Ulin Research Articles

Eusideroxylon zwageri (Ulin) as Key Species in Two Zones of Sangkima Rain Forest, Kutai National Park, East Kalimantan

Aim of this research was to study trees' diversity quality in primary and intensively used forest of Sangkima area in Kutai National Park (TNK), East Kalimantan (Borneo). Field observation was carried out by vegetation analysis using 17 sampling plots of 25x25 m2. Community structure of each forest was determined by calculating trees' density, basal area, frequency, important value and stratification of species. While trees diversity was estimated by taxa richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, and rate of endemism. Both forests were compared by Morisita community similarity index. Data were tabulated by Microsoft Excel 2007 and statistically analyzed by PCA method and supported by hierarchical cluster analysis in SPSS 15.00 for windows. The result showed that diversity quality in primary and intensively used forest of Sangkima TNK was high, indicated by similar stratification. The forests were composed by A stratum trees of > 30 m high to ground cover plants, but they were dominated by B stratum trees of 20-30m high. Primary forest's formation was Eusideroxylon zwageri-Mixed Dipterocarpaceae, while intensively used forest's formation was E. zwageri. Taxa richness of both forests was not different significantly. In the primary forest was found 34 species, 25 families and 16 orders, while intensively used forest was found 36 species, 20 families and 13 orders. Diversity Index of primary forest (H=4.57) was slightly higher than secondary forest (H=4.28). Rate of endemism of both forests reached 100%. Eusideroxylon zwageri and Cananga odorata were co-dominant in the Borneo rain forest. Tree of E. zwageri showed a biggest trunk and largest canopy. Cananga odorata showed a high density in both zones. Luxurious jungle performed A to E strata, but B stratum was dominant. Based on those five characters, trees' diversity quality in Sangkima was still high. Bi plot analysis showed that trees' community structure of both forests composed by three groups. In secondary forest, E. zwageri was a key species and characterized by high important value, while species C. odorata, Dyospiros borneensis and Dillenia beccariana found in a high distribution, otherwise other trees were classified into the 3rd group. Comparing to the secondary forest, even though E. zwageri was also as dominant tree, but the virgin one showed more species growing in a better density, distribution and dominance.Keywords: Tree, Borneo, rain forest, community structure, quality diversity, Kutai National Park

Eusideroxylon zwageri (Ulin) as Key Species in Two Zones of Sangkima Rain Forest, Kutai National Park, East Kalimantan

Aim of this research was to study trees' diversity quality in primary and intensively used forest of Sangkima area in Kutai National Park (TNK), East Kalimantan (Borneo). Field observation was carried out by vegetation analysis using 17 sampling plots of 25x25 m2. Community structure of each forest was determined by calculating trees' density, basal area, frequency, important value and stratification of species. While trees diversity was estimated by taxa richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, and rate of endemism. Both forests were compared by Morisita community similarity index. Data were tabulated by Microsoft Excel 2007 and statistically analyzed by PCA method and supported by hierarchical cluster analysis in SPSS 15.00 for windows. The result showed that diversity quality in primary and intensively used forest of Sangkima TNK was high, indicated by similar stratification. The forests were composed by A stratum trees of > 30 m high to ground cover plants, but they were dominated by B stratum trees of 20-30m high. Primary forest's formation was Eusideroxylon zwageri-Mixed Dipterocarpaceae, while intensively used forest's formation was E. zwageri. Taxa richness of both forests was not different significantly. In the primary forest was found 34 species, 25 families and 16 orders, while intensively used forest was found 36 species, 20 families and 13 orders. Diversity Index of primary forest (H=4.57) was slightly higher than secondary forest (H=4.28). Rate of endemism of both forests reached 100%. Eusideroxylon zwageri and Cananga odorata were co-dominant in the Borneo rain forest. Tree of E. zwageri showed a biggest trunk and largest canopy. Cananga odorata showed a high density in both zones. Luxurious jungle performed A to E strata, but B stratum was dominant. Based on those five characters, trees' diversity quality in Sangkima was still high. Bi plot analysis showed that trees' community structure of both forests composed by three groups. In secondary forest, E. zwageri was a key species and characterized by high important value, while species C. odorata, Dyospiros borneensis and Dillenia beccariana found in a high distribution, otherwise other trees were classified into the 3rd group. Comparing to the secondary forest, even though E. zwageri was also as dominant tree, but the virgin one showed more species growing in a better density, distribution and dominance. Keywords: Tree, Borneo, rain forest, community structure, quality diversity, Kutai National Park

Variasi genetik pertumbuhan pada uji provenans dan uji keturunan Eusideroxylon zwageri di Bondowoso, Jawa Timur

A Provenance test for ex-situ conservation and a progeny test of Eusideroxylon Zwageri was established in 2006 and 2008 at Sumberwringin, Bndowoso, East java. The trials were evaluated every year to examine genetic and environment effects on growth. There significant differences among provenances for height both at the provenance and progeny test. The differences among families within provenance was statistically significant for height and diameter. Estimated individual heritabilities at one year old for height and diameter. Estimated individual heritabilities at one year old for height and diameter r=were hight (hi 2 = 0.58 for height and hi 2 = 0,52 for diameter).

Kajian Glycocalyx bakteri Pada Kontaminasi Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri) In-Vitro

In-Vitro contamination of plant tissue cultures by bacteria is one of the most serious problem in plant micropropagation. Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri) bacterial contamination in vitro may survive surface sterization of the explant because they are in interior tissue and some Bacterial spores can also survive the sterilization procedure even if they are un the tissue surface. Bacteria secrete some sort of glycocalyx, an auter viscous covering of fibers extending from the Bacterium. This Study was conducted to examine the colony thickness and to observe the bacteria glycocalyx contaminant of ulin in vitro folowing three surface explant sterization treatments with fungisida, detergent, alkhohol,HgCl 2 and Na 2 CLO 3 as antimicrobial agents. The longer the sterilization time the lesser the bacterial colony thickness farmed. Transmission binocular microscopy showed that distribution of glycocalyx material surrounding coccus ulin bacterial contaminant cells were capsulated like Steptococcus lactis or Enterobacter aerogenes.

Evaluation of medicinal plants from Central Kalimantan for antimelanogenesis

In the course of searching for new materials to use as whitening agents, we screened 19 methanol extracts prepared from 14 medicinal plants from Central Kalimantan province, Indonesia. The screening methods used were the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging assay, a tyrosinase inhibition assay, and a melanin formation inhibition assay using B16 melanoma cells. The extracts of Willughbeia coriacea (bark part of aerial root), Phyllanthus urinaria (root), Eleutherine palmifolia (bulb), Eusideroxylon zwageri (seed), Dendrophthoe petandra (aerial root), Passiflora foetida (stem), and Vitex pinnata (root) showed DPPH radical-scavenging activity of more than 70% at 100 microg/ml. The extracts of W. coriacea (bark part of aerial root), P. urinaria (root), and D. petandra (aerial root) showed tyrosinase inhibitory activity of more than 40% using L-tyrosine as a substrate at 500 microg/ml. The extracts of W. coriacea (bark part of aerial root) and D. petandra (aerial root) showed tyrosinase inhibitory activity of more than 40% using L-DOPA as a substrate at 500 microg/ml. The extracts of W. coriacea (bark part of aerial root, 200 microg/ml), Glochidion philippcum (aerial root, 200 and 300 microg/ml), E. palmifolia (bulb, 50 microg/ml), E. zwageri (seed, 100 microg/ml), D. petandra (aerial root, 200 microg/ml), Lansium domesticum (bark, 25 microg/ml), P. foetida (stem, fruit, 300 microg/ml), and Solanum torvum (root, 300 microg/ml) strongly inhibited the melanin production of B16 melanoma cells without significant cytotoxicity. These findings indicate that some medicinal plants from Central Kalimantan are potential ingredients for skin-whitening cosmetics if their safety can be confirmed.

Two new isomeric lignans from Eusideroxylon zwageri

Two new lignans were isolated with two other known compounds, eusiderin A and eusiderin I, from Eusideroxylon zwageri (billian). The two new lignans have isomeric structure. The structures of the new lignans were determined to be (2R,3R,4S)-2,3-dimethyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethoxy (3′,4′,5′-trimethoxybenzene)-1,5-dihydroxytetralin and (2R,3S,4S)-2,3-dimethyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethoxy(3′,4′,5′-trimethoxybenzene)-1,5-dihydroxytetralin.

The Importance of Forest and Landscape Resource for Community Around Gunung Lumut Protected Forest, East Kalimantan

The forest of Gunung Lumut in Pasir District, East Kalimantan was designated for a protection forest in 1983. It is surrounded by 15 villages and one settlement lies inside it. Communities in those villages are dependent upon the landscape and forest resources mainly for non timber forest products. This study was focused on the perception of the communities on the importance of the landscape and forests. The study was conducted in two settlements, located in and outside (near) the protection forest, namely Rantau Layung Village and Mului Sub-Village. Data collection was undertaken through general field observations, key- informant personal interviews and focus group discussions. In Rantau Layung, the most important land type was rice field, whereas in Mului was forest. There were 13 and 14 use categories of landscape resources in Rantau Layung and Mului, respectively, such as food, medicine, constructions and source of income. People in Rantau Layung and Mului ranked plants to be more important than animals. People also considered products from wild resources to be more important than those from cultivated and purchased sources. Communities living in both settlements considered the future uses of forests to be the most important as compared to those of the present and past. They suggested that sungkai ( Peronema canescens ) and telien ( Eusideroxylon zwageri ) to be the most important plants while payau ( Cervu s unicolor ) and telaus ( Muntiacu s muntjak ) to be the most important animals. People used the wildlife mainly for food and source of income. They also identified important and potential resources for economic development in the area, i.e. ecotourism and hydro- power for electric generator.

PENGARUH UKURAN KOTILEDON TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN SEMAI ULIN (EUSIDEROXYLON ZWAGERI T. ET B)

Ulin ( Eusideroxylon zwageri ) has much bigger seed compared to others tree species. This condition poses some difficulties in seed collecting and seed transporting from seed collecting area to nursery. The aim of this research is to examine the correlation between Ulin seed length with stem and root length in nursery. The study used 4 provenances and 15 seeds per provenance. Regresion analyzes showed that seed length variable (X) versus stem length (Y1) has formula Y1= 9,601 + 0,446 X and seed length variable (X) versus root length (Y2) has formula Y1= 5,884 + 0,428 X. From both formula showed that seed length variable (X) are not significant to stemp length and root length variable.

The Possibility of Using Timber from Plantation Forest Treated with Plastic and CCB for Marine Construction

Recently, timber estate or plantation forest plays an important role on wooden based industries. However, the plantation timber quality is relatively low. Some treatments have been developed to improve its low quality, such as preservation with CCB (Chromate Copper Boron) and impregnation with plastic compounds. This study is to compare the durability of timber treated with plastic and CCB, non-treated from plantation forest timber as well as from natural forest. The plantation timber studied were jeungjing (Paraserianthes falcataria), damar (Agathis sp.), pinus (Pinus merkusii), and rubberwood (Hevea brasilliensis). Non-treated timbers that usually used for marine construction were ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri), jati/teak (Tectona grandis), laban (Vitex pubescens) and merbau (Instia bijuga). After 6 and 12 months, the results showed that CCB preserved timber were more durable than plastic impregnated timber and non- treated timber. Wood samples were mostly attacked by marine borer organisms from the family of Pholadidae and Teredinidae. The experiment results revealed the possibility of using those plantation forest timber species for marine construction purposes.

Pengaruh Variasi Penambahan Ragi dan Lamanya Waktu Fermentasi terhadap Hasil Fermentasi Etanol dari Serbuk Gergajian Kayu Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri T et B)

Effect of Variation yeast addition and Duration of Fermentation on the Amount of Ethanol Produced from Sawdust of Ulin Wood (Eusideroxylon zwageri T et B)The research was aimed to assess the influence of different levels of yeast addition and duration of fermentation on the amount and percentage of ethanol produced from sawdust of ulin wood as raw material.Method used in this experiment was chemical hydrolysis of cellulose by using nitric acid (HNO3) as chemical agent. This substrate was inoculated into yeast cell (khamir) to convert glucose into ethanol. The amount of ethanol (ml) was obtained from distilled water (ml) multiplied by the azeotropic value of ethanol (95,5%), while the value ethanol (%) obtained was from the amount of ethanol (ml) divided by the amount of distilled water (ml) multiplied by 100 percent.The study used a factorial design of 3 x 3 with 3 replications and the parameters used were A factor (amount of yeast) consisting of 5, 10, and 15 grams, respectively, and B factor (duration of fermentation) consisting of 1, 3, and 5 days, respectively. Significant differences of ANOVA at test levels of 5% and 1% will be continued by interaction test between the two factors to assess the influence of each factor on the amount and percentage of ethanol.Results indicated that the amount of yeast applied, duration of fermentation and interaction between the two gave very significant effects on the amount of ethanol (ml) and its percentage (%). Following the treatment on ulin wood sawdust, the lowest yield of ethanol was found at A1B1 treatment (5 g, 1 day) with. 1.69 ml, while the highest at A3B3 treatment (15 g, 5 day) with 5.19 ml. In terms of ethanol percentage, the lowest was found at A1B1 treatment with 9.4% and the highest at A3B2 treatment with 29.9%.

Butterfly, seedling, sapling and tree diversity and composition in a fire‐affected Bornean rainforest

Abstract: Fire‐affected forests are becoming an increasingly important component of tropical landscapes. The impact of wildfires on rainforest communities is, however, poorly understood. In this study the density, species richness and community composition of seedlings, saplings, trees and butterflies were assessed in unburned and burned forest following the 1997/98 El Niño Southern Oscillation burn event in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. More than half a year after the fires, sapling and tree densities in the burned forest were only 2.5% and 38.8%, respectively, of those in adjacent unburned forest. Rarefied species richness and Shannon's H’ were higher in unburned forest than burned forest for all groups but only significantly so for seedlings. There were no significant differences in evenness between unburned and burned forest. Matrix regression and Akaike's information criterion (AIC) revealed that the best explanatory models of similarity included both burning and the distance between sample plots indicating that both deterministic processes (related to burning) and dispersal driven stochastic processes structure post‐disturbance rainforest assemblages. Burning though explained substantially more variation in seedling assemblage structure whereas distance was a more important explanatory variable for trees and butterflies. The results indicate that butterfly assemblages in burned forest were primarily derived from adjacent unburned rainforest, exceptions being species of grass‐feeders such as Orsotriaena medus that are normally found in open, disturbed areas, whereas burned forest seedling assemblages were dominated by typical pioneer genera, such as various Macaranga species that were absent or rare in unburned forest. Tree assemblages in the burned forest were represented by a subset of fire‐resistant species, such as Eusideroxylon zwageri and remnant dominant species from the unburned forest.

Drought, fire and tree survival in a Borneo rain forest, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Summary Droughts and fires are increasingly recognized as a significant component of tropical rain forest dynamics but detailed large‐scale assessments of such events are scarce. Here we examine tree mortality in a lowland rainforest in East Kalimantan after an extreme drought (the most severe ever reported in a tropical forest study), and a subsequent fire. Eighteen 1.8‐ha paired permanent plots that crossed a firebreak allowed us to examine the separate effects of the two events. Eight months after the drought, stem mortality in unburned forests reached 18.5 ± 5.6% (average ± SD ≥ 10 cm diameter breast height, d.b.h.). After 21 months, this increased to 26.3 ± 5.0%. Mortality was higher in larger stems, being 46.6 ± 18.7% in stems > 80 cm d.b.h., but falling to 23.9 ± 3.7% in stems 10–20 cm d.b.h. (after 21 months). The burned forest showed an overall mortality of 64.2 ± 12.2%. This increased to 79.0 ± 10.2% after 21 months. By subtracting mortality after drought alone from mortality with fire in each plot pair, we can estimate the distinct influence of drought and subsequent fire. Fire caused near complete mortality for individuals < 10 cm d.b.h., but did not increase tree mortality for individuals > 70 cm d.b.h. Drought contributes approximately 30% of the stem death observed in the burned forest after 21 months but the estimated contributions to dead basal area and biomass are higher at 52% and 63%, respectively. The forest contained around 7.3 tonnes ha−1 (± 2.2, 95% confidence) of above‐ground biomass as dead trees (≥ 10 cm d.b.h) prior to the drought, rising to 133 ± 30 tonnes ha−1 21 months after drought alone, and 207 ± 50 tonnes ha−1 in burned forest. Eusideroxylon zwageri survived the drought with only 5% mortality after 21 months. Overall per‐species mortality appears negatively correlated to wood density, though Koompassia malaccensis, with 64% mortality, is an outlier. Though species‐specific mortality varied from 11 to 91% in burned forest, overall stem survival after fire was significantly correlated with greater bark thickness at larger sizes. Consequently, species well represented at large sizes, mainly Dipterocarpaceae, increase in relative dominance compared with smaller taxa. Palm mortality was low, reaching only 3% after drought and 10% in burned forest. The stem mortalities recorded in this study are amongst the most severe ever observed in rainforest. Such droughts, though rare, are potent determinants of forest structure and composition. Drought and fire are an especially destructive combination as they act on larger and smaller stems, respectively.

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Sixty two Indonesian wood species were exposed to marine borers for determining their resistances. The study was conducted at Rambut Island seashore using wood samples measuring 2,5 cm by 5 cm by 30 cm. The samples were randomly arranged using nylon rope immersed in the shore and then observed after six months. Results revealed that most of the samples were completely attacked by Martesia striata Linne of the Pholadidae family, Teredo bartchi Clapp., Dicyathifer manni Wright and Bankia cieba Clench., of the Teredinidaefamily. Nine out of 62 wood species i.e. 14.5% were resistant to marine borers. Eusideroxylon zwageri T. et B., was classified as very resistant (no attack), while Diospyros celebica Bakh., Mimusops elingi L., Parinari corymbosa Miq., Tectona grandis lf, Trestania maengayi Duthii.,Trestania whiteana Griff, Vitex cofassus Reinw., and Vitex pubescens Vahl. were categorized as resistant (light attack). These nine wood species are suitable for marine constructions.

The age of tropical rain-forest canopy species, Borneo ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri), determined by 14C dating

Using 14C dating, the life span and growth rate of Borneo ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri, Lauraceae), which is a canopy tree species with extremely durable and decay-resistant wood distributed in tropical rain forests of South-East Asia, were studied. Timber segments collected from 15 logged stumps in Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia, were analysed by accelerator mass spectrometry and the obtained data were calibrated to determine the age of individuals. The 14C dating turned out to be an effective method for estimating ages of long-lived trees, such as E. zwageri, in the aseasonal tropics because the estimated error was small compared with estimated age. We found that E. zwageri can live more than 1000 y and that the growth rate of this species was very slow, with a mean radial growth rate of 0·058 cm y-1. The life span was much greater and the growth rate was much slower than those observed or estimated for trees of Dipterocarpaceae, the dominant family in this tropical forest. The long life span of this species may be caused by wood durability with a high specific gravity and abundant defensive compounds. Given equal carbon allocation, the high density and carbon-based defensive compounds may result in a reduced growth rate.

EARLY PERFORMANCE OF TEN TIMBER SPECIES PLANTED UNDERACACIA MANGIUMPLANTATION ON ANIMPERATA CYLINDRICAGRASSLAND SITE IN SOUTH KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA

ABSTRACT Early performance of nine indigenous and one exotic shade-tolerant timber species planted under an 8-year-old Acacia mangium plantation on an Imperata cylindrica dominated grassland site was studied for three years in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. The aim was to investigate the differences in early survival and growth between these species. Twenty seedlings of each species were planted in a completely randomized design between the rows of A. mangium. Three years after planting, Anisoptera marginata and Eusideroxylon zwageri showed no mortality, Swietenia macrophylla had a survival of 85%, Dipterocarpus grandiflorus 80% and Shorea balangeran 70%. Other dipterocarps had a mortality of 35–80% during the third year when serious drought occurred. S. macrophylla had a slow initial height growth but thereafter clearly outperformed other species, reaching a cumulative height increment of 267 cm during 36 mo. Height increments of A. marginata, S. balangeran and E. zwageri were 121, 97 and 78 cm, respective...

Availability and Extraction of Forest Products in Managed and Primary Forest around a Dayak Village in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

We examined the density and abundance of marketable products in managed forest (rubber gardens, fruit gardens, and dry rice fallows) and in primary forest surrounding the Dayak village of Kembera, near Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. We calculated the proportion of trees that were marketable and useful for local consumption by counting and identifying trees in each managed forest type, and we documented extraction of products through interviews. Villagers harvested four marketable tree products: tengkawang seeds (Shorea stenoptera), durian fruits (various Durio spp.), rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), and timber, especially Bornean ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri). We inventoried trees at least 20 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) of marketed species from 0.4‐ha plots in primary forest (n = 8) and from 0.1‐ha plots in each managed forest type (n = 10–11). With the exception of timber, the density of trees producing a marketable product was significantly higher in the forest type managed for that product than the density of the marketed species, or of similar wild species, in primary forest. Total abundance (product of density and available area) of durian and tengkawang was greater in primary forest; however, villagers gathered these products only from managed forest. We infer from this choice a greater efficiency of harvesting from trees in dense stands near the village. Historically, this choice resulted in deliberate development of fruit gardens in preference or in addition to gathering from the more distant, primary forest. Because of low product density in primary forest, extractive forest reserves or buffer zones designed to encourage the production of fruits such as tengkawang or durian may not provide a sufficient incentive for the protection of primary forest around Kembera and other Dayak villages near Gunung Palung National Park.

Studies on the Natural Durability of Tropical Timbers to termite attack

Small samples of 28 tropical timbers were tested with the dry-wood termite Cryptotermes cynocephalus and the subterranean termite Coptotermes curvignathus using several methods of testing. The results revealed that four among 28 species of wood were completely durable to the two species of termite. They are Dalbergia latifolia, Eusideroxylon zwageri, Intsia bijuga and Tectona grandis. Agathis alba, Dipterocarpus spp. and Mangifera spp. were classified as the most susceptible wood species to termites.

Dynamics of Mixed Dipterocarps Forests in Wanariset Semboja, East Kalimantan after Three Times of Forest Fires within the Periods of 1980-2003

A plot of 150x700 m2 was established in a mixed dipterocarps of Wanariset Semboja, East Kalimantan during the periods of 1979-1981. The forest was dominated by Eusideroxylon zwageri (Lauraceae), Dipterocarpus cornutus (Dipterocarpaceae), Pholidocarpus majadum (Arecaceae), and Diospyros borneensis (Ebenaceae). Since the plot establishment, the forests then had experienced three times of forest fires, those were in 1982-1983, 1994-1995 and 1997-1998. The present paper reports the results of re-measurement of some 150x110 m2parts of the plot in August 2003, about 23 years after plot establishment. Micro topographically, the studied plot was relatively undulating in higher parts and relatively flat in the lower parts of the plot, while the differences between lowest sub-plot and higher sub-plot of the remeasured plot was 26 m. Forest floor of the lower parts of the plot were humid to wet during rainy season and still humid during dry season. Almost all of the trees within lower parts of the plot were escaped from these three times of forest fires; hence these sub-plots weredominated by the trees of primary species that enumerated in 1980. Those sub-plots in the higher parts were burnt during the past forest fires indicated by the charcoal of standing trees and remaining felling logs in the forest floor. These burnt sub-plots were dominated by pioneer or secondary tree species, such as: Mallotus spp., Macaranga spp., Ficus spp. and Vernonia arborea. Local distribution of some indicator species (such as primary tree species: Pholidocarpus majadum, Diospyros spp., Eusideroxylon zwageri and species of Dipterocarpaceae; pioneer or secondary tree species Vernonia arborea, Macaranga spp., Mallotus spp., Ficus uncinulata, Piper aduncum, Peronema canescens) within the plot were figured. Mortality, recruitment and growth rate during the period of 1980-2003 were also discussed.© 2005 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: dynamics, mix dipterocarps forest, forest fires, mortality, recruitment and growth rate.

Flora diversity and its potential in Muara Kendawangan Nature Reserve, West Kalimantan

Muara Kendawangan Nature Reserve is one of the biggest nature reserves in West Kalimantan. However, data andinformations especially floras diversity and its potential in this area has not been investigated intensively. Two hundred andnineteen species of plant are collected from this area, and 140 species of them are reported as potential plants. Fourty eight, and fourty two species of the potential species are respectively useful as timber and medicinal plants. Six species, namely Aquilaria malaccensis, Durio oxleyanus, Eusideroxylon zwageri, Alstonia scholaris, Koompassia malaccensis and Eurycoma longifolia are threatened species, and one of them namely Aquilaria malaccensis is endangered.© 2003 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: diversity, potential flora, Muara Kendawangan Nature Reserve, West Kalimantan.

922. The chemistry of extractives from hardwoods. Part XXIX. Eusiderin, a possible by-product of lignin synthesis in Eusideroxylon zwageri

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.