Borrowing Language Research Articles

Arabic borrowings in the Russian language transmitted to Russian through French

Arabic borrowings in the Russian language transmitted to Russian through French

The Syntactic Adaptation of English Borrowings in Contemporary French

This article explores the syntactic adaptation of English borrowings in contemporary French, focusing on how these borrowings are integrated into French grammar. Language borrowing is a natural consequence of globalization, cultural exchange, and technological advancement, with English serving as a dominant source of lexical enrichment for French. Through detailed analysis of borrowed nouns, verbs, adjectives, and idiomatic expressions, this study examines the grammatical modifications necessary for integrating English borrowings into French, including gender assignment, verb conjugation, and sentence structure. The article also highlights the challenges posed by phonetic and orthographic differences, as well as the tension between linguistic purism and natural language evolution. Drawing comparisons with other languages, such as Polish and Spanish, this comprehensive analysis provides insights into the future of English borrowings in French and the broader implications of linguistic adaptation in a globalized world.

СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИЕ МОДИФИКАЦИИ НОВЕЙШИХ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЙ В РУССКОЯЗЫЧНОМ МЕДИАДИСКУРСЕ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ АНГЛИЦИЗМА «ДАУНШИФТИНГ»)

The article examines the structure, morphemic composition and semantics of the English loanword “downshiftingˮ. The research makes a comparative analysis of dictionary definitions in the borrowing language and discovers the integrating semes. The semantic features of the term are further analyzed in Russian media discourse. The study demonstrates a certain semantic discrepancy between the sphere of fixation and communication, revealing a number of semantic modifications in the process of usage. The research concludes that semantic transformations of borrowings are determined by linguistic and extra linguistic factors, allowing for further ambiguous interpretations.

Supervised prediction of production patterns using machine learning algorithms

Abstract When an English word ending in a stop is adapted to Korean, a vowel is variably inserted after the final stop: some words always take the epenthetic vowel, and some never do, while some vary between these alternatives. Although there are different linguistic factors that possibly affect this insertion, it is not easy to determine which pattern will be chosen if a new word comes into the borrowing language. This study conducted classification data analyses of production patterns based on machine learning algorithms including support vector machines and random forests. These two classifiers show similar results where vowel tenseness is the best predictor among all the possible predictors. This indicates that vowel tenseness is most influential in classifying the patterns (no vowel insertion, optional vowel insertion, or vowel insertion). Results suggest that while vowel tenseness remains significant, other factors such as stop voicing and stop place also hold some importance, albeit to a lesser degree. The contribution of this study is that it provides insight into the factors that regulate vowel insertion, and these findings support the need for a behavioral experiment to see if the current results can make right predictions with respect to the behavior of nonce items.

Japanese and Chinese Lexical Borrowing as an Outcome of Language Contact and Influence

As a commonly observed phenomenon, no language has not borrowed lexical items from some other language(s), just as no culture has developed with no influence from some other culture(s). There have been numerous studies of linguistic borrowing to explore why a particular language incorporates some linguistic elements from another language into its linguistic repertoire. This is known as a phenomenon of linguistic transference. Abundant research findings provide strong evidence that such a transference most commonly occurs in the realm of vocabulary because the borrowing language (i.e., the recipient language) incorporates some cultural items or conceptual elements and the names along with them from some external source. More specifically, this particular linguistic phenomenon is recognized as lexical borrowing. From some cross-linguistic and cross-cultural perspectives, this study describes and explains lexical borrowing in terms of linguistic transformation as an outcome of language contact. Linguistic transformation is defined as adaptation of one linguistic form in one language to another linguistic form in another language. Language contact is defined as the phenomenon where two languages come into contact at various cross-linguistic and cross-cultural levels. Based on the representative examples as observed in contemporary Japanese and Chinese lexical borrowing, this paper presents a case study of such a particular language contact phenomenon by categorizing the borrowed lexical items into several areas of language contact. It describes linguistic transformation in terms of phonological/morphological adaptation and semantic transfer/creation/substitution. Thus, this study presents a model of lexical borrowing through language contact and its linguistic outcome.

On the issue of formal assimilation of anglicism nouns in the genus category of the german language system and its national variants

In the conditions of general globalisation, there is a massive consolidation of Anglicisms in all languages, including the German language with its national variants. The study of this process is topical and corresponds to modern priority scientific directions. Formal assimilation is an aspect of loaning foreign language material by a receptor language. It is this that allows foreign language material to gain a foothold in the system of the borrowing language. However, the German language we consider to be a receptor language, is not a monosystem formation due to its including of national variants. The German literary language is a potential abstract archsystem realised in three directions, sovereign systems of the German language (the German language of Germany, the Austrian and the Swiss varieties of the German literary language). The nature of the German language greatly influences the results of formal assimilation of borrowed material, since they will vary depending on the usage. Fluctuations in national variants arise both at the phonetic, lexical, grammatical, word-formation level, and can manifest themselves in relation to the processes of borrowing and Germanisation of foreign language material. This article studies and describes deviations and variations in the results of the formal assimilation of Anglicisms-nouns in the genus category, functioning in the national varieties of the German language of Austria and Switzerland in comparison with the German language of Germany. The acquisition of generic categorical meaning by borrowed units plays an important role in the German language system, since belonging to a certain grammatical gender is a mandatory and constant indicator of the part of speech “noun” and predetermines the further assimilation of the borrowed unit in the receptor language.

Language Borrowing in Mqapheli Mngadi's Cartoons: A Socio-Stylistic Critique

The aim of this research article is to examine language borrowing in Mqapheli Mngadi’s cartoons, and this is done by considering loan-words as one of the language borrowing processes. While the study adopts ethnography of communication as the main theory, to guide the analysis of the qualitatively textually analysed data, the study is conceptually grounded on socio-stylistics. This is because one of its aims is to critically evaluate the socio-stylistic significance of language borrowing in Mngadi’s selected editorial cartoons. The findings of the study demonstrate that Mngadi employs loan-words to artistically depict context, culture and setting in his cartoons. It was also discovered that the cartoonist, in some instances, uses loan words because there are no isiZulu equivalents. On the same note, he uses them when a more suitable word is preferred, so that the cartoons are more relatable.

Variability of the phonetic structure of borrowings in the Khmer language

Variability of the phonetic structure of borrowings in the Khmer language

The main trends in the word-formative adaptation of the latest borrowings to denote actions and states in the Ukrainian literary language of the 21 st century

At the beginning of the 21 st century, especially in its second decade, foreign units were entering to the journalistic and scientific Ukrainian language so rapidly that linguists sometimes did not have time for objective reasons to evaluate their “quality” and the appropriateness of their use. The activation of borrowings caused a certain disorder: adaptation to the grammatical system of the Ukrainian language occurs unevenly, often with hesitation in word-formative adaptation. A significant number of new adapted borrowed lexemes are not yet in normative, general or industry dictionaries. The most verb lexemes appeared primarily in the field of information technology, quite a few verb lexemes appeared in the field of business, finance, psychology, cosmetology etc. Lexemes of the foreign languages (mostly from English, less often from German, French, Italian or other languages) such as verbs and nouns were adapted in Ukrainian using verb suffixes -ува-, -изува-/-ізува-. The dynamic entry of such words into modern Ukrainian has caused a multi- tude of ways of them adaptation. It is often difficult to determine whether a verb in the Ukrai- nian language has been formed from a foreign verb or noun. This indicates the ambiguous word-formation adaptation of the analyzed verbs. The verb suffix -и- also proved to be productive in adaptation of the new borrowings. The verbs formed with it have common root corre- lates among foreign verbs and nouns. We observe hesitation in the word-formative adaptation of some verbs. It is indicates by the availability of common root variants with suffixes -ува– and -и-. Derivatives that have replenished the stock of reflexive verbs have been formed from some of the analyzed lexemes either with the help of the postfix -ся, or this postfix and the suffix -и-. Among the prefixes which found in borrowed verb lexemes, the prefix ре- is regularly used and the prefix де- is somewhat less used. In enriching the lexicon of the Ukrainian language with borrowings, there are many cases of simultaneous adaptation to modern Ukrainian of related verb structures: with a prefix and without it. Sometimes it is difficult to establish the direction of derivation. Common root lexemes could have entered modern Ukrainian directly from English or another language with a prefix or have been formed with a prefix from verbs adapted in a suffixal way. The second stage of word-formative adaptation of borrowings shows that derivatives have been formed from many verb bases adapted in modern Ukrainian using proper Ukrainian productive word-forming prefixes зà-, з-(с-), нà-, роз-, по-, про-, пере-, which express the word-formative semantics usual for them. Unmotivated, groundless oversaturation of modern Ukrainian literary language with borrowed lexemes, word-formative formants, etc., uncontrolled using of such units lead to the leveling of national features of the Ukrainian language. This problem prompts a rethinking of ways to replenish the terminological systems of various branches of science with new borrowed language units and this problem prompts to a more critical usage of criteria for adaptation of foreign lexemes. Keywords: borrowings to denote actions and states, word-formative adaptation, proper Ukrainian word-forming verb suffixes, proper Ukrainian word-forming verb prefixes, foreign languages bases.

The Linguistic Background of the Modern Process of Educating Future Teachers

The author makes an attempt of sociocultural and sociolinguistic analysis of how the content of everyday speech and quasi-professional speech background affects the educational process in higher education for future teachers. The negative influence of obscene vocabulary in students’ everyday speech and foreign language borrowings in the vocabulary of the educational process on the professional formation of future teachers was revealed. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it is proved that the linguistic background of modern everyday and quasi-professional speech heard by modern students does not stipulate their future professional formation. In this regard, the counteraction to profanity and unjustified foreign language borrowings in the teaching process of pedagogical universities should be considered not in the general pedagogical context and not in the context of the formation of «flexible competences», but as a task to form professionally necessary pedagogical qualities.

Слои заимствований в карачаево-балкарской культурной лексике

Introduction. The publication of the joint monograph titled ‘Karachays. Balkars’ and edited by M. Karaketov and H.-M. Sabanchiev introduced into scientific circulation a large layer of vocabulary characterizing some specific aspects of Karachay-Balkar culture. Quite a number of lexemes associated with traditional culture prove absent in the Karachay-Balkar–Russian Dictionary (30,000 word entries). So, Karachay-Balkar terminology happens to comprise the already expected Turkic lexemes ⸺ and a huge layer of loanwords missing in other Turkic languages. Goals. The article attempts an analysis of borrowings in the Karachay-Balkar language that are not typical for other Turkic languages. Results. The etymological analysis has excluded the undeveloped (literary) Orientalisms of Arab-Persian origin associated with Islam, law, and social order. The greatest number of parallels is noted for Digor Ossetian: over 300 words contained in the mentioned monograph arrived from the latter language. Our investigation of the monograph was followed by additions of already existing etymologies from comparisons by V. Abaev ⸺ with some corrections and certain Digor Ossetian parallels. Some Orientalisms and Caucasisms assimilated into the target vocabulary have also been interpreted as Ossetian parallels, i.e. their penetration into Karachay-Balkar is assumed to have taken place through Digor. The remaining vocabulary is distributed among Western Caucasian loanwords and those from Nakh-Dagestani languages. The article provides complete materials of the borrowed terminology divided into semantic fields, which makes it possible to assess the degree and realms of cultural influence. Interpretations of how the borrowing may have penetrated into the vocabulary and, accordingly, of how the languages contacted prove instrumental in determining the intermediate ancestral homeland of the Karachay-Balkar forefathers. That may have been the area of historical Salatavia north of the Salatau Ridge, bounded on the west by the Aktash River, and on the east ⸺ by the Sulak River. The article is intended for Turkologists and experts in Caucasian studies. The material shall be of interest to historians, ethnographers, and culturologists.

L2 Proficiency Level Influences Loanword Adaptation: Variable Adaptation of English Co-occurrence of Low Vowel and Nasal Into Mandarin

As the most commonly established and attested language contact phenomenon, loanwords, also known as lexical borrowings, may undergo transformations when borrowed from the source language (SL) to the borrowing language (BL). Previous studies have separately illustrated the role of perception and phonology in the borrowing process. However, the speech perception or phonology contributes more to the adaptation pattern in some cases than others. Few studies attempt to explain this phenomenon. To fill in the gap, the present study hypothesizes that differences in borrowers’ L2 proficiency level of the SL are the potential source. To examine this hypothesis, an online adaptation experiment was designed and conducted. The experiment examines how Mandarin Chinese native speakers adapt the English non-words ended in the combination of low vowel and nasal coda. The results suggest that BL monolinguals and less proficient L2 learners of the SL tend to use a phonetic mapping strategy guided by the backness of vowels, while advanced learners of the SL are more likely to adopt a phonological mapping strategy based on coda nasal place. This paper concludes by proposing that borrowers’ L2 proficiency level has an effect on the certain randomized variations in the process of loanword adaptation.

SOME THEORETICAL AND APPLIED PROBLEMS OF VERBS WITH BORROWINGS OF ARABIC ORIGIN

The article discusses the issue of the composition of verbs with foreign roots, with the study of borrowings of Arabic origin in the dialectal area of Syunik-Artsakh. It becomes clear that the borrowings of Arabic origin, which have become verbs in the Armenian language, differ from other borrowings.
 Little attention is paid to the meaning of the grammatical and lexical patterns of the borrowed language. Some borrowings of Arabic origin have passed through other languages. Most direct or indirect borrowings from Arabic are formed by analytic verbs.
 The group of borrowings does not have its substitutes in the Armenian language, but they did not pass into the literary language either. Borrowings of this type are called complete if they fill a gap in the expression of a concept in a borrowed language, e.g., munnat (մո̈ւննաթ) “1. gratitude, 2. envy, 3. duty" > minna(t) منّة > manna منّ "mercy, mercy". And those borrowings that have synonymous substitutes in a borrowed language can be considered partial, such as zarar anel (զարար անէլ ) "harm", zararlu (զարարլու) "harmful" < ضَرر (zarar) "disable".
 Arabic borrowings did not affect on the general structure Armenian and its dialects. They enriched the vocabulary with the necessary concepts.

Analysis of the Use of Regional Languages and Indonesian Simultaneously: Impact and Community Attitudes at SMPN 1 Parungponteng, Tasikmalaya Regency

This study aims to explore the views and attitudes of individuals regarding the use of local languages and Indonesian simultaneously. Data was collected through interviews with 20 respondents from various backgrounds. The results of the study showed that the majority of respondents (55%) said that they had never used regional languages and Indonesian simultaneously. More than half of the respondents (55%) think that there is a negative impact from using local languages and Indonesian together.
 Most of the respondents (75%) disagreed if the local language was adopted as an borrowed language in Indonesian. As many as 65% of respondents think that there is no benefit from using regional languages and Indonesian simultaneously. In addition, the majority of respondents (75%) disagreed with being called old-fashioned or tacky when using local languages. The majority of respondents (85%) do not feel confident when using regional languages and Indonesian simultaneously. Most respondents (65%) disagree with the omission of regional languages in using Indonesian. Meanwhile, 60% of respondents did not think that local languages had a great influence on Indonesian. Finally, most of the respondents (80%) thought that by using local languages and Indonesian together, they could not be said to be slang. The results of this study provide insight into how people see the use of local languages and Indonesian in their daily interactions. In the context of preserving regional languages and using the national language, these findings can provide a basis for efforts to maintain language and further understand people's perceptions of language.

Update of the word in the interdisciplinary discourse of the theory and philosophy of law

The problem of insufficient language training of applicants and therefore graduates for higher legal education in Ukraine is being updated. They are not offered to study methodologically significant sciences for jurisprudence, in particular semantics, legal linguistics, hermeneutics. Hence, there are gaps in program learning outcomes, errors in law-making, legal evaluations, and explanations of legal phenomena and processes. Inattention to the primary meaning of the word is caused by a shortcoming of the current Standard of the Bachelor’s level of higher legal education of Ukraine: the absence of the need to know and understand the peculiarities of law-making in the list of program learning outcomes. Its linguistic excellence determines the quality of implementation and application of law.
 Analysis the author’s own teaching experience and of the results of studies of individual aspects of the problem by scientists T.I. Dudash, S.I. Maksymov, A.S. Tokarska and others. revealed the urgent need to normalize the contradictory situation in the legal terminology of Ukraine, where Ukrainian and foreign language terms of different meanings are chaotically combined. In particular, it is necessary to take into account the significant differences in legal naming and legal understanding between the continental European and Anglo-American legal systems, with an orientation towards the first as close to the legal traditions of Ukraine. The experience of preserving special national traditions of legal naming and legal understanding in the legal linguistics of the leading EU states – Germany and France – is important. For quality training of Ukrainian lawyers, it is necessary to improve their professional language culture. In particular, supplement the Standard with a separate learning outcome: «the need to know and understand the peculiarities of law- making». The integrated discipline «Theory and philosophy of law» with parallel teaching of the course «Ancillary legal disciplines» should be introduced into the curricula of the specialty «Law» in the first year. Teaching philosophy of law in the fourth year separate from legal theory is illogical. Compile an encyclopedic dictionary of the Ukrainian legal language, give it legal force in the training and practice of law-making and law-enforcing bodies. Focus on continental European law, preserving the uniqueness of the Ukrainian language of law from excessive foreign language borrowings.

Системность и целостность языка в контексте интегрирован-ного знания о человеке

The article states that the systematicity of language is formed on the basis of its ontological integrity and becomes available for study only in the light of interdisciplinarity with reference to the basic dimensions of Human species-specific organization of mind and brain activities. The author offers a working definition of the language system in the context of its integrity, considers epistemological issues related to the emergence of conceptually different approaches to the explication of language systematicity, focuses on the role of material substrate of the language, considers fundamental domestic contribution to the development of the general theory and systemology of language proceeding from the ontological grounds for its integrity. The author touches upon applied significance of this approach for the development of the general theory of language and its practical implementation at such Universities where courses of general linguistics are taught, as well as in the construction of interdisciplinary dialogue, and in the study of problematic aspects of interethnic communication. On the example of the psychological meanings of several lexemes functioning as operators in the promotion of ethnopolitical concepts which are behind culture-bound scenarios of different participants in interethnic communication, the author shows the role of the integrity of the image of the world as a semantic substrate of language consciousness in the adaptation of ethnopolitically marked borrowings in the Russian language. The analysis was carried out on the basis of the latest associative-verbal databases collected within the framework of the SIBAS project (Siberia and the Far East: 2008-2022), in comparison with similar, earlier all-Russian and synchronous European sources.

Lexical Borrowings and Adaptations of Anglicism

Lexical borrowings, or the adoption of words from one language into another, are a common phenomenon in language evolution. One language that has had a significant impact on the lexicon of other languages is English, particularly through the use of Anglicism. These are words borrowed from English that are used in other languages, often in the context of globalization and the spread of English as a global lingua franca. However, the adoption of these words is not always straightforward, and they often undergo adaptations to fit the phonological, morphological, and semantic patterns of the borrowing language. This paper will examine the process of lexical borrowing and adaptation of Anglicism in different languages, exploring the factors that influence the adoption and adaptation of these words, the linguistic and cultural implications of these processes, and the challenges and opportunities they present for language users and language planning. Through this analysis, we can gain a better understanding of the complex dynamics of language contact and change, and the ways in which different languages interact and influence one another in a globalized world.

Raz jeszcze w sprawie zapoycze wschodniosowiaskich w "Pamitnikach" Samuela i Bogusawa Maskiewiczw oraz "Diariuszu" Antoniego Chrapowickiego

The article discusses the lexis of East Slavonic provenance, excerpted from 17th-century borderland diaries of Samuel and Bogusaw Maskiewicz and Jan Antoni Chrapowicki. Vocabulary of Turco-Tartar origin was also included, in accordance with the principle (commonly accepted in linguistics) that a given foreign word, regardless of its original source, is a borrowing from the language from which the borrowing language adopted it directly. This does not mean that the testimonies and opinions relating to borrowed words are equated with the testimonies and opinions relating to their designates, since the origin of the designate and the direct source of the word are two different phenomena. The material was confronted with works on the language of borderland writers and with dictionaries of the Polish language, covering material from the Middle Ages to the first half of the 20th century.

“Kolori, Sirkuli”: Semantic Relations of the Indigenized English Lexemes in Cebuano

This study investigated the use of indigenized English lexemes (IELs) in Cebuano, specifically focusing on the Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Language Education (MTB-MLE) Sinugbuanong Binisaya textbooks. These IELs have been prevalent despite the existence of the equivalent words and language policy being enforced. Specifically, this study sought to: identify the linguistic features of the IELs; determine the semantic relations associated with the IELs; and explore how Cebuano IELs reflect the cultural norms of its users. A qualitative research design was employed, utilizing textual analysis and thematic analysis. The findings reveal notable phonological and morphological features in the IELs. Phonologically, insertion, deletion, and substitution processes were observed, while morphologically, changes in the inflectional affixes of verbs were highlighted, specifically through the use of the common affixes gi, i-, -i, and nag-. Furthermore, the IELs exhibit various semantic relations that include contrasts, similarities, class inclusion, case relations, and part-whole relationships. Finally, emergent themes demonstrate how IELs in Cebuano reflect the cultural norms of its users, encompassing preferences in teaching styles, classroom observations involving IELs, teaching goals and intentions, thoughts and attitudes, and challenges encountered with the MTB-MLE program. The study concludes that language borrowing offers functional advantages and remains essential even in the teaching of a mother tongue such as Cebuano. Future studies could explore IELs in informal contexts such as magazines, advertisements, and social media, investigate the semantic changes of IELs in Cebuano, and conduct longitudinal studies on the effects of the MTB-MLE program on its learners.

The Interchange of Personal Names in Muslim Communities: An Onomastic Study

This study investigates the interchange of personal names in nine Muslim communities to find out their linguistic, historical and cultural features. For that purpose, a corpus of personal names common in Arab countries, Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Indonesia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Tatarstan was collected, analyzed and classified according to the Cultural, Ethnic and Linguistic (CEL) taxonomy and a text mining technique. Data analysis showed that Arabic names such as "Mohammed, Ali, Fatimah" were borrowed by Muslim communities but underwent phonological changes in the borrowing language as in "Mehmet" in Turkish; "Reza" in Urdu; "Eldin" in Bosnian; and "Musavi" in Farsi and Urdu. Similarly, Arabs borrowed "Nariman, Shahrazad" from Farsi. "Mirvat" was originally borrowed from Arabic "Marwa", and phonologically adapted to Turkish during the Ottoman rule, but was re-adopted and orthographically adapted by Arabs. Theophoric names as Abdullah & Abdul-Aziz are very common in Muslim communities. Some first names as "Iqbal" are feminine in Arab communities but masculine in Pakistan. Nour, Nehad are used for both sexes by Arabs. Historical and cultural interchange are also explicit in the origin of last names. Pakistani last names consist of Arabic, Farsi, and tribal ancestral names. Similarly, some Arabic surnames have Iranian, Indian and Indonesian origin. In many Muslim communities, surnames consist of an Arabic name and a native suffix meaning "son of" as in Mammad-ov in Azerbaijan; Mehmedo-vic in Bosnia; Davud-uglu in Turkey. Other surnames combine an Arabic name with–zadeh, -zai, -Allah (Yusuf-zai, Khalil-zadeh, Saleem-ullah) in Iran and Afghanistan. Muslim communities also borrowed some suffixes used in surnames from each other. The Arabic suffix –ani (Baraz-ani) was borrowed in Farsi, Urdu and Pashto; and the Turkish suffixes –gi and –li were borrowed in Arabic (Mousli, Quwattli, Qahwaji, sharabatli). Surnames containing the Arabic suffixes –ani and –i are added to names of localities (Kordestan-i, Tehran-i, Shiraz-i, Iraq-I, Masri, Hindi) are also common. Further features with examples, together with an overview of the phonological adaptions made in borrowed names are given in detail.