Borne Zoonosis Research Articles

Serological study of Crimean – Congo haemorrhagic fever in Sheep in Thi – Qar province

Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) causes a lethal tick – borne zoonotic disease with severe clinical manifestation in humans but does not produce symptomatic disease in wild or domestic animals. It is endemic in a large region of the word. One of the main indicators that the disease is endemic in a region is the presence of antibodies specific to CCHFV in animal populations. The factors contributing to differential outcomes of infection between species are not understood. Serological studies have shown sheep are important to the survival of CCHFV in nature. Nevertheless, need for more studies on this subject in Iraq. Blood samples were taken from 200 sheep of different sex, variable age and physiological status. Only 100 samples used for physiological testes while 186 used for Microbiological test (ELISA) test. The present study was appeared a high level about (144)78.53% of positive carrier sheep while negative samples (42)21.46% in Thi – Qar province which include different regions such as Al-eakihah , Al- rifai and Al- garma region which recorded about 92.85% , 90% and 90 % respectively comparative with another region of thi qar province that appear low level of infected such as Al-fadhliya , Al-tar and Al- manar which recorded about 75%, 50% and 60.71% respectively. The current study focused on and attempted to connect the different physiological states, sex and age with infected animals. The male sex appears ahigh level of infected about 83.92% comparative with female was appeared low level of infected by CCHF virus about 74.61%, while recorded high infected in non – pregnant about 75% comparative with pregnant about 73,80 . Also, the present study was showed ahigh level of infected in age from 5 to nine years about 82.4% comparative with another age ranges which appeared about 71.11, 78.50 %.

Study on rickettsial diseases evidenced by Weil-Felix test among febrile patients visiting a tertiary care hospital in Mymensingh

Background: Rickettsial diseases are neglected, re-emerging vector borne zoonosis & increasingly considered as one of the most important causes of pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO). They are grossly underdiagnosed due to wide range of non-specific symptoms, low index of clinical suspicion, lack of widely available specific diagnostic tools, leading to significant morbidity & mortality. Appropriate diagnosis in early stages is therefore necessary to prevent fatal complications associated with this disease. Objective: Present study was attempted to assess the burden of rickettsial illness by Weil-Felix agglutination test, among the suspected febrile patients, visiting a tertiary care hospital as well as to analyze the demographic profile & clinical manifestations of the seropositive cases. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, conducted at department of microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College from March 2018 to February 2019. A total of 453 febrile patients of suspected rickettsial illness, irrespective of age and sex, were enrolled in this study. Serum sample from all the enrolled cases were then analyzed for rickettsial antibodies by Weil-Felix slide agglutination test. Results: Out of 453 cases, a total of 260 (57.39%) showed significant agglutination by Weil-Felix test, of which 101 (38.84%) were reactive to OX2 (spotted fever group rickettsiae), 65 (25%) were reactive to OXK (Scrub typhus) & 13 (5%) showed significant titers to OX19 (typhus fever). Remaining 81 (31.15%) sera were reactive to more than one antigens (mixed reactivity). Seropositivity was higher among female subjects (142; 54.61%) & age group >15-30 accounted for highest number of cases (95; 36.53%). Positive cases showed diverse clinical manifestations like headache (55.76%), myalgia (50.76%), skin rash (10.38%), eschar (9.23%), oliguria (7.3%), jaundice (10.76%), splenomegaly (6.81%), hepatomegaly (7.30%) etc. Conclusion: Rickettsial diseases should be considered as an important etiology of PUO & early diagnosis should be done to initiate proper treatment to prevent fatal complications. Though it lacks sensitivity & specificity, in a resource constraint area like Bangladesh, Weil-Felix test still serves as the cheapest initial diagnostic tool for rickettsial illness to guide the physician for further approaches. Mediscope 2021;8(2): 112-121

Diversity of Rodent Species and Its Potency as the Vector for Transmitting Rodent Borne Parasitic Disease in Households

Rodent species have been known as the major pest in the agricultural sector leading to economic losses. They are also identified as the vector for several rodent -borne zoonotic diseases. However, a specific study on observing their diversity in households closed to lowland irrigated agroecosystems that correspond to disease distribution’s role is limited. To address this issue, a field study was performed during the 2019 -2020 cropping season in two sites (Yogyakarta and West Java) which were categorized as the rice production centers. Trapping was conducted consecutively for 13-30 days using 65-75 snap traps. Roasted coconut and salty fish were used to attract rodents. In West Java, 3 rodent species (Rattus argentiventer,Rattus tanezumi,Bandicota indica) and insectivore small mammal (Suncus murinus) were discovered from 1,950 trap nights. Meanwhile, the setting of 900 trap nights in Yogyakarta indicated less diverse rodents with only one species (Rattus tanezumi) and the same insectivore discovered. All captured animals were dissected and observed for the endoparasites. We obtained two potent species of parasites (Taenia taeniaeformisandCapillaria hepatica), which can be transmitted by rodents to the local people if they do not apply a proper health practice.

Prevalence and detail morphological identification of helminths of murine rodents in Dhaka city, Bangladesh.

Rodents are common pests that transmit various deadly pathogens to humans. Here we have studied the helminth parasites of rodents from different ecological niches in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. The gastrointestinal helminths were investigated from a total of 70 rodents, namely Bandicota bengalensis (20), Rattus rattus (15), Rattus norvegicus (25) and Mus musculus (10). The rodents were live-captured from houses in the slum areas (20), stationary shops (20), residential buildings (15) and rice fields (15). The overall prevalence of helminth infection was 71.43%. The highest prevalence was found in R. norvegicus (84%), followed by B. bengalensis (75%), R. rattus (66.66%) and M. musculus (40%). Among different areas of Dhaka city, the highest prevalence recorded in slum areas (85%). Out of 50 rodents, 36 (72%) had mixed endoparasitic infection whereas only 14 (28%) rodents had single infection. The prevalence of endoparasitic infection in male (66%) rodents was higher than that of female (34%). The parasites detected from the rodents were Heterakis spumosa (60%), Hymenolepis diminuta (47.14%), Moniliformis moniliformis (42.85%), Taenia taeniaeformis (35%) and Gongylonema neoplasticum (34.28%). To the best of our knowledge, G. neoplasticum is going to be reported for the first time from rodents in Bangladesh. Except H. spumosa, all the parasites recovered have public health significance. Therefore, proper attention needs to be paid for the prevention of rodent borne zoonosis through the control of rodents.

Coprological Detection of Bovine Fasciolosis in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria

Bovine Fasciolosis is a vector – borne zoonosis and one of the most neglected tropical diseases that cause huge economic losses and poor animal conditions in Nigeria. The prevalence of Fasciolosis in Cattle slaughtered in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja was investigated. Faecal samples were collected from the cattle antemortem and analysed using copro ELISA test-kits and gross lesions were inspected at postmortem. Out of one hundred and eighty six (186) faecal samples analysed, over-all prevalence was 98(52.7%). From each abattoir was 38 (38.8%), 36 (36.7%) and 24 (24.5%) at Karu, Dei-Dei and Gwagwalada abattoirs respectively. Based on body condition scoring, infection rates were 39 (58.2%), 45 (58.4%) and 20 (47.6%) from cattle with poor, moderate and good body conditions accordingly. Males had a higher prevalence rate of 48 (50%) than females with 40 (44.4%). Based on the breed of cattle, infection rate of the diseases was 41 (66.1%), 39 (62.9%) and 20 (32.3%) in White fulani, Sokotogudali and Red bororo accordingly. Out of 186 cattle inspected at postmortem, 47 livers were condemned totally due to the presence of liver flukes (Fasciola species) in the hepatic parenchyma, fluke tracts, livers were friable and chirrotic. This led to an estimated loss of about three million, one hundred and two thousand naira (3,102,000.00). There was no statistically significant association between the infection and breed, sex and body condition score (p>0.05). Treatment of all cattle with an effective flukicides, vector control, enlightening of cattle farmers for proper intervention against fasciolosis are recommended.

Coprological Detection of Bovine Fasciolosis in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria

Bovine Fasciolosis is a vector – borne zoonosis and one of the most neglected tropical diseases that cause huge economic losses and poor animal conditions in Nigeria. The prevalence of Fasciolosis in Cattle slaughtered in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja was investigated. Faecal samples were collected from the cattle antemortem and analysed using copro ELISA test-kits and gross lesions were inspected at postmortem. Out of one hundred and eighty six (186) faecal samples analysed, over-all prevalence was 98(52.7%). From each abattoir was 38 (38.8%), 36 (36.7%) and 24 (24.5%) at Karu, Dei-Dei and Gwagwalada abattoirs respectively. Based on body condition scoring, infection rates were 39 (58.2%), 45 (58.4%) and 20 (47.6%) from cattle with poor, moderate and good body conditions accordingly. Males had a higher prevalence rate of 48 (50%) than females with 40 (44.4%). Based on the breed of cattle, infection rate of the diseases was 41 (66.1%), 39 (62.9%) and 20 (32.3%) in White fulani, Sokotogudali and Red bororo accordingly. Out of 186 cattle inspected at postmortem, 47 livers were condemned totally due to the presence of liver flukes (Fasciola species) in the hepatic parenchyma, fluke tracts, livers were friable and chirrotic. This led to an estimated loss of about three million, one hundred and two thousand naira (3,102,000.00). There was no statistically significant association between the infection and breed, sex and body condition score (p>0.05). Treatment of all cattle with an effective flukicides, vector control, enlightening of cattle farmers for proper intervention against fasciolosis are recommended.

Parasitic pneumonia caused by Paragonimus spp. in a wild Royal Bengal Tiger, Mysuru, South India.

Parasitic pneumonia induced by genus Paragonimus involves many species, which affects both humans and animals and it is a food borne zoonotic disease. In this report, we have described the gross and histopathological findings of Paragonimus fluke infection in lungs of tiger. The postmortem examination of sub adult male wild tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) died in captivity was conducted, earlier which was rescued by Forest Department, Mysuru, Karnataka, India. External examination of carcass revealed pale oral and conjunctival mucous membranes with sunken eye balls. During necropsy, moderate congestion, consolidation and numerous transparent to dark encysted lesions were found in the parenchyma of all lobes of lungs visible grossly on pleural surface. Lungs were hemorrhagic with necrotic foci around the cysts. The incision of encysted lesions revealed the presence of flukes (2-3 in numbers) in each cyst with brownish exudate. The lung tissues with lesions were collected in 10% formalin and haematoxylin and eosin staining was done for histopathological evaluation. The flukes were identified as Paragonimus spp. based on the morphology and micrometry. The histopathological examination revealed presence of longitudinal sections of flukes in bronchial lumen (in pair) with tegument and tegumental spines surrounded by connective tissue capsule as cystic encapsulation and numerous eggs in adjacent lung parenchyma. Necrosis and moderate fibrosis of lung parenchyma with infiltration of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear inflammatory cells were observed around fluke as well as eggs. The squamous cell metaplasia of lining bronchial epithelium and atelectasis of alveoli were also prominently seen.

Case Report: Sparganosis in Domestic Cat

Sparganosis is one of the food borne zoonotic diseases caused by the plerocercoid larvae (spargana) of the Spirometric genus. Sparganosis cases in five-month-old female cats in Denpasar, Bali were reported by us. Clinical sign of a Spirometric tapeworm infection in the case cat of the fecal consistency is grade 3.5. These findings are reported from animal’s owners who found worms when defecate. Eggs per gram (EPG) 16,900 it shows the intensity of spirometra infection in cat high enough. The Animal were treated with praziquantel 0.5 tablets, given twice with a seven-day interval. Evaluation of the cat after two times treatments for clinical signs of significant changes only from the fecal effusion from grade 3.5 to grade 2 was well formed, does not leave a mark when picked up.

A University Driven Approach to Engaging Communities in Solving Complex Health Problems at the Human-Animal-Environmental Interface: A One Health Demonstration Site Survey in Kilosa District, Tanzania

In light of the increasing global demographics, disease emergence and intensified encroachment on natural habitats, meeting the needs of the community and safeguarding their health is becoming a significant challenge. Engaging communities in one health activities is one way to ensure that they are involved in the planning, implementation and management of activities and interventions right from the beginning. The One Health Central and Eastern Africa (OHCEA) network of veterinary, environmental and public health institutions have been developing regional collaboration sites (One Health Demonstration Sites) for capacity building, outreach, and applied research in One Health where students, faculty, communities and government representatives work together to address joint complex health problems in long-term research, training and outreach at the human-animal -environment interface.In Tanzania, Kilosa district located close to Mikumi national park was identified as a perfect site. Villages surround the national park and are in close interaction with wild animals. Environmental issues such as flooding have happened in this area, there are internally displaced communities, and farmers live in conflict with pastoralists, wildlife authorities and the government.Faculty and students from Sokoine University and Tufts University performed a baseline survey of this area with key stakeholders in mind, and a focus on the different one health activities and interventions possible and the roles and responsibilities of the community in the demo site. Existing field based programs and attachments were reviewed, a situational analysis was conducted to allow for the engagement of local and national stakeholders in order to assure that activities are aligned with priorities and existing activities. Specific human health, animal health, and ecosystem challenges and impacts were identified, e.g. local human, livestock and wildlife diseases, habitat fragmentation, edge effect, biodiversity loss, around which training modules and/or curriculum could be developed for prospective trainees in public health, veterinary medicine, nursing and environmental health consistent with One Health themes and competencies. Focus group discussions were held with the community. Various community leaders as well as district level government and civil society officials exchanged ideas on how to implement the one health demonstration site.The Kilosa region was found to be strategically positioned in terms of cultural resources and vulnerable populations as well as endemic or threatened wildlife species. Rabies, Rift Valley Fever and milk borne (Bovine Tuberculosis and Brucellosis) as well as water borne zoonoses were identified by community members as priority diseases that would be intervened effectively using one health approach. There was ongoing conflict among pastoralists, farmers, the national parks administration that presented opportunities for research and novel intervention systems. Community support and existing infrastructure for ongoing activities including influx of trainees and research staff was considered adequate. Potential opportunities for the demonstration site to contribute to the local economy by virtue of employment, improved subsistence resources, conservation and sustainability, biodiversity protection, improved recreation or appreciation by tourists were present as well as future opportunities for community-based participatory research and training. The presence of ongoing stakeholder conflict presents opportunities for investigation and intervention by community members, the government and the universities working together using a one health approach. The survey provided prospects for engaging the community from the initial planning and execution stages of the demonstration site.

Leptospirosis: An Infectious Emerging Waterborne Zoonosis of Global Significance

Leptospirosis, caused by Leptospira interrogans, is a highly infectious emerging water borne zoonosis of global significance. It is an enigmatic life threatening disease, which results into high morbidity and mortality, particularly in poor resource nations. Disease is endemic in many countries of the world including India. Currently, over one million people are affected with leptospirosis worldwide annually. Leptospirosis presents an occupational hazard of the persons who have direct or indirect contact with the urine of infected animals. The common mode of transmission of the disease is exposure to and ingestion of urine contaminated water. Clinical signs in humans may vary from asymptomatic to severe stage with a range of non-specific symptoms. Rodents are the chief reservoir of Leptospira, and organisms are excreted in urine, thus contaminating the environment including water. Disease is endemic in tropical regions of the world with maximum cases in young male adults during the rainy season. Pollution of city water supply may result in outbreak of disease. Severe epidemics of leptospirosis are related to water recreational activities. The diagnosis of disease is confirmed by detection of serum antibodies against Leptospira and also by isolation of the pathogen from clinical specimens such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid and urine. Early treatment with antibacterial antibiotics may shorten the duration of fever and reduce the severity of the disease. As leptospirosis is attributed to physical contact with contaminated water supplies, environmental detection is important in the development of adequate control measures. There is a need to develop an effective surveillance system to monitor the trends of disease. Sincere attempts should be made to estimate the annual burden of cases and deaths due to leptospirosis. Additional studies on the epidemiology, diagnosis, chemotherapy and vaccines are required to control this life threatening zoonosis.

The Arbo‑zoonet Information System.

The Arbo‑zoonet Information System has been developed as part of the 'International Network for Capacity Building for the Control of Emerging Viral Vector Borne Zoonotic Diseases (Arbo‑zoonet)' project. The project aims to create common knowledge, sharing data, expertise, experiences, and scientific information on West Nile Disease (WND), Crimean‑Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF), and Rift Valley fever (RVF). These arthropod‑borne diseases of domestic and wild animals can affect humans, posing great threat to public health. Since November 2011, when the Schmallenberg virus (SBV) has been discovered for the first time in Northern Europe, the Arbo‑zoonet Information System has been used in order to collect information on newly discovered disease and to manage the epidemic emergency. The system monitors the geographical distribution and epidemiological evolution of CCHF, RVF, and WND since 1946. More recently, it has also been deployed to monitor the SBV data. The Arbo‑zoonet Information System includes a web application for the management of the database in which data are stored and a WebGIS application to explore spatial disease distributions, facilitating the epidemiological analysis. The WebGIS application is an effective tool to show and share the information and to facilitate the exchange and dissemination of relevant data among project's participants.

Applying the One Health principles: a trans-sectoral coordination framework for preventing and responding to Rift Valley fever outbreaks.

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a good example of a disease for which a One Health approach can significantly improve the management of outbreaks: RVF is a vector- borne zoonotic disease, its dynamics differ between eco-epidemiological patterns and are modulated by eco-climatic factors. Therefore, collaboration between sectors, disciplines and role players, as well as an understanding of the local epidemiology of the disease, are key prerequisites for proper risk assessment and outbreak control. These principles drove the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) to develop an inter-sectoral strategic approach, with specific actions recommended for each of the four periods in the development of the outbreak (forecasting and preparedness, alert, epidemic control, post-epidemic). Through several outbreak response missions between 2006 and 2012 in various countries, an implementation framework was developed by WHO, FAO and the national authorities of affected countries and used to build national response action plans. The framework proposes a structured attribution of duty and responsibilities to committees made up of representatives of the various institutional and operational role players, and with clear mandates and terms of reference (TOR). Such an approach, ensuring real-time sharing of information, coherence in the various aspects of the response, and ownership of the strategy, has proven its efficiency. It could also be used, with appropriate adjustments in the TOR, for other zoonotic diseases.

Use of small rodents for the surveillance of agents and vectors of tick-borne zoonoses in the northern Apennines, Italy

Vector borne zoonoses are emerging threats in Europe. Data collection from animals may be useful to evaluate their occurrence and intensity of transmission, and to detect their introduction into previously free geographic areas. Indeed, vertebrates serve as hosts for pathogens and for arthropod vectors, although their ecological role can vary according to the diseases. Data collection on small rodents was used to study the eco-epidemiology of two tick-borne pathogens, Rickettsia slovaca (agent of tick-borne lymphadenopathy, transmitted by Dermacentor marginatus) and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (agent of Lyme Borreliosis, transmitted by Ixodes ricinus), in the Apennine mountains, Tuscany (Italy), where human cases of tick-borne diseases were reported. Small rodents are preferential hosts for the immature stages of the two tick vectors and are involved in the transmission cycle of both diseases. In the summers from 2009 to 2012, we live trapped Apodemus spp. and Myodes glareolus from 1100 to 1650 m above the sea level (a.s.l.). Rodents were found infested by immature I. ricinus and D. marginatus. The monthly activities of these two tick species on the same hosts were different, reflecting differences in their life cycles. Although few individuals were co-infested, both tick species tended to aggregate on the same Apodemus spp. males. R. slovaca and B. burgdorferi s.l. were detected in rodent ear biopsies and attached ticks up to 1650 m a.s.l. In our study area, rodents might play a role as amplifiers of R. slovaca infection; even in the absence of the host's systemic infection, tick aggregation on the same individuals might favour the transmission of the pathogen through co-feeding. While D. marginatus had been found at the same location in studies carried out in 1994, I.ricinus was very rare or absent. Data collection on small rodents thus highlighted the recent range expansion of I. ricinus and B. burgdorferi s.l. in a previously unoccupied area. Major land use changes, the increased abundance of wildlife populations, as well as a general climate warming in the Mediterranean area, might be interacting factors affecting the altitudinal range expansion of I. ricinus in the Northern Apennines, and in Italy in general.

Assessment of awareness on food borne zoonoses and its relation with veterinary public health services in and around Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

A qualitative survey was conducted to assess the awareness on food borne zoonoses and its relation with veterinary public health services in Addis Ababa and its surrounding districts. Structured questionnaire was used in the study. Factors like educational level, information source, and profession, were considered for possible explanation of the results. The most frequently known zoonotic diseases were rabies (100%), followed by anthrax (94.27%), teniasis (89.06%), tuberculosis (88.54%), brucellosis (49.48%), and mentioned others (31.25%). The importance of veterinary public health in the overall public health institutions was assessed by looking at the responses to questions and it is shown that the public health institutions do not yet see the need of having veterinarians in the public health. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the awareness and use of inspected and packed animal products is relatively low, which exposes the people to risk of food borne pathogens. The authors would like to recommend to the government and concerned bodies to raise the awareness of the public, using the appropriate communication media, and to strengthen the contribution of public health veterinarians in the public health services for better community health. Key words: Awareness, veterinarian, food borne zoonoses.

Food Borne Disease (Salmonellosis) as a Public Health Problem through Consuming the Meat and Eggs of Carrier and #8217;s Birds

Salmonellosis is one of the widest spread food borne zoonoses in all the continents of the world. The objective of this study was to characterize the fecal shedding and peripheral blood prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium in Pakistanis with clinical signs of food borne disease. In this experiment, 200 samples of human stool and blood were collected (100 of stool and 100 of blood) of all 100 patients suspected from food borne disease patients from four different hospitals of Lahore area and analysed for the identification of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium through PCR test. On average 14% and 10% stool samples were found positive for Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium from all of the 25 patients of each hospital respectively in case of suspected food borne disease patients. Similarly on an average 5% and 6% blood samples were found positive from all 25 patients of each hospital respectively. It was concluded that humans consume poultry meat and eggs and thus Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium may transfer from poultry products and cause food borne disease in humans showing clinical signs diarrhea, fever and vomiting etc.

Biochemical and serological characterization of mycoplasma from bovine clinical mastitis in southwest and northern Nigeria

The primary objective of this study was to isolate and characterize the mycoplasma species present in clinical cases of mastitic cows in Southwest and Northern Nigeria and to determine the prevalence of mycoplasma mastitis in dairy cows. Two hundred milk samples were collected from cases of clinical mastitic cows in Ibadan,Ilorin and Kaduna. Mycoplasma was isolated from thirty-two milk samples, these milk samples were analysed bacteriologically and mycoplasmologically. The recovered pathogens were characterized biochemically using various tests. The mycoplasma species were also serologically identified by growth inhibition tests (GIT) using antisera produced in Rabbit against the mycoplasma strains. The Mycoplasma species identified from this include: 13 isolates of Mycoplasma bovis; 8 isolates of Mycoplasma mycoides sub sp. mycoides; 7 isolates of Mycoplasma capricolum and 4 isolates of Mycoplasma arginini. Other pathogens isolated include: Streptococcus species, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonsa aeruginosa. Based on the public health and economic significance of mycoplasma spp identified in this study, couple with the fact that consumption of such unpasteurized milk is a frequent occurrence among the rural dwellers which could result in milk borne zoonoses, it is suggested that fresh milk should be properly pasteurized before consumption by humans. Key words : Bovine; Mastitis; Biochemical;Serological;Mycoplasma; Nigeria.

STRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF LEADING ZOONOSES IN VOJVODINA IN 2000-2009 PERIOD

The data show that from more than 1.400 today known microorganisms, that cause infections in human population, 61% is of animal origin. The list of known zoonoses is enlarged every day, new diseases are recognized and discovered. Because of this, zoonoses are significant health and economical problem in the world. The participation of these diseases in national pathology of the inhabitants of certain area depends on the presence and number of foci, type of reservoir species, application and efficency of prophylactic measures. The goal of this paper is to analyze the structure and distribution of leading zoonoses in the population of AP Vojvodina. The analysis is made according to the data from the register of infectious diseases - Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute for Public Health of Vojvodina. The period included in this study is from 2000 to 2009. From 70 infectious diseases, which are to be declared according to national legislative, half of them are zoonotic diseases. In this analysis we treat only zoonotic diseases and vector borne zoonotic diseases registered in past 10 years. In the period included in this study 15 zoonotic diseases and vector borne zoonoses have been registered in AP Vojvodina. The highest level of incidence is for lyme disease, with the average 9,91/100.000 and trichinellosis with the average 6.40/t 100.000 (Table 1). Toxoplasmosis, Q fever, leptospirosis and echinococcosis have been registered in Vojvodina regularly, and the average incidence is below 1/100.000. The range from minimal to maximal registered incidence shows that there was not a significant difference in epidemiological situation of these diseases. Other zoonoses have been registered rarely and occasionally, as autochthonous or imported diseases (leishmaniasis). In this group of diseases 41 deaths have been registered. Most of it was caused by tetanus and leptospirosis. The lethality rate of tetanus was 54.55% and the patients were of the oldest age. Lethality rate from leptospirosis was 12.0%, and unlike tetanus, the patients belonged in the middle age group. The registered incidences of zoonoses in human population do not present the real situation because of the diagnostic and rapid recognition of symptoms. Some vector borne zoonotic diseases, like for example tick born meningoencephalitis and West Nile Virus fever, which regularly occur in Europe and surrounding countries, have not yet been registered in our region and Serbia. However, the risk from the infections and a possibility of occurrence is not eliminated.

PCR Based Surrveillence of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium from the Freshly Slaughtered (Butchered) Broiler Shops to Study the Sanitary Aspects in Lahore Pakistan

The present study was conducted to investigate the sanitary aspects of poultry meat as infected by newly emerging Salmonella serovars including Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium either in raw or freshly slaughtered poultry meat in butcher’s shops at Lahore Pakistan. The ultimate objective was to generate data in relevant to risk of food poisoning are also cited with the consumption of freshly butchered broilers which is a common and preferred choice of general public in Pakistan. Salmonellosis is one of the most wide spread food borne zoonoses in all the continents of the world. The etiological agents Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium not only produce the disease but during the convalescent phase (after the recovery of disease) remain carriers for indefinite period of time. In this study 200 samples of broiler poultry meat were collected from the shops of the butchers located in the metropolitan city of Lahore. The positivity percentage of Salmonella enteritidis in broilers it was 4 and 18% respectively. The positivity of Salmonella typhimurium in local indiginuous poultry birds was 2 and 14%. There was not significant difference (P >0.05) between the positivity percentage of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimurium as far as identification of Salmonellae from indiginuous poultry breed and broiler meat was concerned.

Hantavirus infection as a rodent borne zoonosis

Hantavirus infection as a rodent borne zoonosis

Leptospirosis. Do you consider the diagnosis?

Patients with Leptospirosis, usually a water borne zoonotic disease, are likely to present themselves to Royal Naval primary health carers, who deal with a young active population, frequently participating in watersports. Leptospira, which belong to the order Spirochaetaceae, comprise of two distinct species. Within each species there are a number of serologically different serovars (serotypes), arranged in related serogroups. L. interrogans var Icterhaemorrhagiae and L. interrogans var Hebdomadis serovar hardjo are the most commonly reported organisms in Great Britain. Traditionally water and sewage workers have been amongst those most frequently infected, but with improved health care awareness this group has been overtaken by farmworkers, and a growing group of people engaged in aquatic sports. Symptoms of Leptospiral infection vary in severity from a mild flu-like illness to symptoms resulting from severe renal, hepatic or meningeal involvement. Mild symptoms respond to oral penicillin, erythromycin or tetracyclines, whilst more serious illness requires i.v. penicillin and supportive nursing. Spirochaetes can be detected in culture using darkground microscopy, and sero-conversion detected by IgM specific dot ELISA techniques. Suspected sera should be sent to PHLS Leptospira Reference Unit, County Hospital, Hereford. HR1 2ER. (Tel: 0432 277117).