Bosnia Research Articles

The Destruction of Cultural Property of the Muslim Community during the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The purpose of this work is to present the process of the destruction of cultural property of the Muslim community during the warfare conducted on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) in 1992–1995. The work is based on historical and press sources in Serbian, Bosnian and Croatian. Field research conducted in 2000 and 2022 to obtain information on the number of demolished and restored mosques in BiH also makes an important contribution. In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted with Slovak soldiers who served in NATO IFOR operations, as well as with representatives of international institutions. Research results indicate that during the war in BiH (1992–1995) the Muslim community suffered the greatest losses of cultural property. 614 mosques were destroyed. Serbian armed troops carried out most of the damage, while Croatian armed troops did less. After the war, no individual was held responsible for the destruction of cultural property. The case of BiH shows that international law still does not protect religious sites.

Assessing the Banking Sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina: An Analysis of Financial Indicators through the MEREC and MARCOS Methods

Abstract The banking sector assumes a pivotal role in the economic development of nations. The assessment of financial indicators pertaining to banks holds fundamental importance in the evaluation of bank stability and sustainability. This research employs the MEREC (Method based on the Removal Effects of Criteria) and MARCOS (Measurement of Alternatives and Ranking according to COmpromise Solution) methodologies to delve deeper into the financial landscape of the banking sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Specifically, the objective is to rank banks according to their financial indicators, utilizing financial data from the year 2022. The MEREC method is applied to gauge the significance of financial indicators and ascertain their respective weights, while the MARCOS method is employed to rank banks within BiH based on their financial indicators. The examination of financial indicators within the BiH banking sector, facilitated by the MEREC and MARCOS methodologies, yields a more comprehensive understanding of the sector’s present condition. Limitations of this research, which primarily stem from its reliance on available financial data and predefined methodologies, lies within limited consideration for external factors. To provide a broader contextual perspective, the inclusion of additional financial indicators and comparative analyses with banking sectors of other nations would be imperative. The findings of this research reveal that Raiffeisen Bank exhibits the most favourable financial indicators and demonstrates the highest level of efficiency within this context. Consequently, this research offers insights into identifying exemplary banks that can serve as models for enhancing the performance of others.

On Occasion of the Thirty Years of the Establishing Avicena Publisher and its Medical Journals Medical Archives and Acta Informatica Medica

Here we will focus on two of the four indexed biomedical journals that were published in Sarajevo during wartime conditions in 1992-1995. The first is the Medical Archives, which was founded in 1947 and whose last editor until 1991 was the respected Academician Mirko Grujic, and whose last edited issue remained in storage (then the printing was done on Heidelberg machines and the text was typed using lead letters) and that unprinted issue – the number one volume in 1991 never even came out. Given that the contracts with the strongest index database MEDLINE included the Contract of the Assembly of doctors of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), which at that time was the owner of the journal, and the pause in printing had already been going on for two years, Medline withdrew this journal as well. Numerous correspondences with the main responsible person Mr. Sheldon Kotzin, we received an unexpected consent from the Medline database to try to fill the gap with at least a few double-issues within 6 months, and Medline will meet us and reactivate the depositing of the Medical Archive in Medline. In addition to these facts, I was reminded of the incredible activities related to the preparation and printing of 47 books and monographs out of a total of 98 in B&H in the war period 1992-1995, and their list is in the attached tables. Those war publications were created in various ways. Very important collection of published monographs are printed during wartime written by very famous scientists from Golden Arabic Ages: Ibn Sina, Ibn Haitham, Ibn Rushd, Ibn Nafis, Al Biruni, Ar Razi, which has been forgotten, translated by famous professors Sakir Sikiric and Hamdija Karamehmedovic until 1962. In addition to these facts, I was reminded of the incredible activities related to the preparation and printing of 4 scientific journals out of 8 biomedicine which today indexed journals in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Very important item from wartime was recording documetary movie "Amputation or Reconstruction in Wartime Conditions" recorded by Izet Masic and Zoran Ridjanovic which made in 1994 and showen in Lisbon during MIE '94 Conefernce as one of war miracles. Finaly, during wartime in B&H Avicena organized and published Proceedings of ten scientific meetings held in sieged Sarajevo and all presented papers were published and deposited in PubMed Central database. Total amount of published books and monographs during past thirty years is more than 200, and, also published papers by Avicena during 30 years in four Avicena Publisher's journals have number more than 15,000 papers writen at least by 60,000 authors, from over 50 countries from all continents, and almost a half of them are stored in most influential indexed databases. It is incredible job of one very small publisher from small countriy.

(NE)OPRAVDANOST SNIŽAVANJA STAROSNE GRANICE NASTUPANJA KRIVIČNE ODGOVORNOSTI U FEDERACIJI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE

In the middle of 2023, a thirteen-year-old elementary school student in Lukavac (Bosnia and Herzegovina) shot a teacher with a firearm, causing him life-threatening injuries. It happened just one month after a much more monstrous crime had been committed by his peer in a school in Belgrade. Taking into consideration that in accordance with the positive (juvenile) criminal legislation in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, young persons of that age cannot be prosecuted by the criminal justice authorities, because the age limit for the onset of criminal responsibility is 14 years, in light of the aforementioned events, one of the vice presidents of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina submitted an initiative to the competent Ministry of Justice to amend the relevant legislation by lowering, or redefining the age limit for the onset of criminal responsibility. The paper presents different models of defining the age limits of criminal responsibility in comparative law, as well as tendencies related to their lowering, i.e. raising in the national laws of countries around the world in the last few decades. After that, the paper analyses the relevant international and supranational legal standards in this area, as well as the results of certain (neuro) scientific research related to this issue. Based on all of the above, it is concluded that the initiative to lower or redefine the age of criminal responsibility in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina does not have a valid scientific and legal foundation and that it represents a kind of moral panic and penal populism.

Uticaj inflacije na ekonomski rast u Bosni i Hercegovini

The objective of this research is to analyze the impact of inflation on economic growth in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) from 2017 to 2023. Utilizing data on annual inflation rates and GDP figures, the study employs a correlational-regression analysis conducted with IBM SPSS software to examine the relationship between inflation and GDP growth. The results indicate a significant fluctuation in inflation rates, particularly with a dramatic spike in 2022, and a consistent upward trend in GDP growth, except for a minor decline in 2020 attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic. The regression analysis suggests that while high inflation in 2022 coincided with substantial GDP growth, the overall impact of inflation on economic growth appears complex and multifaceted, influenced by other underlying economic factors. The conclusion drawn from this study is that inflation in BiH has a nuanced relationship with economic growth, necessitating a balanced approach in monetary and fiscal policies to sustain economic stability and growth.

The Newsletter of the European Federation for Medical Informatics

This publication has always been a cornerstone of our community, providing valuable insights, updates, and a platform for sharing the incredible work of our members. It was initiated during the EFMI presidency of Catherine Chronaki (Belgium, Greece), with our enthusiastic colleague, Izet Masic (Bosnia Herzegovina), serving as the first Editor-in-Chief. The past year has been a period of reflection and rejuvenation for our team. We took this time to evaluate how best to serve you, our esteemed members, and ensure that our newsletter remains a vital resource in our professional journey together. We continue the traditional general content of previous editions, introducing a structural organization by sections, each coordinated by a guest editor. Additionally, we have expanded the range of topics, introducing articles on opinions as well as including some highlights from our previous meetings. This edition features three special sections.

What Women Politicians Could, Would, and Should, but Cannot Do

This paper analyses the main barriers to women’s political representation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) from the perspective of female parliamentarians. The theoretical section presents the main obstacles to women’s political representation, followed by an overview of trends in the political representation of women and the controversies surrounding the presence of women in politics within the ethnocratic context of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Using the data from qualitative research, gathered through in-depth interviews with female MPs from BH elected to state and entity parliaments, this paper analyses and discusses the main obstacles to the political representation of women. They include challenges relating to family life and traditional gender roles, internal party processes and dynamics, especially informal relations among men, lack of support in election campaigns and various manoeuvres to circumvent quotas, shrunken space for women in parliaments, and distorted representation in the media. The experiences of the interlocutors are strongly gendered, and all the mentioned obstacles prove to be relevant, regardless of their varying impact on individual women MPs. Even interlocutors who have not personally encountered certain obstacles acknowledge their existence, noting that their female colleagues in politics have experienced them, sometimes in a brutal manner. There is agreement among the interlocutors that women are severely disadvantaged in politics. Therefore, serious additional positive measures should be taken to improve gender equality, given that the ethnocratic system favours ethnic representation and men maintain a firm grip on political power in post-conflict BH society.

Leading the way – presence of brown bear <i>Ursus arctos</i>, lynx <i>Lynx lynx</i> and grey wolf <i>Canis lupus</i> underlines the integrity and corridor function of the upper Neretva Valley in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Despite its connecting character to the Sutjeska National Park in the North-East, the course of the upper Neretva (Ulog and Borač valley) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), has to date not been an area of focus for carnivore research. With the aim of contributing to an improved understanding of the present distribution of large and endangered carnivores in this area, a field survey was conducted during the Neretva Science Week 2022. Opportunistic data collection was carried out along a predefined road transect (20 km) and six line transects (13 km) tracked by foot. Additionally, reports of mammal signs for six corresponding research sites along the Neretva were registered. Altogether, at least 15 mammal species could be distinguished. From the identified carnivores, four are listed in Annex II of the Habitats Directive. Furthermore, the signs of lynx presence, in addition to brown bear and grey wolf, highlight the connectivity value of the upper Neretva in its current state. Based on information from local practitioners, the main threats to large carnivores are hunting pressure and a negative perception as competitors. A likely decline in habitat quality and fragmentation, due to the planned hydropower plants expansion and logging activities, exacerbate these threats. Consequently, further systematic monitoring is recommended to assess the possible impact of human driven environmental changes.

Personal Health Data and the Significance of Its Administrative Protection

The issue of personal data protection has been one of the focal points of attention in recent decades. This is because the protection of personal data is a form of realizing the right to privacy as a fundamental human right. Personal data refers to information about a specific individual’s characteristics that serves as a means of their identification. Personal data protection in Bosnia and Herzegovina is regulated by the Law on Personal Data Protection. This law governs the principles of personal data processing, the obligations of data controllers and processors, the rights of data subjects, as well as sanctions for violations of the law. Since 2016, the protection of personal data in the European Union has been regulated by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which has significantly improved the system for protecting personal data. A particularly significant category of personal data is personal health data, which includes identification and identifying information about an individual’s health and medical condition, their medical diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, as well as information about substances that can identify that individual. Data related to an individual’s health is a crucial and potentially vulnerable aspect of their life. These are the most intimate data about an individual, the unauthorized and unjustified disclosure of which can subject them to shame, ridicule, and stigmatization, causing them significant, primarily non-material, harm. Misuse of patient information not only violates their privacy but also undermines their dignity. Therefore, personal health data can only be processed for health-related purposes, i.e., for the benefit of the individual and society as a whole. Laws regulating patients’ rights in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (the Law on Healthcare and the Law on the Rights, Obligations, and Responsibilities of Patients) guarantee patients the right to confidentiality of information and privacy, the right to data secrecy, and the right to access their medical records. The provisions of these laws significantly meet the standards for the protection of personal health data. However, in order to improve the situation in this area, there is a need to harmonize the provisions of the general data protection law, which is subsidiarily applied in the protection of personal health data, with the provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation.

Why rights should not be considered (entirely) constricted and why identities are not exactly imagined: A reply to Alma Begicevic and Jennifer Balint

Abstract In their recent article “Constricted Rights and Imagined Identities: Peace and Accountability Processes and Constitution-Making in Bosnia and Herzegovina,” Alma Begicevic and Jennifer Balint argue that underlying reasons for the seemingly sudden establishment of the complex constitutional arrangements in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) are associated with the abrupt adoption of the Dayton Peace Agreement and its Annex IV (the Constitution of BH) that introduced the ethnoterritorial setup and the lack of accountability of the neighboring countries for the atrocities committed during the Bosnian War. As a consequence, the country cannot effectively (re)construct a nation state and, instead, suffers from a lack of homogeneity. Moreover, post-conflict institutional and procedural arrangements appear to be comparatively uncharted territory. This article scrutinizes and counters these claims with the thesis that territorial accommodation of differences is a rather frequent approach in fragmenting systems with competing identities. To substantiate the thesis, the article draws on the concepts of cohesion and stability linked to adaptiveness and coordination. It then analyzes the role of the power ratio during the Bosnian War and the internal building blocks that contributed to the ethnoterritorial setup. Finally, the article focuses on the concept of equality in complex systems linked to mutual respect, solidarity, and trust to analyze the necessity for plural equality in BH.

Assessment of Innovativeness of the EU Candidate Countries Based on the European Innovation Scoreboard

Innovation is seen as a key capability for maintaining a competitive advantage, creating value for customers, and capturing a larger share of the market. In the contemporary world economy, understood as a set of mutual connections and interdependencies, innovations are crucial for economic growth and competitiveness. Internationalization and globalization processes in the world economy also concern the innovativeness of economies, and are visible in international use of technologies developed within national innovation systems, globalization of the creation and implementation of innovations, international (global) cooperation in research and development and innovation activities, international (global) protection of intellectual property. The aim of the article is to assess the level of innovativeness of the economies of selected European Union candidate countries based on the Summary Innovation Index (SII) and its components, as well as to estimate the innovation gap between these countries and the EU average of the Summary Innovation Index in 2023. The analysis was limited to Turkey (TR), Serbia (RS), Albania (AL), Montenegro ME), North Macedonia (MK), Bosnia and Herzegovina (BA) and Ukraine (UA) due to the availability of data describing the Summary Innovation Index, provided for all the EU candidate countries surveyed in the European Innovation Scoreboard. The paper formulates a research thesis assuming that the surveyed EU candidate countries are characterized by a lower level of innovativeness of economies than the EU average of the Summary Innovation Index and its components. Therefore, they show an innovation gap compared to the average for European Union countries in 2023. The results of the analysis only partially confirm this thesis. The article reviewed the literature on the innovation and innovativeness of economies and the innovation gap. The applied methods include descriptive analysis, statistical data analysis and comparative analysis along with statistical data from the European Innovation Scoreboard 2023.

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA TOURISM ONLINE: (IN)ACCESSIBILITY OF LOCAL COLOR RELATING TO ARCHITECTURE TERMS

Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), a country rich in history and culture, has for centuries been at the crossroads between the West and the East, which has resulted in quite a mixture of cross-cultural elements that pose many obstacles for translators. As the issues of tourism-language translation have been relatively underexplored in BiH, this article attempts to investigate the extent to which the translators of tourism-related content available online succeeded in making the local color of architecture-related terms accessible to foreign visitors. The article also examines whether the issue of accessibility of local color was addressed adequately by local translators. Many formal and informal online sources were used for the selection of prominent cultural terms and their English translations, which were analyzed in terms of lexis and semantics. We identified many examples where the cultural content was made accessible to the target audience, as well as examples where the transfer of the cultural content was done less successfully. In cases where translators experienced difficulty while transferring cultural terms, we attempted to draw prospective translators’ attention to potential pitfalls in the process of cultural mediation in translation from BiH’s official languages into English. Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina, tourism online, mediation, (in)accessibility, local color, translation, architecture

APPLICATION OF DIBR AND MAIRCA METHODS IN THE EVALUATION OF THE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE ECONOMY OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

The issue of analyzing factors of the dynamics of the economic performance of every economy, including Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), is continuously very current, challenging, significant, and complex. An adequate control of the key factors can significantly influence the achievement of the target economic performance of BiH’s economy. The application of multi-criteria decision-making methods enables an adequate control of the key factors of the economic performance of BiH’s economy. Bearing that in mind, this paper analyzes the dynamics of the economic performance of BiH’s economy in the period 2013 - 2022 based on the DIBR and MAIRCA methods. The top five years of the economic performance of BiH’s economy according to the DIBR and MAIRCA methods fall in the following order: 2021, 2022, 2018, 2019, and 2017. The worst economic performance in BiH’s economy was registered in 2020, which was contributed, among other things, by the Covid-19 pandemic. Generally speaking, the economic performance of BiH’s economy significantly improved recently. This was influenced by adequate management of the analyzed statistical variables (gross domestic product, inflation, agriculture, industry, export, import, capital, income, taxes, time required to start business – days, and domestic loans provided by the financial sector). The factors such as the geopolitical situation, the economic climate, foreign direct investments, the energy crisis, the digitalization of company's entire operation, the application of sustainable development concept and other others are also important. In any case, the adequate control of these variables can greatly influence the achievement of the target economic performance of BiH’s economy.

Prosecution of Environmental Crime in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the Period 2018–2020

The paper analyzes issues related to the criminal prosecution of perpetrators of crimes against the environment, especially from the aspect of criminal legislation and the practice itself in the prosecution of these crimes against the environment in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bearing in mind that in criminal offenses against the environment, as a rule, there is no immediate victim, and that this type of criminality can remain unnoticed for a long period of time before any possible damage becomes visible, in this paper, the review of official statistical data offers an overview related to the processing of these of criminal offenses in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the selected three-year period from 2018 to 2020. Although the majority of criminal legislation in the countries of the former Yugoslavia, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, sets a high level of environmental protection, the analysis of official statistical data cannot conclude that the detection and prosecution of this type of criminal offense has a sufficient prioritization in Radujoš. both with administrative bodies and with criminal prosecution bodies, regardless of the developed capacities about the dangers and serious consequences of this type of criminality. In this regard, in addition to the practice of prosecuting criminal offenses against the environment in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the paper also offers a set of recommendations for decision makers on systemic steps for adequate environmental protection.

Peritoneal dialysis in Herzegovina, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: 18 years of experience from our center.

Due to treatment of end-stage-renal-disease (ESRD), continuous peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is used in 11% of cases and is associated with several PD-associated infections. Clinical data on 71 patients with CAPD were evaluated in addition to exit site infections and episodes of acute peritonitis (AP). There were 39 men and 32 women. Average age was 61 years when we began CAPD and average time spent on CAPD program was 3.35 years. Illness that dominantly caused ESRD was diabetes (23 patients). Exit site infection was mostly caused by S epidermidis-MRSE and AP was most commonly caused by Staphylococcus sp. group. Most common cause of death was cardiovascular disease. At the end of this study, 9 patients were alive and still on CAPD, 10 were transplanted, 15 switched to HD and 36 died. Optimal prevention measures and treatment of infectious complications in CAPD is necessary for better treatment possibilities.

Social-cultural features of the suicidal behaviour in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The paper considers specific factors related to suicide and the influence of general, social-cultural factors on suicide in a typical post-war society - Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH). Many researchers focus on the life history of a person that committed suicide in order to get a better understanding of its social-psychological and other factors. However, the authors consider the social-economic factors of suicide based on the survey on social-cultural characteristics of suicide in BH. Part of the sample consisted of respondents that were friends or neighbours of the suicider. BH is a multicultural society that suffered war events not so long ago, which determined social-economic devastation and misery. The consequences are post-traumatic syndrome, high unemployment, social disorders, and social-pathological phenomena, including suicide. In BH, suicide is largely determined by the social circumstances, while certain social-psychological factors seem to be less important (individual pain and suffering caused by accidents or discomforts). Therefore, to understand the causes of increased suicide rates in certain periods and societies, we need to analyse the very nature of the particular society. The suicide rate in BH was considered through the social-cultural determinants of suicide. The ten-year timeframe does not exclude the impact of the previous turbulent period, including a decade of great political turmoil and economic crisis in the post-war society. Thus, the authors studied the statistical data collected by the relevant public institutions and the survey data collected with three questionnaires. Based on that data, the authors analysed in detail the causes of suicide in BH and the effects of specific social-cultural factors in the society trying to overcome the consequences of war after two decades of interethnic conflicts and strong international involvement. By considering the biography, interpersonal relationships, physical and mental health, lifestyle and other aspects of life of the person that committed suicide, the authors identify the most significant risk factors of suicidal behaviour, which may influence a personal decision to commit suicide (including ‘triggers’ and the level of suicidal intent). The social-cultural aspects of suicide prove that this phenomenon has a historical, cultural, religious and global social dimension, which means the need in its multidisciplinary study.

STUDENTS’ PHONEMIC TRANSCRIPTION ERROR ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY IN TUZLA AND BANJA LUKA ENGLISH DEPARTMENTS

This paper examines phonemic transcription errors of L2 learners of English, majoring in English language and literature, undergraduate students affiliated with the English Departments in two of the country’s major university cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), as case study and provides a comparison of their performance across several levels. The paper is a result of collaboration between two English Departments in BiH, one based in Tuzla and the other one in Banja Luka. The main focus of the paper is to look into English phonemic transcription errors made by students of English at the Bachelor’s level.The study encompasses a total of 30 students from the English Department in Tuzla, and 40 students in the Banja Luka English Department in the academic year 2022/2023. All students attended the English Phonetics and Phonology courses taught during the first year of study. Students’ English transcription errors were first collected and then analysed and categorised, respectively, focusing on the most important aspects of connected speech. More specifically, the study shows the extent to which the two groups of students, following the same curriculum and syllabus, developed their English phonemic transcription skills, with a particular focus on the use of diacritics for aspirated and unexploded plosives, velarized, dental and syllabic consonants. Additionally, keeping in mind that various phonological phenomena are found in connected speech, the paper focuses on coalescence (the coalescent type of assimilation) as one of the most frequent such phenomena found in everyday usage. In the concluding remarks, the paper discusses the levels to which both groups of students in the two English Departments have succeeded in comprehending basic terms in this field, an understanding of the sound system in English, and to what degree they mastered narrow transcription skills in particular.

DEVELOPING STEPS TO IMPROVE ADHERENCE IN HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS DAILY PRACTICE

Adherence is a a term that has been prominently used and emphasized recently, representing the connection between a patient and their treatment. Medical adherence has its hierarchical structure, with roots primarily stemming from legislative bodies to the healthcare system, institutions and ultimately healthcare professionals (doctors, nurses, technicians). However, medical adherence faces a significant obstacle in achieving therapy goals and improving treatment outcomes among many patients, especially those with chronic conditions. Social and sociental conditions, as well as the state organization in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), greatly influence the healthcare system and the purchasing power of healthcare service users. Due to significant barriers and challenges regarding adherence, efforts are being made to maintain a system that supports increasing patient adherence levels. Within this research paper, three questionable theses are presented: internal and external education, improvement of the healthcare system and the implementation of systematic data collection on patient adherence. All three questionable thesis recived positive feedback from respondents (200 participants). From the first thesis, 154 respondents voted in favor, for the second thesis, 142 respondents and for the third thesis, 134 respondents agreed with the proposed suggestions. Unfortunately, in BiH insufficinet attention is given to patient adherence and there is no unified strategy to increase adherence levels. Internal and external education would be essential as healthcare workers are not adequately trained, nor are conditions created for its implementation. Increasing the level of adherence can greatly benefit healthcare workers in their daily practice if they have adequate conditions in place. Unfortunately, a significant number of healthcare employees lack the knowledge, experience and a clearly defined strategy on how to increase patient adherence. The complexity of measuring adherence only adds to the intricacy of an already complex problem and the inefficiency and sluggishness of the healthcare system hinder the creation of appropriate activities that should result in increased patient adherence. The patient’s adhrence is influenced by numerous factors for which there is no unique solution or overcoming suggestions. Also, problems in the process of identifying and measuring adherence further complicate the already complex matter and the process of increasing user adherence. Creating a strategy to improve adhrence at the state level in Bosnia and Herzegovina is almost impossible; therefore, the increase in adhrence can only be achived at the level of the patient, healthcare personnel and ideally, at the level of healthcare institutions. Unfortunately, in most cases, conditions and workload do not allow healthcare workers to spend enough time with patients, establish adequate communication and demonstrate that the patient is genuinely important to them. Providing not only the necessary care but also essential information about the illness and treatment can directly impact the level of patient adhrence. The healthcare system in developed countries, although technologically possible, lacks and adequate mechanism for collecting, processing and analyzing data related to the adherence level of patients with a specific condition or in a particular geographic region. Data is often collected based on indirect methods that do not provide accurate and precise information, posing a significant challenge in proving the role and importance of medical adhrence in the healthcare system and treatment outcomes. Considering that the adhrence level ranges from 43% to 78%, which is too high for certain treatment regimens, legislative reforms are needed. In addition to the law and its govering body, it is necssary to ensure all essential materials, from medications to specific medical supplies are provided to all healthcare institutions, hospitals and healthcare centres. Both internal and external education are crucial for patient treatment and therefore it sholud be implemented and carried out on a monthly basis. In addition to healthcare professionals, the education of patients with medical conditions is essential, considering they can be divided into those who are not familiar with using modern technologies to educate themselves and understand the role and significance of medical adherence. Moreover, there are patients who are adept at using modern tchnology to research their condition and treatment options, but they lack sufficinet knowledge and information to assess the accuracy of the available data.

The Role of Metadata in the Presentation of Türbe in Digital Environment

Modern technologies enable the presentation of diverse movable and immovable cultural heritage objects in a digital environment in new and creative ways, which at the international level has resulted in the development of numerous and diverse digital collections created by information and other institutions. Since the visibility of such collections in the virtual environment depends on the wealth of metadata assigned to the sources in the collections, as expected, these initiatives were accompanied by development in the metadata domain. In this regard, and considering that the role of metadata in the presentation of turbe as very specific objects of the immovable cultural heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the online environment has not been examined so far, the goal of this research is to identify which metadata standards or their combinations can be used for the description of turbe in Omeka Classic environment, and consequently to create a collection of the selected corpus of turbe, available in open access, whereby the corpus of research refers to turbe (türbe/tomb) that are named as national monuments in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The results of the research indicate that within the workspace of the Omeka Classic web publishing platform by using the predefined Dublin Core and VRA Core metadata fields in combination, the basic needs of corpus description can be met in a clear, uniform, and informative way, but in this regard, indications of the future development of the collection in the context of its semantic enrichment are also provided.

How fragile are buildings in Bosnia and Herzegovina once exposed to earthquake motion?

The 2020 earthquakes that hit the Croatian capital city Zagreb and Petrinja revealed the (un)preparedness of the country once exposed to strong earthquake motion. Three years after, numerous buildings out of 25,000 that have been heavily damaged and destroyed still have not been reconstructed. The effect of the earthquake was felt as well in the bordering cities and towns in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH). Seismic assessment of the existing buildings in BIH is done by individual researchers and there is no defined methodology not policy for such activities. This paper aims to present the work that has been done in this field up to now and to give guidelines for the further work that needs to be conducted. The starting point was the calculation of the earthquake risk for the entire Bosnia and Herzegovina based on the rapid assessment taking into account the vulnerability of buildings, seismic hazard, and population exposure. A more detailed assessment was conducted for the three largest cities in BIH, specifically Sarajevo, Banja Luka, and Tuzla. Typical residential masonry structures were identified, and detailed calculations were conducted, leading to the need for their strengthening. To have a more detailed picture much work has to be conducted.