Borrowing Mechanism Research Articles

Performance enhancement of repacking and borrowing mechanisms for IEEE 802.16j multihop resource scheduling

The IEEE 802.16j standard has been proposed to triumph over the shadow fading and path attenuation problems in IEEE 802.16e networks by employing the multihop relay (MR) technology. Taking path selection and spatial reuse into account, numerous dynamic/heuristic scheduling algorithms have been presented for MR networks. Unfortunately, although these scheduling schemes can achieve high efficiency of resource utilization, almost all of their low time complexities considerably rely on expensive operations and sophisticated data structures. To maintain the simplicity and low time complexity of fixed-assignment scheduling while guaranteeing high resource utilization, this paper proposes a repacking and borrowing-based resource scheduling algorithm, RBRS, for IEEE 802.16j MR networks. In the repacking phase, a connection that is served via a direct path can be handed off to a cooperative path to release a part of its allocated base station (BS) resources. Since BS resources are shared by all connections within the BS coverage, repacking can increase the amount of available BS resources to serve the connection attempts that arrive at relay stations (RSs) currently under resource starvation. To complement repacking and further enhance the performance of RBRS, borrowing is applied. In the borrowing phase, over-loaded RSs are capable of borrowing resources from under-loaded RSs, further improving the resource utilization. Our main contributions are twofold: (1) to the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first effort in the literature to investigate the performance enhancement of repacking and borrowing operations for MR networks (including IEEE 802.16j); (2) both analytic and simulation models are developed to validate against each other and to study the performance of RBRS. The simulation results indicate that RBRS requires a low computational time which is comparable to that of fixed-assignment scheduling. Furthermore, by increasing available BS resources and balancing RS resources, RBRS shows near-optimal system capacity and throughput performance at the same time.

Mutual Funds in India - Trading Volume

The Mutual Fund trading platform was introduced in stock exchanges on 30th November, 2009, with the objective of providing a platform enabling the investors to subscribe or redeem mutual funds on online basis.However, in the first three months of its launch, this market couldn’t see any meaningful action. This market has remained inactive and couldn’t able to excite the market participants.Surprisingly, most of the new innovative products launched such as Interest Rate Futures, Mutual Fund Trading platform, Securities Lending & Borrowing (SLB) mechanism, are failing to attract investor interest and remaining seriously subdued.

Online or Offline?

Over the past five years, “peer-to-peer” lending websites have become a new approach to mobilizing funds for on-lending to impoverished people in developing countries (microfinance) and domestic markets. In this paper, the authors review these developments and use the analytical lens of asymmetric information and transactions costs to explain the characteristics of the different models in operation. The authors find that “peer-to-peer” lending is more of an aspiration than a reality. Although web 2.0 technologies have offered new means of mobilizing funds, the borrowing mechanisms at work follow mainstream conventional approaches to the management of lending.

ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Alkylation of Methyl-N-heteroaromatics with Alcohols.

A novel catalytic C-C coupling reaction in which N-heteroaromatic-substituted methyl groups are efficiently alkylated using primary alcohols is introduced. The synthesis protocol is based on iridium catalysts and most likely relies on the borrowing or hydrogen autotransfer mechanism. A variety of substrate combinations can readily be employed in this reaction, including pyrimidines, pyrazines, pyridazines, and even fairly activated 2- and 4-picolines.

The Integration of English Loanwords in Russian: An Overview of Recent Borrowings

The aim of this study is to analyze the main tendencies prevailing in the orthographic, phonological, morphological as well as semantic adaptation of loanwords of English origin that entered the Russian language in the past two and a half decades, i.e. between the mid-1980s and now. Fully adapted English borrowings are excluded from the analysis, the aim of which is to give a detailed account of the dynamics of the borrowing process and ways in which borrowing mechanisms work. In addition to the linguistic description of the data, it is essential to discuss the role of monolingual and bilingual speakers in borrowing (the social background that initiates and determines the adoption of English loanwords), along with the sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic aspects of the process. The latter include the description of motivations (i.e. which non-linguistic factors affect and explain the influx of elements of English origin). The main emphasis of the paper is on the linguistic analysis of English borrowings in a contact linguistic and lexicological framework.

Call admission scheme of mixed traffic for mobile cellular networks

The call admission scheme (CAS) optimizes the use of allocated channels against multi dimensional offered traffic maintaining the required quality of service (QoS). In this paper, a call admission control scheme is proposed for mobile cellular network as an extension of the dynamic partition scheme. The proposed scheme for call admission is based upon the channel borrowing mechanism for voice/data integrated service including thinning scheme of borrowed channel in a one-dimensional Markov model. The model is applicable for underlay overlay mobile cellular network. The proposed scheme has greatly reduced the forced termination (handover failure) of voice calls at the expense of other traffic parameters (blocking of new originated voice call and data call) and the model is also able to make explicit comparison with the different existing call admission schemes like guard channel (GC), dynamic partition (DP) and dual threshold bandwidth reservation (DTBR).

Resisting System: Britain, Buffon, And The Avoidance of Linnaeus

It is a commonplace of science (although less of the history of science) that Linnaeus definitively solved the vexing problems of taxonomy and nomenclature in the 18th century, thus freeing subsequent researchers to focus on more challenging problems. In fact the reception of the Linnaean system was slow and incomplete at the time, and much of his work was subsequently superseded. There were many sceptics among British naturalists, and examination of their responses to Linnaeus can illuminate both the nature of his work, and the social and intellectual contexts of contemporary natural history. It was generally accepted that the study of plants and animals required some kind of order--the mere accumulation of miscellaneous facts was no longer satisfactory. There were two main alternatives. One was nationalistic and relatively superficial--to accept the Linnaean agenda, but to suggest that it had been accomplished earlier and/or better by British scholars (John Ray was the most frequent, but not the only candidate for this honor). The other was to prefer a non-Linnaean mode of ordering--that is, a way of organizing the plant and animal kingdom that employed apparently different principles, often one that acknowledged more obvious and familiar differences and familiarities. These anti-systematists (as they often misleadingly called themselves) were inclined to rally behind the countervailing authority and prestige of Buffon. Buffon also figured cryptically in merely nationalistic anti-Linnaeanism, through the mechanism of unacknowledged borrowing.

The Innovation Pause Hypothesis and the Strategy of Modernization

The Innovation Pause Hypothesis is developed in the article. According to this hypothesis, the current crisis can be explained by the exhaustion of possibilities of existing general purpose technologies and by the delay of new ones in combination with overoptimistic expectations due to a long period of rapid economic expansion. If this hypothesis is correct, then it is quite plausible that a significant period of time will be required before fast growth is restored in Western economies. Russia gets an additional chance to decrease the gap between Russian and Western economic productivity provided that an efficient mechanism of technology borrowing is created. An appropriate strategy must include a set of measures aimed at: increasing the countrys adaptive capacity; designing an interactive planning system in order to develop large-scale modernization projects; increasing the capital accumulation rate by stimulating savings and improving the credit system.

Load-dependent sliding direction change of a myosin head on an actin molecule and its energetic aspects: Energy borrowing model of a cross-bridge cycle.

A model of muscle contraction is proposed, assuming loose coupling between power strokes and ATP hydrolysis of a myosin head. The energy borrowing mechanism is introduced in a cross-bridge cycle that borrows energy from the environment to cover the necessary energy for enthalpy production during sliding movement. Important premises for modeling are as follows: 1) the interaction area where a myosin head slides is supposed to be on an actin molecule; 2) the actomyosin complex is assumed to generate force F(θ), which slides the myosin head M* in the interaction area; 3) the direction of the force F(θ) varies in proportion to the load P; 4) the energy supplied by ATP hydrolysis is used to retain the myosin head in the high-energy state M*, and is not used for enthalpy production; 5) the myosin head enters a hydration state and dehydration state repeatedly during the cross-bridge cycle. The dehydrated myosin head recovers its hydrated state by hydration in the surrounding medium; 6) the energy source for work and heat production liberated by the AM* complex is of external origin. On the basis of these premises, the model adequately explains the experimental results observed at various levels in muscular samples: 1) twist in actin filaments observed in shortening muscle fibers; 2) the load-velocity relationship in single muscle fiber; 3) energy balance among enthalpy production, the borrowed energy and the energy supplied by ATP hydrolysis during muscle contraction. Force F(θ) acting on the myosin head is depicted.

A mechanism of lexical borrowing

AbstractThis paper offers a model to explain the general observation that lexical items are more often borrowed from a higher status language into a lower status one, than visa versa. Material from Lahore, Pakistan, shows that in casual speech among plurilinguals codeswitching is the norm. In formal contexts, in which there is attention to proper language, educated speakers filter out features which are not part of the standard language. Constraints on language and education in the hierarchical social structure withhold from most speakers of the lower status languages the knowledge necessary to evaluate their own speech in this way, thus allowing features of other languages to become established in their language.

Magnetic dipole transitions in crystals

Abstract Following Wybourne’s concept of the so-called intensity borrowing mechanism contributions that are due to the magnetic dipole transitions are described. The approach is based on double perturbation theory, within which the perturbative effect of the crystal field and spin–orbit interaction are taken into account. The contributions to the transition amplitude up to the fourth order are derived, and new selection rules for the magnetic dipole transitions are presented. Finally, some estimates of the relative importance of the fourth-order contributions are presented.

Intensity enhancement of intraligand singlet–triplet π–π ∗ transition for the coordinated β-diketonate in Ni(II) complexes with a nitroxide radical

Room temperature and low temperature magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) in the intraligand spin-forbidden singlet–triplet π–π ∗ transition for the coordinated β-diketonate ligands were observed for the β-diketonato Ni(II) complexes with a chelated imino or nitronyl nitroxide radical, but not for the β-diketonato Ni(II) complexes without the radical ligands. This is elucidated by the borrowing mechanism from the singlet–singlet π–π ∗ transition through the hypothetical interligand β-diketonate-to-radical charge transfer (LLCT) in contrast to the case of Cr(III) complexes.

Geometric phase effects in the coherent control of the branching ratio of photodissociation products of phenol

Optimal control simulation is used to examine the control mechanisms in the photodissociation of phenol within a two-dimensional, three-electronic-state model with two conical intersections. This model has two channels for H-atom elimination, which correspond to the (2)pi and (2)sigma states of the phenoxyl radical. The optimal pulse that enhances (2)sigma dissociation initially generates a wave packet on the S(1) potential-energy surface of phenol. This wave packet is bifurcated at the S(2)-S(1) conical intersection into two components with opposite phases because of the geometric phase effect. The destructive interference caused by the geometric phase effect reduces the population around the S(1)-S(0) conical intersection, which in turn suppresses nonadiabatic transitions and thus enhances dissociation to the (2)sigma limit. The optimal pulse that enhances S(0) dissociation, on the other hand, creates a wave packet on the S(2) potential-energy surface of phenol via an intensity borrowing mechanism, thus avoiding geometric phase effects at the S(2)-S(1) conical intersection. This wave packet hits the S(1)-S(0) conical intersection directly, resulting in preferred dissociation to the (2)pi limit. The optimal pulse that initially prepares the wave packet on the S(1) potential-energy surface (PES) has a higher carrier frequency than the pulse that prepares the wave packet on the S(2) PES. This counterintuitive effect is explained by the energy-level structure and the S(2)-S(1) vibronic coupling mechanism.

New insights into the Jahn–Teller effect in NO3 via the dark à 2E″ state

The recent cavity ringdown (CRD) measurement of the forbidden transition of the nitrate radical NO3 reveals a rich, well-resolved spectrum in the near-infrared. The spectroscopic detail provides a new window onto the Jahn–Teller (JT) and pseudo-Jahn–Teller (PJT) effects in NO3. This paper reviews the current experimental evidence for vibronic coupling in the à state and discusses the theoretical issues in the context of new preliminary EOMIP/CCSD and CCSD(T) calculations. The theoretical results to date indicate that the à 2E″ state of NO3 undergoes a relatively strong JT distortion which may require inclusion of higher order vibronic couplings. The intensity of this transition may involve multiple intensity borrowing mechanisms via PJT coupling among the , and states.

Borrowing Intensity in Rare Earth Doped Materials; Magnetic Dipole Transitions

A theoretical model of magnetic dipole transitions in crystals doped by the lanthanide ions is based on the fourth-order perturbation theory applied for the Hamiltonian in which two perturbing mechanisms are taken into account. Namely, the impact due to the crystal field potential and also spin-orbit interaction operator is included in the transition amplitude. The analysis is performed in the language of Racah algebra applied for the formulation of the effective operators expressed in terms of unit double tensor operators. The radial integrals of the terms contributing at the fourth order are defined within the perturbed function approach, due to which their values are evaluated for the complete radial basis sets of one-electron states of given symmetry. The numerical analysis performed for the Eu3+ ion provides the information on the relative importance of various effective operators and allows one to establish a hierarchy of important terms contributing to the transition amplitude. The results of the analysis lead also to the verification of possible importance of magnetic dipole transitions in the description of 0 ↔ 0 and 0 ↔ 1 electric dipole transitions via the so-called borrowing mechanism introduced by Wybourne.

Magnetic dipole transitions in crystals

The magnetic dipole transitions in rare earth ions in crystals are described in terms of a model based on the fourth order perturbation theory. An analysis of the perturbing influence of crystal field potential and spin-orbit interaction is made. In addition to intra-shell interactions, inter-shell interactions that include the influence of the excited configurations are analysed. The transition amplitude is defined in terms of effective operators expressed by double unit tensor operators. The radial integrals of all effective operators are defined within the perturbed function approach, therefore the complete radial basis sets of one-electron states of given symmetry are taken into account. Conclusions mainly focus on the possible importance of magnetic dipole transitions in the description of electric dipole 0 ⟷ 0 transition due to the so-called borrowing mechanism.

A dynamic channel-borrowing approach with fuzzy logic control in distributed cellular networks

In this paper, a fuzzy-based dynamic channel-borrowing scheme (FDCBS) is presented to maximize the number of served calls in a distributed wireless cellular network. The uneven traffic load may create hot-spot cells and possibly causes a high blocking rate in hot-spot cells. Most conventional methods use load indices with a threshold value to determine the load status of a cell. However, those exists a ping–pong effect, as loads are around the threshold value. This result causes an unstable system and unnecessary message passing overhead. In addition, the estimation of traffic load is difficult and time-consuming. Thus, an intelligent prediction mechanism is needed. In this paper, we develop a method to predict the cell load and to solve the channel-borrowing problem based on the fuzzy logic control. A new channel-borrowing algorithm with multi-channels borrowing is also presented in this paper. A borrowing mechanism supporting the present facility has been built on the application-level of wireless cellular networks. The FDCBS exhibits better adaptability, robustness, and fault-tolerant capability thus yielding better performance compared with other algorithms. Through simulations, we evaluate the blocking rate, update overhead, and channel acquisition delay time of the proposed method. The results demonstrate that our algorithm has lower blocking rate, less updated overhead, and shorter channel acquisition delays.

Tracing lexical borrowings in the Balkans Albanian loan-words in the Serbian speech of Prizren

During the past centuries the city of Prizren has persisted as a unique multiethnic and multicultural environment atypical even for the Balkans, well-known for its ethnic, linguistic, cultural and religious diversity. Various nations used to live and pass through Prizren in the course of more than six centuries – the Serbs Turks, Albanians, Aromanians, Greeks and others – leaving their specific marks, visible on the city itself as well as the life and the mentality of its inhabitants. One of the most vivid testimonies to this long-term coexistence can be seen in vernaculars of the local population. This paper presents some Albanian loan-words from the Serbian speech of Prizren hitherto not registered (or not recognised as such) in the respective etymological dictionaries and linguistic studies. The aim of this work is to offer their etymological analysis, through an investigation of the ways and mechanisms of lexical borrowing in the limited area of this town and to observe this phenomenon in a broader Balkan perspective. Analyzed are the following words: bajmak m., adj. indecl. "with bow legs (of man or horse)", cub adj. indecl. "short; short-tailed", cub m., adj. indecl. "robber, outlaw", ćul adj. indecl. "soaking wet", điza f. "kind of crumbly cheese", glistra f. "worm", korse, korsem, krsem adv. "perhaps, as if", kulme n., kuljma f. "top of the roof", ljajka f. "lie", ljaper m. "idler", ljočka f. "darling, sweetheart", ljum adj. indecl. "dear", ljunga f. "boil; swelling", putarka f. "salted and dried caviar", ravš adv. "flat", roktar m. "servant, attendant", škret adj. "lonely, deserted, empty", škrum adj. indecl. "dry as ashes".

UK Transport Policy 1997-2001

The 1997 government announced policies and changes in administration, but the statistics show that little else was achieved. Road-traffic growth was temporarily tamed by an increase in the price of fuel, which integrated policies on transport, environment, and land-use. This was not sustained, so there will be more congestion, and more road capacity must be provided. A coherent policy on charges was absent, though congestion charging will help if eventually implemented. Little freight was transferred to rail. Neither 'integration' nor 'social inclusion' was improved. London became less integrated and policy on the Underground was a failure. Administration of the railways remains confused. There are doubts about the technical, managerial, and financial feasibility of the expansion envisaged. The bus was given inadequate attention. The Treasury dominates through the public-spending control process, which fetters local authorities and impedes infrastructure investment. Proven borrowing mechanisms offer alternatives for locally accountable capital financing. Copyright 2002, Oxford University Press.

Real-Time Spectroscopy of the Excited-State Excitons in Porphyrin J-Aggregates

Abstract The excited exciton (S2-exciton originating from the second-excited state of the molecules) was studied by real-time spectroscopy with 30-fs pulses. The ultrafast dynamics due to the S2–S1 internal conversion process were clearly observed in the pump–probe signal. The signal was modulated by the coherent molecular vibrations with 241 ± 4 cm-1 and 319 ± 4 cm-1 frequencies. The phase of the oscillation indicates that not only the ground state but also the excited state contribute to the oscillatory signal. The excited-state wave-packet motion was explained by dynamic intensity borrowing mechanism from the S2 S0-transitions to the S1 S0-transitions.