Borojoa Patinoi Research Articles

Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles with Borojó (Borojoa patinoi) Extracts and Their Application in As Removal in Water Matrix.

The predominant aim of the current research was to generate a proposal for the removal of arsenic, a highly toxic pollutant, encountered within the Papallacta Lagoon in Ecuador. The average concentrations of As yielded ranges between 18 to 652 μg/L, through the use of metallic nanoparticles. Sampling was performed in the lagoon with their respective geographic locations and "in situ" parameters. Nanoparticles of Mn3O4 NPs, Fe3O4 NPs, and CuO NPs were synthesized at a 0.5 M concentration, using the precipitation method, and borojó (Borojoa patinoi) extract was added as an anti-caking agent as well as antioxidant. The nanoparticles were characterized by visible spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. After arsenic removal treatment using nanoparticles, a randomized experimental design of different concentrations (5 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, and 150 mg/L) was applied at laboratory level. The average diameter of Fe3O4NPs ranged from 9 nm to 36 nm, Mn3O4 NPs were 15-20 nm, and CuO NPs ranged from 25 nm to 30 nm. Arsenic removal percentages using Fe3O4 NPs with a concentration of 150 mg/L was 87%; with Mn3O4 NPs, the removal was 70% and CuO NPs of about 63.5%. Finally, these nanoparticles could be used in a water treatment plant for the Papallacta Lagoon.

Selenium-rich food potentially useful to control mercury levels among Afro-Colombians: Towards an intercultural intervention.

Diet-based interventions may be a culturally acceptable option to decrease mercury levels and thus prevent the adverse effects of this metal on population health. Selenium is an element present in Colombian geology that can act as a chelator, decreasing mercury concentrations in the human body. To identify potentially useful selenium-rich foods to control the effects of mercury exposure among Afro-Colombians. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 320 individuals from five municipalities of Chocó. They were asked about the frequency of consumption of selenium-rich foods, and their association with mercury concentrations in hair was estimated with multiple robust regression. Guava, whole wheat flour, strawberries, cow liver, spinach and yeast extract were the foods with higher consumption. Walnuts, whole wheat flour, and yeast extract were identified in multiple robust regression as foods to consider in future interventions. It is proposed that the banana juice, the pineapple colada, the borojó (Borojoa patinoi) sorbet, the cucas, and the enyucado are basic elements for a culturally acceptable intervention.

Small molecules putative structure elucidation in endemic Colombian fruits: CFM-ID approach

ABSTRACT The main goal of any structural elucidation process is to achieve the highest level of confidence possible. This is usually attained using identical standards that can confirm the unequivocal structure of a metabolite. Nevertheless, the use of standards is not always possible given the great structural diversity among bioactive compounds. To overcome this problem, informatics tools can be used, such as the open source “CFM-ID” for structure elucidation, along with a meticulous mass fragmentation analysis as an initial step for putative identification. Herein, the “CFM-ID” tool was used on three Colombian fruits especially rich in phenolic compounds: Bactris gasipaes, Borojoa patinoi, and Myrciaria dubia. Thus, we obtained the characterization of new metabolites. To complete this picture, the bioactive content was measured using in-vitro assays (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective) with promising results, and was eventually related to the twenty-six new compounds reported here for the first time.

4,8-dicarboxyl-8,9-iridoid-1-glycoside Promotes Neural Stem Cell Differentiation Through MeCP2.

BackgroundBorojó (Borojoa patinoi Cuatrec) fruit has recently been shown to have a variety of health benefit, but the mechanisms have been little studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 4,8-dicarboxyl-8,9-iridoid-1-glycoside (388) on proliferation and differentiation of embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs).MethodsNSCs were treated with 388 and stem cell differentiation was determined by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. The role of MeCP2 in 388-mediated embryonic NSCs differentiation was examined.ResultsThe results showed that in the presence of mitogen when NSCs proliferated and maintained their multipotency, treatment with 388 did not affect the viability of NSCs. Following mitogen withdrawal to initiate NSC differentiation, treatment with 388 at the doses of 10 and 50 μg/mL significantly increased neural differentiation in both cortex and spinal cord-derived culture. 388 also significantly up-regulated MeCP2 expression. The expression of the neuronal and oligodendrocytic markers was enhanced after addition of 388 in the differentiation culture. However, knockdown of MeCP2 results in inhibition of NSC differentiation, and the pro-differentiation effect of 388 was mostly abolished.ConclusionsThis study confirmed that 388 stimulates differentiation of NSCs and identifies its mechanism of action by upregulating MeCP2.

Inhibition of the filamentation of Candida albicans by Borojoa patinoi silver nanoparticles

Candida albicans is fungus capable of changing from yeast to filamentous form when it’s transformed from a normal commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. The development of alternatives that interfere with this transition could be an effective way to reduce candidiasis. In this regard, evaluate the inhibitory effect of two Borojoa patinoi silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced by green synthesis at 5 °C and 25 °C on the process of filamentation of Candida albicans. The percentage of inhibition of filamentous forms of C. albicans ATCC10231 and C. albicans SC5314 with AgNPs was determined. Results showed that temperature of synthesis affected both the shape and size of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Borojoa patinoi extracts. The inhibition percentage of filamentous forms of Candida albicans ATCC10231 when treated with silver nanoparticles synthesized at 5 °C was 85.9% and at 25 °C it was 40%. C. albicans SC5314 when treated with AgNP synthesized at 5 °C was 97.2% and at 25 °C it was 64%. Cell toxicity assay showed that at 100ng/ml, AgNPs synthesized at 25 °C were safe in MES-OV CRL-3272 cell line. Our results showed that the silver nanoparticles obtained from Borojoa patinoi are inhibitors of the filamentous process of C. albicans.

Rheology and mixing analysis of plant cell cultures (Azadirachta indica, Borojoa patinoi and Thevetia peruviana) in shake flasks

Plant cell culture is a useful technology for the production of secondary metabolites with commercial and pharmaceutical value. The rheology, morphology or aggregation of cell suspension have different applications in flow systems, bioreactor design and unit operations. This suggests solutions to mixing, mass transfer, hydrodynamic stress and cell growth problems. In this study, some morphological aspects associated with elliptical form factor and the tendency to form cell aggregates of Azadirachta indica, Borojoa patinoi and Thevetia peruviana cell cultures were evaluated in shake flasks. The rheological behavior through rheograms for cell concentrations of 0, 4, 8 and 12gDWl⿿1 was also evaluated. From this data, properties and parameters like apparent viscosity, Reynolds number, phase state and volumetric power were calculated for shake flasks of 250 and 500ml. The results showed a dilatant behavior of the culture medium and pseudo-plastic behavior of cell cultures. This last behavior increases with cell concentration and size of the cell aggregates. Rheograms for all cell concentrations of A. indica, were significantly different from the other two species. Culture conditions like shaker orbit diameters and flask volumes were recommended in order to favor an adequate cell growth and mass transfer in plant cell cultures.

Effect of borojo (Borojoa patinoi Cuatrecasas) three‐phase composition and gum arabic on the glass transition temperature

The search for natural, novel, high-quality, stable food ingredients is an ongoing practice in the food industry. Pulp of borojo (Borojoa patinoi Cuatrecasas), which is a fruit of the Colombian Pacific region, can be separated into three phases: liquid (LP), medium (MP) and solid (SP) phases. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the three-phase composition and gum arabic on their glass transitions temperatures (T(g)). The best mixture, LP-MP, MP-SP and LP-SP and gum arabic (GA) was identified by response surface methodology. When adding GA to SP borojo phase in a 1:1 proportion, the resulting T(g) of the mixture was 132.27 °C whereas Tg for GA and SP-phase were 154.89 °C and 79.86 °C respectively, which supported this combination as attractive from a processing perspective and supports an industrial advantage of using borojo as food ingredient. Phases were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy and mass spectrometry. Low molecular weight compounds such as fructose for MP lowered T(g) whereas the presence of lignin increased T(g) of the mixtures as with the SP. The addition of GA significantly increased T(g) of borojo phases so leading to propose them as novel food processing materials.

Assessment of antioxidant and antibacterial potential of borojo fruit (Borojoa patinoi Cuatrecasas) from the rainforests of South America

Borojo (Borojoa patinoi) is an endemic fruit of the rainforests of Colombia, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador and Panama that is listed for approval as novel food in the European Union. In this work the antioxidant activity (measured with DPPH, FIC and FRAP), the organic acid and sugar contents, the volatile profile and the antibacterial properties against 26 pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains were studied. Total phenol contents (TPC) ranged from 36.41 to 53.6mg GAE/100g fw while total flavonoids (TFC) from 88.45 to 49.83mg RE/100g fw. The extract showed also good antioxidant activity highly correlated to TPC and TFC. Among 21 volatile compounds detected by SPME–GC–MS, 2-nonanol represented the main component. The antimicrobial activity was in a decreasing order: Salmonella enteritidis>Salmonella typhimurium>Listeria monocytogenes>Staphylococcus aureus>Brochotrix thermosphacta. The biological properties of Borojo-fruit suggested that it is a promising new antioxidant and antibacterial agent.

Rheology of Commercial and Model Borojó Jam Formulations

The rheological behavior of model and commercial borojó (Borojoa patinoi Cuatrec.) jams was analysed as a function of temperature (5–60°C). Model borojó jam formulations were prepared by modifying pectin concentration. Both small-amplitude oscillatory shear and steady flow measurements were performed. Rheological results were also compared with those obtained with a traditional commercial peach jam. The Herschel-Bulkley model was used to describe the steady flow behaviour. In general, all rheological parameters increased with pectin concentration and decreased with temperature. Arrhenius-type relationships were used to quantify the influence of temperature on several viscoelastic and viscous flow parameters. Model borojó jam formulations exhibited higher temperature dependence of linear viscoelastic functions than peach jam samples but lower than borojó commercial jam. The influence of temperature on the yield stress was more important in model borojó formulations than in both commercial jams.

CARACTERIZACIÓN BROMATOLÓGICA, FISICOQUÍMICA MICROBIOLÓGICA Y REOLÓGICA DE LA PULPA DE BOROJÓ (Borojoa patinoi Cuatrec)

En este estudio se presenta la caracterización bromatológica, fisicoquímica, microbiológica y reológica de la pulpa fresca de borojó (Borojoa patinoi Cuatrec), que son de interés en el procesamiento industrial. Se analizaron muestras de la pulpa del fruto intacto de borojó, proveniente de la provincia de Los Ríos (Ecuador), el rendimiento de la pulpa fue del 82.3% respecto del total de la fruta. La pulpa presenta un bajo pH, y tiene niveles importantes de carbohidratos y calcio. La pulpa de borojó obtenida fue de óptima calidad microbiológica, con recuentos de microorganismos que están dentro de los rangos permitidos según la normativa. Se realizó la caracterización reológica mediante ensayos de flujo en estado estacionario y ensayos oscilatorios de la pulpa de borojó a diferentes temperaturas. La pulpa de borojó presentó un comportamiento no newtoniano de carácter pseudoplástico, con un comportamiento más elástico que viscoso similar a un gel. Los resultados de los ensayos de flujo y oscilatorios muestran que la temperatura influyó en el comportamiento reológico de la pulpa de borojó.