Boswellia Papyrifera Research Articles

Ecological assessment and diversity of woody plants in plantations of frankincense trees (Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst.) in AlGerri Forest, Blue Nile State, Sudan

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم تنوع أنواع الشجيرات والأشجار داخل مزارع اشجار اللبان (Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst.) في منطقة القري بولاية النيل الأزرق. 18 نمازج دائرية منتظمة حددت لاخذ و تسجيل البيانات تبلغ مساحتة الواحد منها 0.1 هكتار. (نصف القطر = 17.84) مع مسافات تباعد تبلغ 100 متر بين كل نموزج و الاخر، تم استخدامها لجمع البيانات. تم تحديد ما مجموعه 13 نوعًا خشبيًا تنتمي إلى 7 عائلات في مجموعتين من مزارع اشجار اللبان. ساد نوع اشجار اللبان (Boswellia papyrifera) على الأنواع الخشبية في جميع مجتمعات الغطاء النباتي، وتليها انواع الهبيل (Combretum hartmannianum) و الطلح (Acacia seya). كان مؤشرا التنوع في شانون (H) للمجتمع (1) والمجتمع (2) 0.328 و 0.429 على التوالي. كانت قيم مؤشر Pielous Evenness (E) في المجتمع (1) المجتمع (2) 0.344 و 0.429 على التوالي. كثافة المجتمع (1) والمجتمع (2) 609.1 و 309.08 نبات / هكتار. على التوالى. أظهر توزيع الأنواع الخشبية أن 61.54٪ من الأنواع تتواجد في تجمعات في توزيعها و 38.46٪ من الأنواع موزعة عشوائياً. تم استخدام التحليل العنقودي المستند إلى الرابط الفردي Bray-Curtis لتقييم التشابه بين تكوين الأنواع الخشبية عبر 18 نموزج عينة.

A Review of Medicinal Plants in Alzheimer's Treatment and Memory Enhancement

Context: The purpose of this study is to review the effectiveness of medicinal plants on memory and learning in both human and animal models. Material and Methods: Various electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library, were searched for randomized controlled trials published between 2010 and 2023. Results: The studies focused on thirty different herbs, including Bacopa monnieri, Polygonum odoratum, Morus alba, Ginkgo biloba, Salvia officinalisL., Rosmarinus officinalisL., Melissa officinalis, Panax ginseng, Saraca asoca, Polygala tenuifolia, Boswellia papyrifera, Boswellia serrata, and Aegle marmelos. Conclusions: The inclusion criteria were adults, participants with cognitive impairment, and healthy participants, without age or gender restrictions. The studies were assessed for risk of bias using the Cochrane tool for randomized trials, and the findings were synthesized narratively.

Socio-economic contributions and determinants of locals engagement with Boswellia papyrifera in lowland woodlands in Burie Zuria district, Ethiopia

Ethiopia's lowland woodlands are comprised of the major gum and resin-producing genera Acacia, Boswellia, and Commiphora. Boswellia papyrifera is primarily found in the degraded drylands, Burie Zuria district is the existence of the species; however, limited information is available on the woodland socio-economic contribution and determinants of locals' use of woodlands for their livelihoods, particularly Boswellia papyrifera. So to fill this gap, the study was conducted to examine the locals' socio-economic benefits from the woodland and to identify the determinants of locals' engagement in the collection of the benefits for better wise use and conservation policy implementation. The data was collected from household interviews, focus group discussions, and key informants. Species' socio-economic benefits were analyzed through descriptive statistics, whereas determinants of local's willingness to use woodlands were analyzed through an econometric model. The dependent variable used was annual income gained from the woodland and explanatory variables taken were gender, marital status, livestock number, family size, land holding size, age of the respondent, education level, wealth status, perception of local communities towards forest cover change, and distance from woodlands to the household's residence. Based on the results, the total annual income derived from the woodland by the sampled households' was a mean of 1759.45 USD. The result shows the woodland species shares 14.37 % of the total annual income, but because of legal investors Boswellia papyrifera had no contribution to this share. However, the local communities use woodlands for their livelihoods due to explanatory variables, and the usage percentage shows significant differences. The multiple linear regression results showed that the model was significant at a 5 % probability level, and 95.9 % of the variation was due to the explanatory variables. Age of respondent, family size, total land holding size, and education level showed positive and statistically significant relations to annual income derived from the woodland while other remaining variables showed non-significant. The result concludes that the species contributes significantly to local communities' livelihoods and engagement in gathering timber and non-timber products. The study recommended that awareness about the use of non-timber products in addition to forest products be created among the locals, and policies related to woodland sustainability and conservation should also be implemented.

The Significant, Threats and Management of Boswellia Papyrifera (Del.) Hochest Tree Species in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review

Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst is one of a combretum-terminal deciduous ecosystem with the key dry land tree forest in the world planet which belongs to the family Burseraceae. This review paper was presents to review the importance, threat and its management techniques of Boswellia papyrifera forest tree species in Ethiopia. Boswellia papyrifera woodland provides considerable economic, ecological, socio-cultural, traditional and industrial benefits in the dry lands of Ethiopia. The review showed that in Ethiopia Boswellia papyrifera tree population are declining at an alarming rate mainly due to overgrazing, absence of regeneration and saplings, pests, agricultural expansion, over tapping for frankincense production, poor policy and other interrelated factors. There are different important demands being made on the Boswellia papyrifera reducing conversion of woodland, using appropriate collection tools and methods, speedy environmental rehabilitation, improving tapping methods and timing, and provision of tree products as soon as possible in Ethiopia. Continuous capacity building training on sustainable utilizations and managements of Boswellia papyrifera woodland should also be provided for all relevant stakeholders.

Optimization of supercritical CO2 extraction of incensole-enriched oil from Boswellia papyrifera resin using response surface methodology

Incensole is a macrocyclic diterpene naturally existing in the frankincense extracted from the trees of the genus Boswellia and possesses a wide spectrum of promising bioactivities. This study discusses for the first time the optimization of supercritical CO2 extracting incensole-enriched oil from the frankincense of Boswellia papyrifera tree. The extraction parameters of temperature, pressure, and extraction time were optimized to obtain the maximum extraction yield and incensole content simultaneously using response surface methodology (RSM) and box-Behnken design, and the compounds extracted under optimal conditions were analyzed. Under the optimal conditions of a pressure of 23.0 MPa, a temperature of 40.0 °C, and an extraction period of 3.3 h, the incensole-enriched oil yield achieved 25.0%, in which incensole content of 40.5 wt% was observed and its recovery was 59.8%. The results indicate that the supercritical CO2 extraction technique can be applied to extract incensole-enriched oil from frankincense.

Selectively extracting oleoresin from Boswellia papyrifera frankincense resin by sub- and supercritical CO2 processes

In this work, selectively extracting oleoresin from the Boswellia papyrifera frankincense resin was studied by sub- and supercritical CO2 processes. GS-MS analysis was applied to identify the constituents of extracts. Sequential sub- and supercritical CO2 extraction were carried out in four stages corresponding to the pressure of 10 MPa, 15 MPa, 20 MPa, and 25 MPa at fixed temperatures of 25 ℃ and 40 ℃, respectively. The obtained oleoresins were transparent with faint yellow and the yield was 23.8% and 25.1% for sub-, and supercritical extraction, respectively. Twenty-one compounds with a relative peak area of over 1% were identified. Essential oils, alcohols, hydrocarbons, diterpenes, diterpenoids, and triterpenoids are the main chemical classes, among which the relative peak area of incensole was the highest, reaching 36% in the corresponding fraction of extracts, followed by incensole acetate with relative peak area of 17–20%. These results would benefit the depth developing applications of Boswellia papyrifera frankincense resin.

Sustainability of frankincense production in Tigray, Ethiopia: an emergy synthesis

The frankincense from Boswellia papyrifera plays important roles in rural livelihoods and the national economy. On the other hand, Boswellia papyrifera is under threat of extinction. Nevertheless, little is known about the sustainability and fair-trade relationship of the current production system of the frankincense commodity. The current paper primarily analyzed sustainability of the production, processing, and exporting systems of frankincense production using the total emergy flows to the product. Data were primarily collected through key informant interviews and from secondary sources in the Tigray region, northern Ethiopia. An emergy synthesis method was used to assess the direct and indirect environmental energy requirements for the production, processing, and exporting of frankincense. The Emergy Sustainability Index (ESI), and Ratios were used as indicators of ecological sustainability. Whereas the Emergy Exchange Ratio (EER) was used to evaluate the level of fair trade of frankincense with importing countries. The average total emergy of the system was 50.14E+20sej/year, of which 3.92E+20sej are from local renewable, 45.20E+20sej from local nonrenewable and 1.02E+20sej from imported nonrenewable sources. The Percent Renewable (% Ren), Environmental Loading Ratio (ELR), Emergy Yield Ratio (EYR) and ESI were 7.82, 11.79, 49.50 and 4.19, respectively. The EER showed that the region exported 11.8 times more emergy in frankincense products than it received in the money paid for it in 2008/09, showing unfair trade between the exporting and importing countries. According to our results, it can be concluded that the current production, processing, and exporting of frankincense is not sustainable.

Cover Feature: X‐ray Study of Cembranoids with Flexible Rings from Boswellia papyrifera Resins Allowing Structural Revision of Misleading Structures from the Past 70 Years (Chem. Eur. J. 33/2023)

Boswellia papyrifera resins have had a long journey from 1500 BC. In 1966, the cembranoid skeleton become a part of the journey towards chemical investigations, and several cembranoids have been reported, but there is still uncertainty about their structure elucidation. In this study, we isolated 38 macrocyclic cembranoids from B. papyrifera resins, including six whose accepted structures needed to be revised. The study describes 25 single-crystal analyses, during which misleading factors in the stereochemistry determinations over the past 70 years were found. In addition, in their Research Article (DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300559) Y.-X. Cheng and co-workers propose a biosynthetic pathway and briefly discuss SAR studies.

X-ray Study of Cembranoids with Flexible Rings from Boswellia papyrifera Resins Allowing Structural Revision of Misleading Structures from the Past 70 Years.

Thirty new, highly oxygenated and stereogenic 14-membered macrocyclic diterpenoids, papyrifuranols A-Z (1-26) and AA-AD (27-30), and eight known analogs have been isolated from Boswellia papyrifera resins. All the structures were characterized by detailed spectral analyses, quantum calculations, X-ray diffraction, and modified Mosher's methods. Notably, six previously reported structures were revised. Our study points out misleading factors of macrocyclic cembranoid (CB) representation in the past seven decades by analyzing of 25 X-ray structures, lending a hand for the innately challenging structure identification of such flexible macrocyclic CBs and avoiding following the tracks of an overturned cart during future structure characterization and total synthesis. Biosynthetic conversions of all the isolates are proposed, and wound healing bioassays reveal that papyrifuranols N-P could significantly stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells.

Antioxidant supplements and cognition in Multiple Sclerosis: a systematic review (P14-3.003)

<h3>Objective:</h3> We aimed to conduct a systematic review to examine whether there is an association between antioxidants supplements and cognitive performance in MS patients. <h3>Background:</h3> Cognitive dysfunction is a debilitating characteristic of multiple sclerosis (MS) that affects approximately 60% of patients. To date, the only effective treatments for cognitive decline are cognitive rehabilitation and exercise training. While previous studies reported the beneficial effect of antioxidants on MS patients, several other studies investigated the effect of antioxidant supplements on the cognitive performance of MS patients. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science for the identification of relevant studies in November 2021. We included control trials, cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies which showed the effect of any type of antioxidants on cognitive performance in MS patients. <h3>Results:</h3> After screening 12 papers were included in our study. Our review included three studies that examined the effect of ginkgo Biloba on cognitive performance, two examined the Mediterranean diet, and remained studies each investigated the vitamin A, Omega 5, Omega 3, estriol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), Boswellia papyrifera, and paleolithic diet. Overall, it seems that there were no benefits for antioxidant administration on cognitive performance in MS patients. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> It is complicated to draw a conclusion regarding the effect of an antioxidant-containing regimen and cognitive performance in MS patients. Findings from included studies failed to unequivocally support the beneficial effect of antioxidant consumption on cognitive performance in MS patients. <b>Disclosure:</b> Mr. Nabizadeh has nothing to disclose.

Natural and Artificial Regeneration of Boswellia papyrifera in the Blue Nile State – Sudan

Boswellia papyrifera is an important resource in the dryland ofthe Blue Nile State. However, its population is declining due to manybiological and environmental factors. Moreover, there was hardly anyregeneration of the species in its natural habitat. The objectives of thisstudy were to count the new regeneration of seedlings, before and afterrainfall, to assess the viability of B. papyrifera seeds in the soil seed bank,to detect the effect of soil types on seedlings’ growth and to determine theoptimum diameter and time of cutting. Natural regeneration surveys werecarried out in the field by counting the young seedlings at differentelevations before and after the rains. Soil samples from plots 2x2 metreswere randomly collected. B. papyrifera seeds were sown in two types ofsoil mixes namely, 1 sand: 2 silt by volume; and in soil collected from thesite where B. papyrifera trees are growing. Branch cuttings of one meterlength and 4-5cm and 6-7cm in diameter, each, were taken at threedifferent dates, namely first of April, mid of April and first of May andplanted in the nursery. The results showed that B. papyrifera producedplenty of seeds that were stored in the soil seed bank. However, seedlingswere almost absent after the dry season. A significant (P&lt;0.05) differencewas found between the mean number of seedlings growing at the foot ofthe mountain and the slope as compared to those growing on top of themountain. A significant (P≤0.05) difference was found between the meanheight of seedlings raised in the two types of soils. There was nosignificant difference between the number of survived branch cuttings dueto planting date and/or branch diameter, but large diameter cuttingsshowed better results. These results suggest that additional managementinterventions, such as artificial regeneration, to support early seedlings

Neuroprotective effects of a combination of Boswellia papyrifera and Syzygium aromaticum on AlCl3 induced Alzheimer's disease in male albino rat.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by hippocampal, and cortical neuron deterioration, oxidative stress, and severe cognitive dysfunction. Aluminum is a neurotoxin inducer for cognitive impairments associated with AD. The treatment approaches for AD are unsatisfactory. Boswellia papyrifera and Syzygium aromaticum are known for their pharmacological assets, including antioxidant activity. Therefore, the current study explored the possible mitigating effects of a combination of Boswellia papyrifera and Syzygium aromaticum against aluminum chloride (AlCl3) induced AD. The AD model was established using AlCl3 (100 mg/kg), and the rats were orally administrated with Boswellia papyrifera or Syzygium aromaticum or a combination of them daily for 8 weeks. The Y-maze test was used to test cognition in the rats, while acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and oxidative stress markers were estimated in homogenates of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Also, the histopathological examination of the cortex and hippocampus were investigated. The results revealed that administration of either B. papyrifera or S. aromaticum extracts significantly improved the cognitive functions of AD rats, enhanced AChE levels, increased oxidative enzymes levels, including SOD and GSH, and reduced MDA levels in homogenates of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus and confirmed by improvement in histological examination. However, using a combination therapy gave better results compared to a single treatment. In conclusion, the present study provided primary evidence for using a combination of B. papyrifera and S. aromaticum to treat cognitive dysfunction associated with AlCl3 Induced AD by improving the AChE levels and modulating oxidative stress in the brain.

Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Furosemide Floating Matrix Tablets Using Boswellia papyrifera Resin as Matrix Forming Polymer.

The stomach and upper part of the small intestine are where furosemide is primarily absorbed when treating edema brought on by congestive heart failure (CHF), hepatic cirrhosis, renal impairment, and nephrotic syndrome. This narrow absorption window is responsible for furosemide's limited oral bioavailability. So creating a gastroretentive floating tablet could be beneficial. Natural polymers are advised for use in medication delivery because they are readily available in nature, biodegradable, relatively inexpensive, biocompatible, and nontoxic. Olibanum is a natural plant-based polymer obtained from Boswellia genus of trees and mainly composed of alcohol-soluble resin (65-85%). Ethiopia is rich in Boswellia species, with Boswellia papyrifera being the most important oleo-gum resin-producing tree species. In order to formulate a gastroretentive floating matrix tablet of furosemide, this study looked at the use of naturally occurring, locally available B. papyrifera resin as a matrix-forming polymer. By directly compressing B. papyrifera resin and HPMC K4M as matrix-forming polymers and sodium bicarbonate as a gas-generating agent, floating matrix tablets were created. The effects of the formulation variables polymer type, polymer concentration, polymer ratio, and percentage of the floating agent on the floating lag time, total floating time (duration), and cumulative drug release in 12 hours were investigated. Furosemide floating tablets formulated employing higher (40%) polymer concentrations (olibanum resin, HPMC K4M, or in combination) and 10% sodium bicarbonate as gas-generating agent demonstrated a floating lag time of less than 6 minutes and a sustained release with a total floating time of more than 12 hours. Comparing the release characteristics of floating tablets made with 40% of a total polymer and 10% of NaHCO3 revealed that the medicine is released very slowly when polymers were combined. The matrix-forming polymer, olibanum resin, obtained from B. papyrifera, was effectively used to make furosemide floating matrix tablets. The olibanum resin from B. papyrifera can therefore be used as a potential substitute matrix-forming polymer in the production of effervescent floating matrix tablets.

Antioxidant supplements and cognition in Multiple Sclerosis: a systematic review

Background: Cognitive dysfunction is a debilitating characteristic of multiple sclerosis (MS) that affects approximately 60% of patients. To date, the only effective treatments for cognitive decline are cognitive rehabilitation and exercise training. While previous studies reported the beneficial effect of antioxidants on MS patients, several other studies investigated the effect of antioxidant supplements on the cognitive performance of MS patients. We aimed to conduct a systematic review to examine whether there is an association between antioxidants supplements and cognitive performance in MS patients.Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science for the identification of relevant studies in November 2021. We included control trials, cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies which showed the effect of any type of antioxidants on cognitive performance in MS patients.Results: After screening 12 papers were included in our study. Our review included three studies that examined the effect of ginkgo Biloba on cognitive performance, two examined the Mediterranean diet, and remained studies each investigated the vitamin A, Omega 5, Omega 3, estriol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), Boswellia papyrifera, and paleolithic diet. Overall, it seems that there were no benefits of antioxidant administration on cognitive performance in MS patients.

Retention index based approach for simulation of results and application for validation of compound identification in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

In this work, first and second dimensional retention index (1I and 2I) based calculation approach is established to simulate peak retention times (1tR and 2tR) of samples for the given sets of volatile compounds in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS). For the result without 1tR and 2tR data of alkane references (1tR(n) and 2tR(n)), the following steps were applied: (1) curve fitting based on van den Dool and Kratz relationship in order to simulate 1tR(n) using a training set of volatile compounds in a sample with their experimental 1tR data, and (2) simulation of 2tR(n) at different 1tR(n) to construct their isovolatility curves based on a nonlinear equation with p1-p5 parameters and a constant (within the ranges of -0.0052 to 0.0049, -0.6181 to -0.0230, -26.4775 to -0.2698, 0.0050 to 9.6259, -7.2976 to -3.9524 and 0.9157 to 4.0779, respectively). These parameters were obtained by performing curve fitting according to the experimental 2tR data of the same training set with the least square values ranging from 4.58×10−15 to 32.55. Simulation of 1tR and 2tR of target analytes (1tR,sim and 2tR,sim) with known 1I and 2I were performed using 1tR(n) and the simulated isovolatility curves. All the calculations and curve fittings were carried out by using Solver in Microsoft Excel. The approach was applied to simulate results for 542 compounds in several samples including analysis of saffron (Crocus sativas L.), Boswellia papyrifera, acacia honey and incense powder/smoke, perfume and cannabis either reported from literature or from the experiments in this work using different experimental approaches. These were compared with the experimental data showing correlation with the R2 ranges of 0.98–1.00 and 0.80–0.97 for 1tR and 2tR, respectively. This approach was then applied to propose 6 compounds which may be incorrectly identified based on the differences of >2 times of the standard deviations between 2tR,sim and the experimental 2tR in both residue and leave-one-out analyses.

Inter-Tree Variation in the Chemical Composition of Boswellia papyrifera Oleo-Gum-Resin

Frankincense is a fragrant resin produced by Boswellia species, and has been used for centuries as a perfume, medicine, and incense, and is an important cosmetic and therapeutic product today. A number of studies have been conducted on the resin essential oils, but many have used commercial sources outside of the country of origin, leading to potential taxonomic confusion or misidentification. Individual Boswellia papyrifera resin samples were each obtained directly from 11 individual trees in Sudan, hydrodistilled, the volatile phytochemicals determined by gas chromatographic methods, and the chemical compositions subjected to cluster analysis. All samples were very similar, with high levels of octyl acetate (49.5%-81.0%) and octanol (6.5%-13.7%), and varying levels of diterpenoids (6.6%-32.7%). The cluster analysis indicated 3 highly similar groups, defined by (1) relatively higher levels of octyl acetate (58.9%-81.0%), but with low levels of diterpenoids (6.6%-18.6%); (2) relatively lower levels of octyl acetate (49.5%-61.3%), but with a higher proportion of diterpenoids (19.0%-22.8%); and (3) with octyl acetate (51.6%) and diterpenoids (32.7%).

Exploring the management and integration of national parks in Northern Ethiopia: The case of Kafta Shiraro National Park

The study was conducted in Kafta-Shiraro in Northern region of Ethiopia. The study uses two important parameters to realize the objective of the study investigating themanagement and integration of the park, one is studying and explaining the community perceptions towards elephant (flagship species) conservation in Kafta Shiraro National Park (KSNP) and secondly compare and contrast the population structure and density of the (economically important plant) Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst inside and outside of the protected areas and the study contribute to the scientific bases for improved management of biodiversity and its conservation system. A total of 100 households were selected from 10 villages using a stratified random sampling. A rapid vegetation assessment survey was conducted in two Boswellia stands, inside the park and outside the park at villages in order to examine the status of the resource base. A total of 40 sample plots of size 20 X 20 m were laid at regular interval along parallel transects with smaller sample plots of size 5 X 5 m nested in the center of each plot for regeneration count. The conflicts between humans and wildlife in KSNP have been getting worse over time and underline the need to find a workable solution to stop the progress of encroaching human activities that are core factors in the conflict. The underlying factors were found to be free encroachment into the wildlife home ranges, mainly for cultivation and dry wood collection. The factors that contributed to the poor conservation of African elephant included weak community awareness and understaffed anti-poaching and patrolling team of the KSNP. The improper land use by host settlers locally called “wefrizemet” as well as legal settlers maximizes the level of habitat disturbance (threat of the elephants in the park) due to illegal cultivation with high number of livestock crossing to the park. B. papyrifera population structure illustrates that natural regeneration is lacking in all two study areas. Additionally, the population of Boswellia in the study areas is unstable and under threat due to lack of recruitments through regeneration. Based on the stands structure analysis, it is hypothesized that lack of natural regeneration is primarily caused by livestock grazing pressure and the absence of recruitment is largely caused by lack of seed production by mother trees as the result of intensive tapping of the frankincense. KSNP is deteriorating due to a lack of integration and development cooperation between the Park and the surrounding local community as well as administration the minimal managerial and institutional capacity of the Park, minimal alternative livelihoods for the surrounding communities, inadequate commitment among all officials in taking the Park as an issue of development agenda, absence of legal procedures and understandings on expansion of large scale farms, unplanned and non-integrated land use systems, and a lack of appropriate outreach programs needed to change the attitudes of the surrounding communities. Collaborative Park management is urgently required to rescue KSNP; agreement should be made from National to Woreda level stakeholders.

Extraction and characterization of aromatic essential oils for natural perfume formulation

The purpose of this study was to extract essential oils from selected medicinal and aromatic plant leaves and flowers for natural perfume formulation. Fragrant essential oils were extracted from Lavandula angustifolia (leaves and flowers) (1.30%), Cymbopogon martini (leaves) (1.04%), Rosmarinus officinalis (leaves) (0.91%), Cymbopogon nardus (leaves) (0.83%), Juniperus procera (fruit) (2.3 %), and Thymus schimperi (leaves) (1.17%) by using steam distillation, whereas resin was obtained from Boswellia papyrifera (5%) using Soxhlet extractor (hexane), both extractants were analyzed by GC-MS. Camphor (21.19%), α-Thujene (16.29%), endo-borneol (14.08%), β-pinene (9.22%) and α-pinene (7.07%) in L. angustifolia; geraniol (40.89%), β-Myrcene (9.34%), 2,4,6,octatriene,2,6-dimethyl (8.20%), β–ocimene (5.93%) in C. martini; α- pinene (38%), eucalyptol (27.76%), caryophyllene (7.37%) and bornanone (7.27%) in R. officinalis; α-pinene (85.68%) and α-Sabinene (13%) in J. procera; citronellal (38.21%), citronellol (23.16%) and 3-carene (14.26%) of C. nardus and Incensole (53.%) and Pulespenone (46.95%) from resins of B. papyrifera were found as major components. Local perfumes were formulated using different proportions of fragrance essential oils and ethyl alcohol as a solvent. The main chemical compounds that are found in fragrant essential oils such as linalool, geraniol, citronellol, α-pinene, β-pinene, citronellal and eucalyptol determined the perfume scent. The panelist hedonic test showed that the first chosen perfume containing, L. angustifolia as top note; C. martini as a middle note and B. papyrifera as a base note and the second one containing C. nardus as top note; R. officinalis as a middle note and B. papyrifera as base note. Generally, the selected essential oils could be used as a substitute for the production of natural perfume for Air freshener or body splash after further toxicological tests are performed on the product.

Cytotoxicity Potential of Essential Oils and Extracts of Oleo-Gum Resins from Boswellia papyrifera (Tarak tarak) Grown in Different Regions of the Sudan

In this study, three samples of oleo-gum resins of Boswellia papyrifera (Tarak tarak) grown in different regions of the Sudan were used ( Kordofan , Damazine and Nagawa ). Solvent extracts, acid fractions and essential oils of the three samples were evaluated for their cytotoxicity potential via the brine shrimp lethality assay. Results revealed a dose–dependent response in mortality, and where the degree of lethality was directly proportional to the concentration of the extracts. Among all tested materials, the best cytotoxic activity was exhibited by the methanolic extracts and acid fractions of the three samples, non acid fractions from Kordofan and Damazine olibanum as well as the petroleum extract of Damazine sample. All examined materials, excluding the volatile oils of Damazine and Nagawa samples, showed high cytotoxicity with LD 50 values less than 20 μg /ml; thus can be used to predict anti-carcinogenic activity.

Comparative Study and GC/MS Analyses of Oleo-Gum Resins extracts obtained from Boswellia papyrifera (Tarak tarak)

Three samples of oleogum resins of Boswellia papyrifera grown in some parts of the Sudan were subjected to screening with the objective of evaluating phytochemical constituents of their extracts (petroleum ether , and methanol) as well as their acid fractions. Gas chromatography/Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis revealed that the main components in the petroleum ether extracts were sequentially naphtho [1, 2-b] furan-2-one (24.23%), oleic acid (22.39%) and octadecanoic acid (20.45%), whereas the principal chemical compounds in the methanolic extracts were lycopene (13.78%), oleic acid (28.60%) and benzoic acid (26.90%). The dominant molecule in the acid fractions of both Kordofan and Damazine samples was hexadecanoic acid (16.46% and 23.33%, respectively), while that from Nagawa olibanum was oleic acid (15.34%).