Source Of Borrowing Research Articles

Монгольская лексика сферы просвещения, образования и науки

Introduction. The article deals with semantics and etymology of several basic terms of Mongolian culture vocabulary relating to education and science. Goals. The study shall primarily describe how the lexical layer in question was formed, and trace the sources of such borrowings. Materials and methods. The materials were collected from Mongolian-Russian and Mongolian explanatory dictionaries via continuous sampling. The identified lexemes were checked against corresponding entries to Mongolic / Turkic etymological dictionaries and bilingual dictionaries of Sanskrit, Chinese, and Tibetan. Results. Some of the analyzed words happen to have been borrowed into Mongolian from Uighur, but Uighur was not the ultimate source of the lexemes: Mong. шавь ‘disciple, pupil’ < Uig. šabï had come to Uighur from Sanskrit via Chinese; Mong. багш ‘teacher’ < Uig. baqšı and Mong. бичиг ‘writings’ < Uig. bitig are originally Chinese; Mong. ном ‘book’ < Uig. nom had come to Uighur from Greek via Sogdian. Some other words, such as Mong. боловсрол ‘education’, эрдэмтэн ‘scientist’, ухаан ‘intelligence’ (in шинжлэх ухаан ‘science’), оюутан ‘student’ ― have common Turko-Mongolic (bol- ‘become’, uqa- ‘comprehend’) or even common Altaic (ere- ‘male’, oyu- ‘mind’) stems, but their new semantics referring to various phenomena of education and science appeared comparatively recently, to a large extent, as a result of attempts to find new words for the notions introduced by Chinese culture and Uighur Buddhism. The words зүй and судлал, as well as derivatives from the stem sur- belong to common Mongolic lexis. Conclusions. Most of the analyzed words were borrowed into Mongolian from Uighur as part of religious vocabulary. Some of these terms originally derive from Chinese, Sanskrit or even Greek. Indigenous Mongolic lexemes are derivatives from sur- ‘to study’, and the terms зүй ‘theory’ and судлал ‘study’ that are used as parts of science names.

Regional Sediment Management in US Coastal States: Historical Trends and Future Predictions

Sea level rise and natural disasters, such as hurricanes and tropical storms, are resulting in coastal erosion-related problems across the US. Beach nourishment is one of the most commonly adopted solutions for erosion mitigation. Borrow sources for nourishment are often from offshore or upland mines. However, in some areas, sediment availability from known borrow sources is becoming scarce. This suggests that sediment should be considered a non-renewable resource within the framework of long-term planning and coastal management decisions. Regional Sediment Management (RSM), or the beneficial use of dredge material (BUDM), targets inlets for borrowing material and can also be a more cost-efficient strategy that has widely been supported by the US Army Corps of Engineers as a system-based approach. However, not all states have embraced this approach, and a national-scale evaluation of these projects in coastal management and adaptation is needed. This study examines past RSM/BUDM projects in the top ten most highly nourished states in the US and compares those trends to a selection of minimally nourished states from different coasts. Based on the historical trends identified, the volume of sediment required for future RSM/BUDM projects in these areas over the next 50 years is predicted using Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models. Although growth in the total number of RSM/BUDM projects was measured over time, there was a decline in the volume of sediment placed for these projects. Results of the forecasting model suggest that CA, NC, and the FL Gulf Coast could require the highest volume of sediments for RSM/BUDM activities over the next 50 years. Based solely on proximity to inlets for sediment resources, DE, FL Atlantic, and NJ coasts are potential beaches that can increase BUDM activities. This study aims to provide a framework to evaluate the suitability of future RSM/BUDM projects in efforts to mitigate coastal erosion.

Effect of Increasing Government Debt Profile on Economic Prosperity of Nigeria

The study aimed at assessing the effect of increasing government debt profile on economic prosperity of Nigeria. Specifically, the study examined the extent that Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was affected, during the period of study, by rising domestic debt, external debt, and cost of borrowing in Nigeria. The data for analysis were sourced principally from CBN Bulletins and Debt Management Office. The null hypotheses that domestic debt, external debt, and cost of borrowing do not significantly affect Gross Domestic Product, were tested through a multiple regression analysis. The findings indicate that Domestic Debt has a positive and significant effect on Gross Domestic Product in Nigeria with coefficient of 1.005965 and p-value of 0.0000. Furthermore, the external debt stock reveals a negative and non-significant effect on Gross Domestic Product with coefficient of -0.083963 and p-value of 0.5909, while Cost of Borrowing exposes a positive and non-significant effect on Gross Domestic Product in Nigeria with coefficient of 0.038835 and p-value of 0.7589. The R-squared (Coefficient of Determination) indicates that 98% of the variations in Gross Domestic Product in Nigeria could be explained by changes in Domestic Debt, External Debt and Cost of Borrowing. The implication of the findings is that economic prosperity is facilitated by Domestic Borrowing while External Borrowing must be avoided where possible because of its’ negative effect on GDP. In addition, the effect of Cost of Borrowing on GDP is purely dependent on the appropriateness of use of borrowed fund. The study recommended that government should first explore internal sources of fund whenever borrowing is unavoidable in preference to foreign/external sources, reduce or avoid external borrowing and properly apply the borrowed fund for its economy to prosper.

Revisiting the Mongolian Stratum of Kazakh Place Names

The study examines a representative sample of toponyms located in the territory of Kazakhstan, that can potentially be of Mongolian origin. These toponyms are classified into three categories: 1) settlement names (oikonyms), 2) water body names (hydronyms), and 3) geographical feature names (oronyms). In cases of duplicate toponyms (oikonym and oronym), precedence is given to the geographical feature name, following the most common direction of toponymic transfer. The analysis investigates the significance of Mongolian names in the Kazakh language, encompassing motivational, word-formational, and etymological aspects, and proposes new hypotheses of their origin while considering earlier theories. The authors identify the main challenges faced by etymologists and toponymists and review previous authors’ unsuccessful etymological solutions. Errors detected in the data include references to Russified place names borrowed into contemporary Kazakh, inattention to early toponym records, neglect of phonetic changes in Kazakh and Mongolian, as well as their relative chronology, and disregard of potential phonetic adaptation patterns that one could expect based on the phonological peculiarities of both the source and receiving languages. The study aims to categorise place names according to the time and source of borrowing, each name being evaluated based on whether it was initially borrowed as a toponym or an appellative word that later integrated a Kazakh toponym. The analysis concludes that Kazakh toponymy of Mongolian origin (i.e. place names that were borrowed as toponyms) is predominantly recent and associated with the borders of two historical Mongolian states — the Dzungar and Kalmyk khanates.

Forecasting methods for financial support of military capability during the democratisation

Background . The progressive exhaustion of Ukraine's economy due to the war, which, among other things, led to industrial, demographic, and environmental crises, forced the Government to look for reliable external sources of financial borrowing and material and humanitarian support as well as implementing efficient mechanisms of internal financial sources. During the first year of the Russian-Ukrainian war, international financial support, together with the monetary policy of the National Bank of Ukraine in terms of the emission of funds, was crucial to stabilising the stagnating economy. However, in the following years, the Government pursued an exceptional external and internal borrowing policy, which led us to identify the main bases for verification of the impact of financial support on the development and maintenance of an adequate level of Ukraine's military capability in the context of democratisation, – an essential requirement for Euro-Atlantic integration. The purpose of the article is to make predictions and provide practical recommendations for continuing the relatively successful policy of the Government of Ukraine and the National Bank of Ukraine to attract external and internal borrowing to fill the state budget, allocate funds for the needs of the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine and use financial resources efficiently to ensure national and economic security. The object of the study is the financial support of military capability, i. e. trust funds and Western aid. Methods . To achieve the research objective, we used the method of analysis and hypothesis formulation based on observations of the phenomena that most accurately describe military and economic indicators. The hypothesis was confirmed and established on regression analysis, trends, and forecasts. Results . The indicator of financial support to the state budget from democratic governments is highlighted as well as national trust funds. The variance indicators of democratisation, economic growth and military expenditures are determined. The data of the above indicators are analysed using the double-squared method, and their forecasting was made. Conclusions . It has been found that financial support, due to the appropriate democratisation of public administration processes, is the primary basis for developing Ukraine's military capability.

THE RUSSIAN STYLE OF THE MASTERS OF THE ABRAMTSEVSKY CIRCLE: FROM THE THEATRICAL STAGE TO THE SUBJECT-SPATIAL ENVIRONMENT

This article is devoted to the issues of the inextricable connection between the development of the Russian style in the interiors of the late XIX-early XX century with innovative finds in the theatrical and decorative activities of the masters of the Abramtsevo circle. The creative universalism of the Vasnetsov brothers, Korovin, Golovin and Vrubel marked a new stage in its development, which was called the “neo-Russian style” due to the appeal to a wide range of primary sources of borrowings to create author’s interpretations of the subject-spatial environment. The behind-the-easel activities of a new generation of bright individuals resulted in a variety of artistic works in different types of art. Theatrical decorations and furniture, menus and stage costumes, interior items and jewelry, vases and tiles, stoves and fireplaces, panels and sculptures, textiles and lighting fixtures, sketches and monumental cycles of their authorship have remained reference works in the history of Russian artistic culture. For them, the stage became a place for the realization of a total synthesis of arts, an integrated approach and testing of creative solutions that extended to residential and public interiors. In turn, the audience perceived theatrical productions of operas by N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, M. P. Mussorgsky, M. I. Glinka as a showcase and advertisement of the Russian style, which led to the expansion of the typology of furniture, the repertoire of architectural and decorative motifs, formative approaches and finishing options. The subject of the author’s consideration was the transformations initiated by the above-mentioned masters in order to spiritualize the surrounding reality, which equally enriched both scenic spaces and interior practice in the era of symbolism and modernity.

Determinants of Loan Repayment among Women Entrepreneurs in Oru East Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria

The study focused on identifying the factors influencing loan repayment among women entrepreneurs in Oru East Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria. The specific objectives involved determining the socio economic characteristics of women entrepreneurs, sources of borrowing, rate of loan repayment, factors affecting loan repayment, and the importance of available loans to the respondents. The study used a simple random sampling technique to select 120 respondents. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaire and personal interviews. Data analysis involved the use of simple descriptive statistical tools such as means, percentages, and frequency distributions, a 4 point Likert scale, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). The findings revealed that the majority of the respondents were married (67%), young (58%), educated (100%), and experienced in handling financial and non financial issues (83%). Additionally, most respondents had large families that supported their enterprises through cheap labor and the supply of vital business information. The study also found that the majority of the respondents accessed their loans from formal financial institutions and had a moderate repayment rate of 54%. Significant variables influencing loan repayment among the respondents included age, operating costs, experience, income, and value of assets. Furthermore, the majority of the respondents agreed that loan availability benefitted them in expanding existing businesses, diversifying into new business lines, purchasing major inputs, and acquiring major assets. Based on these findings, the study recommended that loans should be extended to individuals with the necessary capacity to interact with formal financial institutions. Financial institutions should provide friendly and flexible policies to support loan repayment and create awareness among clients regarding the proper use of loans. Additionally, the government should consider subsidizing the price of inputs to reduce the financial burden and facilitate prompt loan repayment. These measures would ultimately stimulate the local economy, generate employment, and reduce poverty in the study area.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ОЦЕНКИ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ КОРПОРАТИВНОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ

This article presents an analysis of modern approaches to assessing the economic effi ciency of corporate governance, highlights the factors of corporate management effi ciency, and also considers the concept of the category “effi ciency” from the standpoint of various researchers. The economic effi ciency of corporate governance is considered in the context of functional management subsystems. In particular, the paper presents the author’s idea of the indicators of economic effi ciency of production management in terms of the productivity of the use of all working and fi xed production assets. A selection of indicators characterizing the eff ectiveness of the use of industrial production and management personnel, as well as the company›s own and borrowed sources of fi nancing, is proposed. The stages of the assessment were determined and a system of balanced indicators of economic effi ciency in the corporate management system was formed.

Optimal GDP-indexed bonds

I investigate the introduction of GDP-indexed bonds as an additional source of government borrowing in a quantitative default model. The idea of linking debt payments to developments in GDP resurfaced with the 1980s debt crisis and peaked with the COVID-19 outbreak. I show that the gains from this idea depend on the underlying indexation method and are highest if payments are symmetrically tied to developments in GDP. Optimized indexed debt can eradicate default risk, halve consumption volatility, and increase asset prices while raising the government's debt balances. These changes occur because an optimally chosen indexation method does a better job at completing the markets.

Capturing the Zeitgeist: Preserving American Music and Culture in the Mashups of DJ Earworm

AbstractThe discussion of narrative in mashups typically involves how a preexisting message is reinterpreted by the incorporation of new musical material. However, many scholars note how DJ Earworm's technique of creating new lyrics through the combination of samples from up to fifty different tracks conveys an original message that is distinct from its borrowed sources. In his various interviews, DJ Earworm elaborates that his mashups are original compositions that act as musical time capsules that capture the zeitgeist of the age. Nevertheless, DJ Earworm only provides brief commentary on the meaning of his mashups and there is no close examination of these narratives in the literature. This raises the question: To what degree do DJ Earworm's mashups reflect cultural issues in American society? By merging Zbikowski's concept of conceptual integration with Almén's theory of musical narrative, this paper will demonstrate how DJ Earworm's mashups show a consistent pattern of having complex narratives with cultural messages that resonate with contemporary issues in American society, including fossil fuel dependence, income inequality, and political and racial division.

Old slavicisms in modern discourse practices

The Old Slavic language is one of the sources of borrowings that entered the Ukrainian language system. Many scientific investigations describe the stylistic functions of old slavonicisms in the texts of classical and modern fiction.
 The article analyzes the usage of elements learned from the Old Slavic language in various discourses.
 Old Slavic elements are an organic part of the lexical composition of religious discourse texts, in particular, preaching discourse addressed to a mass audience. In the works of this genre, lexical units that have counterparts in the Ukrainian language are attested, but the authors also widely use book forms. Many lexemes learned from the Old Slavic language retain their connection with the source language, but have undergone assimilation processes, especially at the morphological level.
 We observe variants of Church Slavonicisms and their Ukrainian equivalents in the texts: древо (tree) – дерево (tree), прихід (coming) – пришестя (coming), родитися (be born) – рождатися (be born).
 The lexemes, which include elements borrowed from the Old Slavic language (for example, with the components blago-), have an evaluative function, which causes a wide range of their compatibility and use in different styles.
 Lexical units with the suffix -тель entered the official business discourse, they are the names of persons by activity, some of which are official names of professions: учитель (teacher), хранитель (keeper), as well as the lexeme вихователь (educator), which was formed on Ukrainian basis, with the help of an Old Slavic word-forming affix. Lexemes to denote persons with the suffix -тель are used in modern legal practice: управитель (manager), довіритель (principal), засідатель (assessor).
 In everyday discourse, the analyzed vocabulary primarily expresses realia related to the religious worldview. It is used in prayer appeals to Saints, discourse formulas of warning, and rituals. Household discourse widely attests to the creation of derivatives from Old Slavic lexemes.

The Stylistic Potential of Allusive Elements in the Novel “Chocolat” by Joanne Harris

The article is devoted to the description of the main types and stylistic potential of allusive elements in the novel “Chocolat” by the contemporary British author Joanne Harris. Allusion as a stylistic device is considered in the context of the theory of intertextuality and is interpreted as one of the leading methods of reproducing "another voice" in a literary text. The author concludes that the allusion is distinguished by the conscious use and requires unambiguous understanding and interpretation. The practical part of the study presents a description of the stylistic device of allusion in terms of the type and source of allusive borrowing, its main functions in the text under study. The analysis allows us to conclude that the allusion actualizes mainly the concepts of precedent texts and precedent phenomena. The main functions of allusive elements are explanatory, evaluative, and those of characterization and creating imagery.

A Comparative Analysis of External Debt in the East African Community Countries

Borrowing to finance public infrastructure has pushed debt levels to record highs within the East African Community (EAC) countries. Total external debt stock grew by 333.38 percent between 1970 and 2020. The rise in external debt exceeded growth in GDP and exports in all the countries except for the Democratic Republic of Congo between 2010 and 2020. The situation could have been worse had it not been for a massive external debt cancellation by the international community under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) and Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) programmes that benefitted all the EAC countries except Kenya. Virtually all the countries are increasingly borrowing more long-term than short-term external loans. Multilateral and official bilateral creditors continue to be the major financiers in all the countries even though these countries are gradually diversifying their sources of borrowing. All the EAC countries except Burundi had publicly guaranteed private sector external debt from commercial banks between 2010 and 2020. Three of the countries, Kenya, Tanzania and Rwanda, had nonguaranteed private sector external debt during the period. Two countries, Kenya and Rwanda, have joined a fast growing number of African countries that are issuing international sovereign bonds. The EAC countries are in a vulnerable position, with public external debt already at elevated levels. Trends in some of the external debt ratios including debt-to GDP, debt-to-exports, and debt service-to-exports ratios suggest that these countries could face challenges in servicing their external debts and meeting other foreign exchange obligations. High levels of external debt seem to have led to a vicious cycle of debt. Even after benefitting from the HIPC and MDRI debt relief programmes, the countries are once again facing high debt ratios. In light of the above findings, governments of the EAC countries should: look for improved terms on new loans; restructure external commercial loans that have heavy maturities and high interest rates; continue to diversify sources of external financing to reduce high dependency on expensive loans; make concerted efforts to increase concessional public external debt; explore non-debt creating financing options for public investments such as Public Private Partnerships; and look into refinancing expensive debt with debt on more favourable terms. Keywords : External debt, multilateral and bilateral debt, publicly guaranteed debt, external debt indicators, vicious cycle of debt DOI: 10.7176/JESD/14-4-01 Publication date: February 28 th 2023

АНАЛІЗ ДЕРЖАВНОГО БОРГУ УКРАЇНИ ЗА 2022 РІК

The article analyzes the state of Ukraine's national debt in 2022 in the context of the impact of the military conflict with Russia on the country's economy. The dynamics of external and internal debt, the structure of debt by sources and currencies, as well as the problems associated with the decrease in Ukraine's credit rating and dependence on external financing are considered. Its impact on the overall picture of Ukraine's national debt at the present stage is presented and examined, as well as its impact on the country's economy. The sources of borrowing are described, including Eurobond loans and loans from international financial corporations. Graphically presented are the external state and state-guaranteed debt of Ukraine, funding sources, and the structure of external borrowing and grants received since the start of the full-scale invasion in 2022. The agreements of the Government with international partners and memoranda of understanding regarding the suspension of debt payments with international partners in the G7 and Paris Club are considered. A comparison has been made with the 2021 figures of the total amount of Ukraine's state and state-guaranteed debt, as well as a comparison of the domestic state debt and the external state debt, which consists of loans from international financial organizations and Eurobonds. The main source of financing for the state budget in 2022 has been analyzed. The calculations by the Kyiv School of Economics in relation to the large external borrowings for 2023 have been described. The agreements of the government regarding grants and loans have been considered, which are an effective tool to ensure the financial stability of the country in the conditions of war, which is the main source of the most extensive imbalances, and where they have been directed for financing. The accumulation of the state debt and the steep decline in nominal GDP in 2022 have been described, and what it has led to. Additionally, data on the state debt for 2022 in foreign currency equivalent, hryvnia equivalent, the ratio of the state debt to GDP, and the share of the state debt in foreign currency have been provided.

Burgundian Cleric and Denis Fonvizin Teach Grammar: Court Manners in the Mirror of Two Epochs

In the 1780s the well-known Russian writer Denis Fonvizin created his “General Court Grammar”. The idea of this work still seemed original and the sources of borrowing were not known. Meanwhile, its idea is very similar to the French “Doctrinal du temps present” by Pierre Michault (15th century), an anticurial text where court manners are also shown through the teaching of grammar. The article has a dual purpose: firstly, by comparing it, it examines in detail the circumstances of both works, the reasons for their writing, the choice of plot and the contents, and puts forward a hypothesis about the possible borrowing of idea by Denis Fonvizin from the French text. Secondly, the methods of everyday history are used to conclude that both authors are dissatisfied with their place in courtly society and the need to make a career through their literary talent.

Bestiary of Pskov Chronicles Of XV–XVII Centuries: Images of People, Enemies, Wealth and Favorite Curses of Pskov Chroniclers

The article deals with the meanings and contexts of animal name mentions in the allegorical way in the text of Pskov chronicles and narratives. Allegorical mentions of domestic, wild, and exotic animals, as well as the use of epithets associated with animals are analyzed. The sources of literary borrowings referring to exotic and mythical animals such as asp, crocodile, camel, are investigated. The author concludes that chronicles and literary texts are not sufficiently informative to identify historical realities of everyday life associated with animals. At the same time, the sources provide rich ground for the study of expressive expressions in Pskov political rhetoric, historical and moral literature, and vividly characterize the worldview and figurative world of the inhabitants of the borderlands.

"СЛОВАР ЧУЖИХ СЛІВ" З. КУЗЕЛІ ТА М. ЧАЙКОВСЬКОГО ЯК ВІДОБРАЖЕННЯ СПЕЦИФІКИ НАЗВ ОСІБ У МОВНІЙ КАРТИНІ СВІТУ УКРАЇНЦЯ З ГАЛИЧИНИ ТА БУКОВИНИ

The article analyses the lexical-semantic group (LSG) for the designation of persons according to the type of activity and profession in the lexicographic work Dictionary of Foreign Words by Zenon Kuzelia and Mykola Chaikovsky (1910 edition). This dictionary was chosen as one of the first comprehensive dictionaries of foreign vocabulary in Ukraine. The dictionary consists of the main part (12 thousand words), where the interpretation of adopted words is provided, and the appendix, where borrowed words and phrases used in the Ukrainian language are given. This appendix is examined in the article. This group of vocabulary was choosen because it reflects a fragment of the linguistic worldview of Ukrainians of the selected time period. Research of linguistic worldview makes possible to more elaborately reconstruct the structure of Ukrainian society from the end of the 18th century to modern times, which represented, in particular, by the names of professions. Some of these names are no longer used in the modern Ukrainian language. The peculiarities of this lexicon have been determined on the phonetic, lexical, morphological and syntactic levels. At the lexical level, intrasystem connections, namely synonymy, polysemy, and semantics are considered in detail. We also considered the spelling features of the dictionary. In addition, we paid attention to certain moments of word usage at the beginning of the 20th century and to the encyclopedic nature of the dictionary as a whole. A comparative table of borrowed vocabulary recorded in Kuzelia’s and Tchaikovsky’s work as well as in Borys Hrinchenko’s, who also was the author of a dictionary at the beginning of the 20th century, was created. The sources of borrowing of this LSG have been determined in Kuzelia’s, Tchaikovsky’s and Hrinchenko’s dictionaries. This LSG is considered as an element of the Ukrainian linguistic worldview at the beginning 20th century.

BEACH MORPHOLOGY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY IN NORTHERN PALM BEACH COUNTY, FLORIDA, USA: A BRIEF UPDATE

Coastal erosion of sandy beaches is a global problem that threatens ecosystems and coastal communities. Beach nourishment is one of the commonly implemented mitigation strategies, using beach compatible sediment from various borrow sources that is placed on beaches and back in the littoral system. However, the geotechnical properties of sediment from different borrow sources can vary. Sediment characteristics influence post-nourishment equilibration, beach slope, substrate temperatures for incubating sea turtles, and morphologic response to storms. Although many regulatory agencies have policies requiring that the borrow source sediment closely matches, or is compatible with, the native beach sediment, placement of sediment from various borrow sources could result in sediment properties that deviate from the native material over time due to selective transport processes. This study is a brief update on the results of Brown and Briggs (2020) on the sediment properties and beach morphology of nourished and non-nourished beaches in northern Palm Beach County, FL, USA. Nourished beaches using various borrow sources were similar in sedimentology and slope to non-nourished beaches. Foreshore slopes on local beaches were most similar to predicted slopes for protected beaches, likely due to reduced fetch from the Bahamian archipelago. The proximity to hard structures appears to have an important influence on foreshore slopes and sediment properties and requires further analysis.

The image of China and Chinese in <i>setsuyōshū</i>. Case study of “The Complete Compendium of Urban Knowledge” (<i>Tokai setsuyō hyakkatsū</i>, Osaka, 1801)

During the second half of 18 th century, the formation of collective identity continues to proceed in Japan. Popular literature impacted this strongly. A lot of materials published during this period contained knowledge about Chinese history and geography. In this paper, we try to examine the image of China in setsuyōshū as an example of popular mass literature, using the case of “The Complete Compendium of Urban Knowledge”, and the role it played in the formation of the image of Japan. The book was compiled in Osaka at the end of the 18 th century and appears to be one of the characteristic examples of the genre. Its author Takayasu Rooku was a well-educated calligrapher and connoisseur of the Chinese language and Chinese history. Due to the professional interests of the compiler, the amount of knowledge about China in the edition is greater than in other similar works. Chapters related to China focus on famous places, heroes, provide a list of calligraphers, show China’s place in the world map and images of Chinese people. Like other chapters of the book, they are accompanied by detailed illustrations: there are images of the eight views of Shao and Shang, Chinese heroes, famous people. We try to trace the source of information, as in the case of the chapter about Chinese arms and partly in the case of the 24 examples of filial piety. In some cases, we can trace the fashion and social tastes of the time: such is the case of the list of great Chinese calligraphers. We also pay attention to how China is called in different parts of the book. We try to examine the ways China was perceived and how its image was formed. We distinguish China as the source of wisdom and virtue; China as the source of cultural borrowings; China as an object of comparison to validate the quality of Japanese famous landscapes; contemporary China as a source of modern knowledge, a potential threat, and an object of interest.

HUNGARIANISMS IN NORTHERN UKRAINIAN WRITTEN RECORDS OF THE 16–17TH CENTURIES

The subject of the article is Hungarianisms found in the North Ukrainian texts of the 16-17th centuries. The article briefly describes the Ukrainian and Hungarian contacts, the terminology of naming borrowings from the Hungarian language, occasionally considers the history of the study of Hungarianisms in Ukrainian linguistics, focuses on tokens of Hungarian origin.
 The article in particular based on materials of lexicographical works, indicates from which thematic groups the Hungarianisms were borrowed, which lexical and semantic changes they underwent in the analyzed written records, and their further evolution in the Ukrainian language in general and in the North Ukrainian dialect.
 Based on the study, it was established that a small number of words of Hungarian origin functioned in the Northern Ukrainian literary records (we found them), which is explained by the lack of direct contacts, inactive (passive) trade and economic ties, etc. Selected Hungarianisms are presented mainly in two thematic groups: household and military vocabulary.
 The observation of DYL gives grounds to believe that some of the analyzed Hungarianisms came out of the active use of the Ukrainian language, mainly due to the lack of denoted realia, some are used in the Polissya dialect, having undergone lexical and semantic changes.
 Analyzing the lexicographical works, which present materials from the Northern Ukrainian dialect, we can confirm that the borrowed units have changed at the lexical and semantic level.
 For some analyzed words the Hungarian language was a source of borrowing (добошъ, кгермекъ, ка(р)вашъ, газука, макгерка, катанка, шишакъ), for others it was a mediator (бакгазия, доломан, кунтушъ, палашъ, чижми), separate words (га(и)дукъ, шабля) do not have a unanimous opinion among etymologists about their origin. It is most probable that almost all Hungarianisms got into Ukrainian texts written in the Northern Ukrainian territories through the mediation of the Polish language, given the lack of direct contacts.