can be exploited to mitigate the disease. The partially resistant V. faba cultivar Maris Bead and susceptible Egyptian accession ig70726 were crossed, and a genetic mapping population of 184 individuals was genotyped in the F2 generation and screened for resistance to B. fabae infection in the F3, F5, and F6 generations in a series of field experiments. A high-density linkage map of V. faba containing 3897 DArT markers spanning 1713.7 cM was constructed. Multiple candidate quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in 11 separate regions of the V. faba genome were identified; some on chromosomes 2, 3, and 6 overlapped with loci previously linked to resistance to Ascochyta leaf and pod blight caused by the necrotrophic fungus Ascochyta fabae. A transcriptomics experiment was conducted at 18 h post-inoculation in seedlings of both parents of the mapping population, identifying several differentially expressed transcripts potentially involved in early stage defence against B. fabae, including cell-wall associated protein kinases, NLR genes, and genes involved in metabolism and response to reactive oxygen species. This study identified several novel candidate QTLs in the V. faba genome that contribute to partial resistance to chocolate spot, but differences between growing seasons highlighted the importance of multi-year phenotyping experiments when searching for candidate QTLs for partial resistance.

Selected rhizobacteria strains as potential growth promoters and biocontrol agents against chocolate spot disease in faba bean grown in pots

The faba bean is a grain legume used for food and feed. It suffers from several yield limiting diseases. Botrytis fabae Sard is a fungal pathogen which causes chocolate spot disease in faba bean all over the world. Searching for solutions to the problem of yield loss due to B. fabae is critical. One sustainable solution is the utilization of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria as biocontrol agents. This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of rhizobacteria strains on controlling chocolate spots and promoting the growth of faba beans under pot conditions. Three rhizobacteria strains that previously demonstrated promising potential were used and tested for antagonistic activity against B.fabae in dual culture. All tested rhizobacterial strains inhibited the mycelial growth of B.fabae with different potential, and Chryseobacterium strain GY04 showed a maximum percent of mycelial growth inhibition of 72.38%. Also, all rhizobacteria strains significantly reduced the incidence and severity of chocolate spot disease, with different efficacy in both faba bean varieties under pot conditions. Chryseobacterium strain GY04 showed the highest disease severity reduction on the local variety at 75 (79.62%) and 90 (73.57%) days after sowing. Rhizobacterium Pseudomonas chlororaphis GY07 resulted in the highest disease severity reduction on the Dosha variety (80.12, 43.85%) at 75 and 90 days after sowing, respectively. All tested rhizobacteria improved the main plant growth parameters in both varieties. The rhizobacterial strains examined in this study could be used as biocontrol against Chocolate spot disease and as growth promoters under pot conditions.

Management of Chocolate Spot Disease in Faba Bean Plants by using Biological Control Means

gypt and many other countries of the world because the seeds offer a low-cost source of protein, lysine, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. Chocolate spot disease is a stress-related fungal disease produced by Botrytis fabae that causes plant damage, limits photosynthetic activity, and reduces yield. Results: Trichoderma atroviride greatly reduced mycelial growth by 90.00% in vitro, followed by T. harzianum (86.67%) and T. album (83.89%) on average. In vivo, all studied antagonists dramatically reduced Botrytis fabae disease incidence and severity in both seasons 2021/22 and 2022/23. T. atroviride showed the highest efficacy bioagent (73.55 and 85.15%), followed by T. harzianum (72.55 and 81.22%), in controlling B. fabae of faba bean plants in both seasons. In addition, the results also showed that all tested biological treatments had an impact on yield components and increased levels of chlorophyll, protein%, phenols, flavonoids, Peroxidase (PO), polyphenol Oxidase (PPO), chitinase, and -1, 3-glucanase activities compared to control treatment in both seasons. In this regard, spraying T. atroviride showed the highest efficacy as a bioagent, followed by T. harzianum. Contrary, T. hamatum showed the lowest efficacy compared to other treatments in both seasons. Conclusion: This investigation was carried out to determine the effectiveness of several different antagonists, i.e., T. album, T. atrovirde, T. hamatum, and T. harzianum (30 x 106 spore/ml), Blight Stop, and Bio Zeid, for controlling Botrytis fabae on bean plants and evaluating their effect on yield parameters, components, and quality.

Wheat and faba bean intercropping and cultivar impacts on morphology, disease, and yield

AbstractModern agriculture relies heavily on synthetic fertilizer and pesticide inputs. Pressure is increasing to find alternatives that reduce such inputs. In comparison to monocultures, intercropping can reduce plant diseases and increase yield, thereby reducing inputs and maximizing land use efficiency. However, knowledge gaps remain regarding which crop and cultivar combinations maximize such benefits. Here, we grew two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and six faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivars in monoculture and intercrops over three seasons and measured plant morphology, disease prevalence, and yield. Wheat ear development was slower in monocultures but varied by cultivar and year. Wheat cultivars senesced faster in monocultures versus certain faba bean intercrop combinations. In both wheat cultivars, Fusarium spp. severity was higher, while yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici Westend.) was lower in monocultures versus intercropped plots but varied by year and faba bean cultivar. Chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae Sardiña) in faba bean was higher in the cultivar ‘Louhi’ when grown in monoculture. Wheat cultivars yielded higher in monoculture versus intercropped plots. Faba bean yield was higher in monocultures but depended on wheat cultivar and year. Land equivalent ratios (LER) were not affected by interactions between cultivars or years but were always above one in intercropped plots. This indicates that it is always more efficient for yield to intercrop. Our results show that the benefits of intercropping with different wheat and faba bean cultivars varied, indicating that specific goals (i.e., disease suppression and yield) should be considered when selecting wheat–faba bean cultivar combinations.

Biocontrol of chocolate spot disease of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) caused by Botrytis fabae using biosynthesized reduced graphene oxide/silver nanocomposite

This study was demonstrated to investigate the effects of reduced graphene oxide/silver nanocomposite (rGO/AgNC) on controlling the chocolate spot disease of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) caused by Botrytis fabae. rGO/AgNC was green synthesized using the cell-free supernatant of Escherichia coli D8 in the presence of sunlight and room temperature. rGO/AgNC revealed a broad UV–vis absorption peak at 433 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of rGO/AgNC confirmed the presence of spherical-shaped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with an average size of 7–26 nm. Zeta analysis of rGO/AgNC displayed their positive charge (+18.9 mV) and the good dispersion of AgNPs on the surface of rGO. rGO/AgNC had good antifungal activity against B. fabae in a dose-dependent pattern. In vivo, rGO/AgNC-treatment study on faba bean plants showed the biocidal action of rGO/AgNC (150 μg/ml) against B. fabae and completely prevented the pathogen infection. In addition, there was an increase in total phenolic content, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activity, and protein content of rGO/AgNC-treated plants. Plants treated with rGO/AgNC displayed a typical cell morphology in their ultrastructure, including cell membranes and chloroplasts with ellipsoidal shapes and large starch grains. These are all encouraging findings for the use of the biosynthesized rGO/AgNC as a safe and efficient antifungal agent against B. fabae.

Application of the detached-leaf technique to evaluate the pathogenicity of isolates of fungi Ascochyta fabae and Botrytis fabae to faba bean

The most important diseases of the faba bean include Ascochyta blight caused by the fungus Ascochyta fabae and chocolate spot caused by the fungus Botrytis fabae. The pathogenicity of isolates of A. fabae and B. fabae was investigated to six cultivars of faba bean. The technique of detached leaves was used. The leaves were inoculated with pycnidial and conidial spores of the pathogens tested. After incubation, the sizes of necrotic spots produced by pathogens were determined. Significant variation in the pathogenicity of isolates of both fungi was found. The varieties showed differential resistance to Ascochyta blight and chocolate spot. The variation in resistance of cultivars to chocolate spot was lower than resistance to Ascochyta blight. The possibility of using the ImageJ image analysis software to measure the surface of necrotic spots was described.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Management of chocolate spot of Faba bean (Botrytis fabae) through fungicides and host resistance in North Shewa, Central Highland of Ethiopia

Management of chocolate spot of Faba bean (Botrytis fabae) through fungicides and host resistance in North Shewa, Central Highland of Ethiopia

Use of Trained Convolutional Neural Networks for Analysis of Symptoms Caused by Botrytis fabae Sard

This study evaluated the use of convolutional neural networks (CNN) in agricultural disease recognition, specifically for Botrytis fabae symptoms. An experimental bean culture was used to capture images of healthy and affected leaflets, which were then used to perform binary classification and severity classification tests using several CNN models. The results showed that CNN models achieved high accuracy in binary classification, but performance decreased in severity classification due to the complexity of the task. InceptionResNet and ResNet101 were the models that performed best in this task. The study also utilized the Grad-CAM algorithm to identify the most significant B. fabae symptoms recognized by the CNNs. Overall, these findings can be used to develop a smart farming tool for crop production support and plant pathology research.

Effects of Sowing Dates and Fungicide Application on Chocolate Spot (Botrytis fabae Sard.) Disease of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) in Western Ethiopia

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a cool legume crop grown in the highlands of Ethiopia, and chocolate spot disease (Botrytis fabae Sard.) occurs in wide areas. There is a shortage of recorded data about the impact of chocolate spot disease on faba beans and their management practices in Ethiopia. The objectives of this study were to assess the influence of sowing dates and the frequency of foliar fungicide (mancozeb) application for the management of chocolate spots and determine the association of sowing dates with chocolate spot disease occurrence. The experiment was conducted in the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons at two locations in Shambu and Guduru, western Oromia, Ethiopia. The mean disease severity, AUDPC, and grain yield were found to be statistically significant differences ( P < 0.05 ) among the treatments at both locations and years. A highly negative correlation of AUDPC with a grain yield was obtained for both locations and years. A high infection rate, disease severity, AUDPC, and low grain yield were recorded from the unsprayed treatment. Three applications of mancozeb spray on the first July sowing date have effectively reduced disease severity and significantly increased yield. However, cost-effective and environmentally eco-friendly disease management is an issue that has to be further investigated.

Physiological and Anatomical Responses of Faba Bean Plants Infected with Chocolate Spot Disease to Chemical Inducers.

Plant diseases are biotic stresses that restrict crop plants' ability to develop and produce. Numerous foliar diseases, such as chocolate spots, can cause significant production losses in Vicia faba plants. Certain chemical inducers, including salicylic acid (SA), oxalic acid (OA), nicotinic acid (NA), and benzoic acid (BA), were used in this study to assess efficacy in controlling these diseases. A foliar spray of these phenolic acids was used to manage the impacts of the biotic stress resulting from disease incidence. All tested chemical inducers resulted in a significant decrease in disease severity. They also enhanced the defense system of treated plants through increasing antioxidant enzyme activity (Peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, β-1, 3-glucanase, and chitinase) compared to the corresponding control. Healthy leaves of faba plants recorded the lowest (p < 0.05) values of all antioxidant activities compared to those plants infected by Botrytis fabae. Moreover, the separation of proteins using SDS-PAGE showed slight differences among treatments. Furthermore, foliar spray with natural organic acids reduced the adverse effects of fungal infection by expediting recovery. The SA (5 mM) treatment produced a pronounced increase in the upper, lower epidermis, palisade thickness, spongy tissues, midrib zone, length, and width of vascular bundle. The foliar application with other treatments resulted in a slight increase in the thickness of the examined layers, especially by benzoic acid. In general, all tested chemical inducers could alleviate the adverse effects of the biotic stress on faba bean plants infected by Botrytis fabae.

Agronomic behavior of broad bean genotypes for the Colombian high andean zone

Broad bean cultivation is considered a productive strategy and a component of food sovereignty in Southern Colombia. Therefore, this study was carried out in order to evaluate twelve promising genotypes and two commercial controls, to expand the improved varieties supply of this legume in the future. For this, an experimental assay was established with 14 treatments and four repetitions. Where, 13 agronomic traits and the reaction to the pathogen Botrytis fabae were estimated. The information was analyzed by a simple ANOVA test. Also, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was developed with the traits with the highest coefficient of variation. Results showed genetic diversity, with promising genotypes in relation to the controls. The number of stems, flowering days, pod formation days, pods per plant, weight of one hundred seeds, and yield allowed three groups to be identified by PCA. The first one was made up of two controls, the second group characterized by higher yields, and a third group represented by an intermediate yield added to an earliness condition. These results allow the recognition of candidate genotypes to be included into breeding programs and contribute to the crop protection.

Synthesis, computational and antimicrobial evaluation of some new pyridine derivatives.

A series of pyridine compounds were prepared by using 3-(dimethylamino)-1-(pyridin-4-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (14) as a precursor. The reaction of 14 with different reagents afforded different new heterocyclic compounds. All the new compounds were characterized by spectroscopic analyses. Moreover, the density function theory study was made to establish the geometry of the tested compounds. The antimicrobial activities of the newly prepared pyridine derivatives were studied against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus thuringiensis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis fabae) by the minimal inhibitory concentration method. Compounds belonging to the pyran 32, pyridine 33, indenopyran 34, thiazolopyridine 35, and chromene 39 series displayed a high antimicrobial activity. It was found that the experimental results of the biological evaluation were in agreement with the molecular modeling studies.

IMPACT OF PREPARATIONS FOR PRESOWING TREATMENT OF FABA BEANS SEEDS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASES

The paper presents the results of the research on identifying biological efficiency of the preparations Scarlet, ME and Fungilex, L for presowing treatment of faba beans seeds. The effect of the preparations is observed up to BBCH 35 (the 5th stretched joint can be seen). It’s established that faba beans seeds are infected with fungi Alternaria spp., Fusarium spp. and Botrytis fabae. For 2017-2021 Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Cladosporium, Aspergillus high contamination causing seed mold was observed.

Assessment of chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae Sard.) disease progression on Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) at western Oromia, Ethiopia

Assessment of chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae Sard.) disease progression on Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) at western Oromia, Ethiopia

Comparative Effect of Commercially Available Nanoparticles on Soil Bacterial Community and “Botrytis fabae” Caused Brown Spot: In vitro and in vivo Experiment

This study revealed the possible effects of various levels of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) application on plant diseases and soil microbial diversity. It investigated the comparison between the application of AgNPs and two commercial nanoproducts (Zn and FeNPs) on the rhizobacterial population and Botrytis fabae. Two experiments were conducted. The first studied the influence of 13 AgNP concentration on soil bacterial diversity besides two other commercial nanoparticles, ZnNPs (2,000 ppm) and FeNPs (2,500 ppm), used for comparison and application on onion seedlings. The second experiment was designed to determine the antifungal activity of previous AgNP concentrations (150, 200, 250, 300, 400, and 500 ppm) against B. fabae, tested using commercial fungicide as control. The results obtained from both experiments revealed the positive impact of AgNPs on the microbial community, representing a decrease in both the soil microbial biomass and the growth of brown spot disease, affecting microbial community composition, including bacteria, fungi, and biological varieties. In contrast, the two commercial products displayed lower effects compared to AgNPs. This result clearly showed that the AgNPs strongly inhibited the plant pathogen B. fabae growth and development, decreasing the number of bacteria (cfu/ml) and reducing the rhizosphere. Using AgNPs as an antimicrobial agent in the agricultural domain is recommended.