English Borrowings Research Articles

Norms of Translating Medical Terms in English Patient Information Leaflets into Kurdish

Patient Information Leaflets (PILs) are documents included in medicine packages and provide important information about the medication for patients. This study investigates the translation problems of English PILs into Sorani Kurdish. The aim of this study is to identify the translation procedures used for translating medical terminologies in PILs for lay people. It also aims to reveal which translational norms are operating in Kurdish translations of PILs. To do so, the study employs a corpus of 150 English PILs along with their Kurdish translations. To analyse the corpus, the researcher adopts Toury’s (1995-2012) three-phase methodology within the descriptive approach of translation. It also uses Vinay and Darbelnet’s (1995) translation procedures to determine how translators handled terminological rendering in the Kurdish PILs. According to the findings, nine types of translation procedures were used in translating the terminologies, with borrowing had the highest frequency, and modulation having the lowest frequency. They also revealed that Toury’s initial norms were predominantly operating in the translated PILs which labelled them as adequate translations. The translators’ choice to closely follow the original PILs was indicative of their attempt to meet the expectations of PILs’s target users, thus, revealing Chesterman’s expectancy norms therein. The study concludes that the translation of PILs into Kurdish is not regulated within the medical field and that is mainly related to the absence of an officially regulated body in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. It also concludes that while the seemingly established norm of PIL translation into Kurdish highly relies on English borrowings, it is a significant step towards developing Kurdish medical language.

Sociolinguistic Style, Awareness, and Agency among Southern California Latinx Spanish–English Bilinguals

This study examined different degrees of awareness regarding the stigmatization of Southern California (SoCal) Spanish across four groups of Spanish–English bilinguals from Southern California (n = 87). The participants were presented with Spanish sentences and asked to decide which profile of speaker would likely express that sentence, given six options, such as: “someone living in Los Angeles/SoCal who grew up in Mexico” or “a Spanish-English bilingual who grew up in Los Angeles/SoCal”. Experimental stimuli included seven different linguistic categories of stigmatization, including English contact forms. The participants tended to attribute the stigmatized forms to bilinguals who grew up in Southern California. Central Colloquial and Taboo categories were more salient and perceived as forms used by people in Mexico. In contrast, English borrowings and redundancies seemed to be recognized by the participants, particularly for simultaneous bilinguals who grew up in Southern California, as salient forms of an identified Southern California Spanish variety. The results are interpreted within Exemplar Theory, with certain stigmatized forms indexing “Mexican Spanish” exemplars, and English borrowings identified as exemplars of SoCal Spanish. We advocate for usage-based approaches to understanding language perceptions and critical approaches to interrogating academic discourses.

Analysis of specialized sports-related anglicisms

The aim of this study is to provide updated evidence of the use of non-adapted, adapted and false sports-related anglicisms in the European Spanish press. Specifically, this piece of research attempts to unveil technical/semi-technical English borrowings and to explore the pragmatic functions of these English lexical units in the current digital Spanish newswire. The method consisted of examining eight different media by using the constantly updating database of anglicisms ‘Observatorio Lázaro’ throughout a period of 9 months. A sample of 130 English lexical items was collected and subjected to an in-depth qualitative and descriptive analysis. Each borrowing was looked up in DAD ‒the most recent dictionary of sports-related English lexical items in Spanish‒ and was illustrated by a real example of its use in context excerpted from present-day Spanish newspapers. Terminology associated to a broad spectrum of specific sports –such as golf, basketball, rugby, cycling, etc.– was delved into. Results show that, while some terms have no connection to the rest of borrowings, many of them can be grouped according to certain parameters. Considering pragmatic functions, the use of some anglicisms proved not to be random but to respond to news reporters’ and journalists’ purposes. The study concludes that the pervasive influence exerted by English on Spanish concerning technical/semi-technical sports anglicisms remains in full force and effect nowadays, as this impact affects the vocabulary of a wide variety of sports games and exercises.

The Syntactic Adaptation of English Borrowings in Contemporary French

This article explores the syntactic adaptation of English borrowings in contemporary French, focusing on how these borrowings are integrated into French grammar. Language borrowing is a natural consequence of globalization, cultural exchange, and technological advancement, with English serving as a dominant source of lexical enrichment for French. Through detailed analysis of borrowed nouns, verbs, adjectives, and idiomatic expressions, this study examines the grammatical modifications necessary for integrating English borrowings into French, including gender assignment, verb conjugation, and sentence structure. The article also highlights the challenges posed by phonetic and orthographic differences, as well as the tension between linguistic purism and natural language evolution. Drawing comparisons with other languages, such as Polish and Spanish, this comprehensive analysis provides insights into the future of English borrowings in French and the broader implications of linguistic adaptation in a globalized world.

Latinate Loan-Cognate Word Pairs in English and Italian: Patterns of Meaning Variation and Change

The aim of this paper is to show the existence of regularities in word meaning variation and change between Latinate borrowings in present-day English and their cognates in Italian, such as gross/grosso, lecture/lettura and rumour/rumore. Starting from an original and shared meaning core, the semantics of these etymologically related words has evolved in different directions in the two languages, often producing what are commonly known as ‘false friends’. Despite their ‘false-friendship’, however, there appear to be some recurrent patterns in meaning evolution: through a qualitative analysis of 30 pairs of English and Italian cognate words, five main processes have been identified, namely meaning bifurcation, original meaning retention, non-figurative meaning extension, figurative meaning extension (via metaphor and metonymy) and meaning inversion.

The syntax of African American English borrowings in the Louisiana Creole tense-mood-aspect system

Abstract This paper presents the typologically unusual case of borrowed tense-mood-aspect morphemes. Data are taken from Louisiana Creole, a critically endangered French-lexifier creole. Over the course of its history, Louisiana Creole has been in contact with local varieties of both French and English, including African American English. It will be shown that points of structural congruity between Louisiana Creole and African American English have facilitated the borrowing of two aspect markers for speakers competent in both varieties. African American English stressed BIN has been borrowed and marks remote past habitual, stative, and completive. The adverb still has been borrowed and subsequently has grammaticalized as a continuative marker via spec-to-head reanalysis. These borrowings are integrated into the inflectional domain as functional heads marking aspect. Their ordering constraints are evaluated relative to a previous hierarchy proposed by Rottet. Discussion of contact-induced change in creole languages has typically been confined to examination of interactions with the lexifier, the language which contributes the majority of a creole’s vocabulary (in this case, French). Fewer studies have presented detailed accounts of how creoles behave when in contact with other languages, meaning that this particular contact context remains undertheorized.

Anglicisms in the Macedonian political discourse: A serious threat or a welcome addition

The widespread presence of Anglicisms in the Macedonian language is undisputable. Anglicisms are particularly conspicuous in political discourse as politicians seem to have pronounced tendency to insert English borrowings in their public statements, speeches, discussion and debates quite frequently. While politicians thus clearly attempt to reinforce the persuasiveness of the political messages they impart to the masses, the question that arises is whether the general public endorses or condemns such a linguistic strategy. The aim of this paper is to shed some light on Macedonian native speakers’ perceptions and understanding of a list of Anglicisms that have become an integral part of Macedonian political discourse. For the purposes of this research, a tailor-made questionnaire was conducted among Macedonian speakers of different ages and educational levels. The aim was twofold – to inspect the influence of age and education on the informants’ understanding of Anglicisms, and to ascertain whether they perceive Anglicisms as a serious threat to the purity of their mother tongue or as a welcome addition that enriches it and increases its expressive potential.

New and actualised words with the <i>war</i> component in modern media discourse

Since the late 1990s, a number of new and actualised words and set expressions with the component war in their structure have appeared in the Russian-language mass media. For instance, we can give such linguistic units as examples: proksi-voyna/proksivoyna/proxy-voyna / English proxy war; kvazivoyna / English quasi war; kibervoyna / English cyber war; myatezhevoyna/myatezh-voyna / English insurgency; nedovoyna / English sub-war; para-war/para-voyna; poluvoyna / English semi-war; postvoyna / English post-war; gibridnaya v. / English hybrid war; setevaya v. / English network war; mentalnaya v. / English mental war; oposredovannaya v. / English proxy war; v. po dogovorennosti / English war by arrangement/proxy war; v. chuzhimi rukami / English proxy war, and others. The process is due to significant changes in the theory and practice of modern warfare and is primarily influenced by the English language. As a result, the basic meaning of war, i. e. ‘an armed struggle between states, nations, or social classes; military action’, has undergone some semantic widening. The article describes in detail the new English borrowing proxy war, as well as a few other new loanwords and derivatives formed from the word war and actualised lexemes with this component. The novelty of the study consists in the presentation of lexemes relevant in media discourse. They contain the word war in their composition, are related to the topic of modern interstate conflicts, and are not codified in dictionaries. The relevance is determined, on the one hand, by the high demand for these naming units in Russian-language mass media, and on the other hand, by the lack of their systematic linguistic description. The article aims to identify the range of words (containing the component war in their structure) significant for the Russian-language military and political discourse of the first twenty years of the 21st century. The other goals are to determine the mechanism of their appearance in the Russian language and characterise the semantic and stylistic features of these units. The paper draws conclusions about the role of English borrowing and actualisation in this process. Lexemes with the evaluative prefixes nedo-/sub-, polu-/ semi- and the initial components kvazi/quasi..., polu/half...) actualised in the modern extra-linguistic and linguistic context are members of the relevant word-formation patterns. The new anglicism proksi-voyna/proxy war is the semantic centre of this group. It indirectly, through the initial component proksi-/proxy-... in the meaning ‘relating to a proxy war, participating in its conduct’, influences the expansion of the vocabulary group associated with the new modern stage of interstate conflicts. Individual naming units have semantic doublets in the form of compound names. They also semantically converge with vocabulary outside this group. Changes in the semantics of the word war occur due to the loss of some features (an obligatory armed conflict, the absence of the conflict initiator on the enemy’s territory since the goal is to bring the enemy under control rather than to eliminate them, and so on) and the emergence of new ones (the use of new technical means, techniques, etc. of putting pressure on the enemy). The research material was obtained from the Integrum database, Google and Yandex resources. The study used classification in conjunction with descriptive, comparative, and componential analysis.

English Borrowings in Contemporary Italian: a Linguistic-Cognitive Aspect

In the article, the linguistic-cognitive aspect of English borrowings in contemporary Italian is considered. The globalization of the English language is one of the driving forces that raises questions about language contacts and interactions in modern linguistics. The presented scientific investigation aims to identify the linguistic-cognitive features of the usage of English borrowings in Italian-language news discourse. The linguistic-cognitive approach allows for analyzing the behavior of speakers and the organization of conceptual space in human consciousness. The article discusses the factors and phenomena to which users of the linguistic code are subordinate, as well as the impulses of internal and external systems that accelerate the penetration of English equivalents into the Italian language. English borrowings are revealed taking into account the universal characteristics of open systems. The article asserts that the analyzed linguistic-cognitive processes are universal-systemic, as they can be applied to the analysis of factors and phenomena of various natures, including linguistic and psychological.

Anglicisms in German – An Overview with Reference to the Neologismenwörterbuch in the Online-Wortschatz- Informationssystem Deutsch (OWID)

Neologisms indicate linguistic changes in the lexicon. Vocabulary is particularly prone to changes since language communities constantly need new words and phrases to denote new facts or circumstances or they require new expressions for concepts already established. New expressions are often borrowed from other languages. English has had a strong influence on German vocabulary in the last decades. Therefore, German has several English borrowings. These anglicisms differ in their degree of integration into the linguistic system and vary, for instance, with respect to usage, style, and diffusion in the language community. With the help of the Neologismenwörterbuch, it is possible to have an overview of neologisms of English origin in German that integrate different areas of language change.

The Argument Structure of the Light Verb hacer as a Means for Incorporating English Borrowings Into Peninsular Spanish

The Argument Structure of the Light Verb hacer as a Means for Incorporating English Borrowings Into Peninsular Spanish

Adaptation of British English and American English Borrowings to Autochthonous Languages of Pashto and Dari

The article deals with the analysis of the linguistic and cultural adaptation of the English language and the American English as a means of global communication in a multicultural community. The aim of the research is to conduct a comprehensive language and cultural analysis of borrowed units from British English and American English into the autochthonous languages of Pashto and Dari, functioning on the territory of Afghanistan, to determine their lexical and phonetic changes in the process of intercultural adaptation. The complex nature of the linguistic and cultural adaptation of Anglicisms in the autochthonous languages of Afghanistan is due to the long process of military operations, on the one hand, and the need to focus on cooperation with European countries at the present stage of development, on the other hand. The specificity of lexical units borrowed from British English and American English, formed under the influence of globalization and the needs of modern Afghan society, is also associated with phonetic changes and linguistic and cultural adaptation of borrowed units which is dictated by the influence of the phonetic system of local languages. The research work is carried out in line with the language and cultural approach and is based on the use of linguistic, cultural and sociological methods. The research uses the methodology of content analysis, narrative analysis, and the method of linguistic reconstruction of culture. As a result of the work, the spheres of social life of Afghans are identified for productive functioning spheres of high-frequency borrowings from English and American English into modern languages of Afghanistan, this process is dictated by the influence of extra linguistic factors, the key of which is economic development and political cooperation in the period of globalization of the world community. Borrowed lexical units are the subject to phonetic and lexical transformation processes which is dictated by the specifics of the autochthonous languages majority Pashto and Dari.

21st-Century Neologisms – Word-formative Strategies and Adaptation (a Corpus Study of English and Bulgarian)

This study focuses on some word-formative strategies used in the 21st century newly coined English vocabulary and English borrowings in Bulgarian. The fast development of new technological products necessitated the coinage of new lexical units to name them. Following the definition, the term ‘neologisms’ is appropriately associated with new words or groups of words. The corpus of this study, however, consists of vocabulary which has already been included in the dictionaries of Standard English, and Bulgarian. This research tries to determine the processes of adaptation which the English borrowings undergo when they are adopted in the target language, as well as the whole word families created around the new word. Some loan words when they enter a foreign language begin to give rise to derived units. We claim that this technique helps the progress of the new vocabulary into the target language and its assimilation.

Adaptation of English Borrowings in The Karakalpak Language

Modern linguistic phenomena in the Karakalpak language can be correlated with the rapid activation of borrowed vocabulary, this is determined primarily by those global fluctuations that occur in connection with the democratization of society, open to cooperation with other countries in various fields of activity, as well as the processes of information exchange. The article deals with the adaptation of borrowings, including anglicisms, in the Karakalpak language. Borrowings based on relations between the two peoples duly penetrated into the composition of the Karakalpak language. Based on the foregoing, we tried to systematize the most common terms used to nominate various types of groups of borrowed vocabulary

On English borrowings in the language (based on German and Azerbaijani)

On English borrowings in the language (based on German and Azerbaijani)

English Borrowing Words in Jagatplay News Articles

English Borrowing Words in Jagatplay News Articles

The Influence of Anglo-American Borrowings on the Current State of the French Language in French-Speaking Countries

The purpose of this study is to describe the language situation of the French-speaking countries in connection with the massive spread of Anglo-Americanisms and their influence on the current state of the modern French language. The research material covers 186 Anglo-American borrowings extracted from articles published and videos posted in French and Canadian periodicals, websites and forums. To achieve the purpose of the study, the following methods were used: the method of continuous sampling of the material, descriptive and comparative methods of the selected material analysis, comparative analysis of dictionary definitions, the method of contextual analysis, as well as the method of statistical data analysis. The results of the study showed that, penetrating into the French language, Anglo-Americanisms undergo lexical, morphological, graphic, syntactic and semantic assimilation in the recipient language. Lexical assimilation, in which Anglicisms are used by native French speakers without adaptation to its language system, is the most frequent phenomenon. The results of an online survey of native French speakers confirmed the following fact: a number of lexically assimilated Anglo-Americanisms most commonly used in everyday life were identified. The survey also revealed a high percentage of respondents inclined to using this layer of vocabulary in their native French language. The study also provides examples of regulatory documents and the names of some public organizations that counteract the penetration of foreign language vocabulary into the French language. An attempt is made to identify extra- and intra-linguistic factors of the integration of Anglicisms into different spheres of human activity. The authors give examples of parallel use of English borrowings and their French equivalents. In the study, the authors pay attention to the etymology of the term Franglais, give a classification of Anglo-American borrowings, as well as represent the ambiguous views of leading linguists and politicians of the French-speaking space regarding the reasons for the appearance of Franglais and their influence on the purity of the French language.

Особенности функционирования англоязычной лексемы “fashion” как доминирующей единицы дискурса моды (на материале русского языкового цифрового пространства сети Интернет)

The aim of the work is to determine the peculiarities of the functioning of the English lexeme “fashion” and its combinations as a dominant unit of fashion discourse in the Russian linguistic digital space of the Internet. The paper considers the functioning of the English lexeme “fashion” and its combinations in the receiving (Russian) language, its multilevel entry, describes the structural characteristics, suggests a thematic description. The scientific novelty of the work lies in taking a comprehensive approach to the study of the peculiarities of the English lexeme “fashion” in the modern Russian language based on the linguistic digital material of the Internet. As a result of the research, 144 English-language borrowed units with the key component “fashion” were detected, 14 thematic subgroups of the English borrowings were identified; such thematic subgroups as “Education”, “Business”, “Professions and positions”, “Professional products of activity” were highlighted. These subgroups contain the largest number of combinations with the key component “fashion” and are attributable to the scientific and technological progress, the complication of production processes, digitalisation, globalisation and other processes.

Актуализация англоязычной лексемы “food” как ключевой когнитивной единицы гастрономического дискурса в русском языковом цифровом пространстве интернет-коммуникации

The aim of the work is to discover the peculiarities of the English lexeme “food” and its combinations as a key unit of a gastronomic discourse in the linguistic digital space of Internet communication in the modern Russian language. The article considers the multilevel entry of the English lexeme “food” and its combinations in the receiving language, describes the structural and word-formation aspect, suggests a thematic description and provides linguo-pragmatic functions. The scientific novelty of the work is expressed in a comprehensive study of the peculiarities of the English lexeme “food” based on the Russian linguistic digital mаtеrial of Internet communication. As a result of the study, 128 English-language borrowed units with the key component “food” or “фуд” were detected, 13 thematic subgroups of the English borrowings were identified; such thematic subgroups as “Tools, objects, means”, “Professions and positions”, “Premises”, “Names of organizations”, “Internet”, “Business”, “Miscellanea” contain the largest number of combinations with the key component “food” and reflect the cognitive complication of the world and production processes, changes in the way of people’s life on a global scale.

Cognitive and pragmatic features of Anglicisms in Kazakh media text

Abstract The use of English words has become a fashionable trend, something that is reflected in journalistic texts and adversely affects the language of Kazakhstan. This study is aimed at investigating the linguistic and cognitive-pragmatic aspects of Anglicisms in media language and media texts in Kazakhstan. The leading methods of investigating this issue are the literary method, the method of cognitive linguistics, methods of classification, induction, deduction, generalisation, and comparison of cultural, socio-psychological and philological approaches, which will help to identify the influence and function of Anglicisms in Kazakhstan. The authors of this study have performed a detailed analysis of the literature and the content, clarifying the characteristics and features of this phenomenon. The study generalises the main inherent features of borrowings in the Kazakh language, describes the functions of borrowings in media texts, demonstrates certain aspects of the communicative potential of Anglicisms, considers the specific features of the influence of these words and phrases on the development of linguistic personality, describes the topics and situations of the use of English borrowings in the media of Kazakhstan, diagnoses the number of these words in media texts, and demonstrates the prospects for the development of this vocabulary in the media resources of Kazakhstan.