Borer Attack Research Articles

PENGEMBANGAN MODEL PERAMALAN HAMA PENGGEREK POLONG (Maruca testulatis) PADA TANAMAN KACANG HIJAU

Pod borer (Maruca testulatis) which attacks the planting of mung beans in the generative phase is one of the plant pests (OPT) which is very detrimental and can pose a threat of crop failure. The Study on Development of Peach Borer Forecasting Forecast Model for Green Bean Plants aims to obtain a model of forecasting pod borer on green beans carried out in May to December 2019 on 20 stretches spread in Cirebon Regency which are spread in 2 sub-districts (Susukan and Ciwaringin) respectively 10 (ten) overlays. In each sample field, 30 (thirty) sample plants were divided into 3 natural plots of 10 sample plants each, which were determined systematically at random. Observations were made visually by counting the number of pods and the number of symptomatic pods in each sample plant. To get the pod borer attack forecasting model, an analysis using linear regression analysis method was performed. The intensity of pod borer attack during the second harvest (9 MST) was significantly affected by the intensity of the attack at the beginning of pod formation (7 MST) and the attack forecasting model was as follows: Y = 10.98 X + 2.36 (r² = 0.65 ; Sig F = 5.79E-06), where Y = Intensity of Pod Borer attack at the age of 9 MST; X = Intensity of Pod Borer attack at the age of 7 MST. The model of forecasting the intensity of pod borer attack and the number of larvae is as follows: Y = 2.4146x + 2.7987; R2 = 0.7639; N = 13; Sig = 9.38E-05; where (X) is the number of larvae populations at week 7 and (Y) is the intensity of pod attack pests at the age of 9 MST.

Resistance Level of Mung Bean Genotypes to Pod Borer Maruca testulalis Geyer

Background: Pod borer, Maruca testulalis is one of the harmful mung bean pests and cause substantial damage to the crop or failure to harvest. This study was carried out to identify the level of resistance to pod borer of mungbean accessions. Methods: Field research was conducted at Muneng Experimental Farm, Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia in the 2018 dry season using the randomized block design and repeated two times. A total of 50 accessions of mungbeans were planted in two growing environments, namely: L1 = controlled environment (Maruca pest was controlled with NPV biopesticide 2 g/liter of water) and L2 = uncontrolled environment (Maruca pest was not controlled with any kind of pesticide). Observations were made on the intensity of borer attack and dry seed weight. Result: Eleven accessions gave a low resistant (LR) to moderately resistant (MR) categories responses against M. testulalis attacks. The pod damage from the eleven selected accessions was less than 15% under environmental conditions without control (L2). Control application (L1) reduced pod damage by 48.5% and increased mung bean seed yield by 25%, compared to without control (L2). The eleven accessions that were consistent or stable with low attack intensity under conditions with and without control gave dry seed weights above average, except for accessions (MLGV 0054, MLGV 0115 and MLGV 0320) which had dry seed weights lower than the average both in the growing environment with control (L1) or without control (L2).

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN PESTISIDA ORGANIK TERHADAP PENEKANAN INTENSITAS HAMA PENGGEREK BATANG PADI KUNING (Scirpophaga incertulas) DAN HASIL PADI HITAM (Oryza sativa.L)

The study aims to determine the effect of organic pesticides on suppressing the attack of yellow rice stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas) and black rice yields (Oryza sativa.L). The research was conducted at the Al Mukhlis Agricultural and Rural Training Center (P4S), from December 2016 until April 2017, altitude + 700 meters above sea level, soil type Latosol, pH 5.7, rainfall 25458 mm / year including C3 based on Oldeman's classification. The research method used a separate plot design with 2 factors, namely 3 application times (U) as the main plot, namely: U1 (5,10,15,30,35 HST), U2 (10,20,30,40,50 HST), U3 (12,24,36,48,60 HST) and 4 concentrations (K) as subplots, namely: K1 (0 ml / l,) K2 (5 ml / l), K3 (10 ml / l) and K4 (15 ml / l). The results showed that the treatment time of application of organic pesticide U1 (5,10.15,30,35 HST) and K4 concentration (15ml / l) gave a better effect on the intensity of yellow rice stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas) attack

Influence of weather parameters on incidence of cowpea pod borer in central zone of Kerala

Cowpea is an annual herbaceous legume and is a main crop across Africa and Asia. It can be grown in sandy soil and is susceptible to low rainfall conditions. Cowpea pod borer (Muraca vitrata) is the main pest of cowpea. Weather factors affect different crops in many ways. Changing weather pattern over different regions affect host plants and pests. Total variability of pest populations in crops is determined by the natural growth of population and the influence of weather on activity and rate of multiplication of the insects (Kirk, 1997). Increased temperature increases productivity of cowpea if sufficient water is available, they also afford many insect species. Study conducted to examine the pest weather relationship of cowpea pod borer. Investigation was carried out on pod borer attack in cowpea [Vigna ungiculata (L.) Walp.] in five different stations of Thrissur, Kerala for three years from 2012-14. The study revealed that cowpea pod borer incidence had positive correlation with maximum temperature and diurnal temperature range, whereas, pod borer incidence showed a negative correlation with rainfall, number of rainy days and afternoon relative humidity. Step-wise regression analysis showed that maximum temperature and afternoon relative humidity experienced in prior week and rainfall and number of rainy days in prior two weeks are the significant weather factors for predicting pod borer infestation in cowpea.

Heterotic grouping of tropical maize inbred lines and their hybrid performance under stem borer infestation and low soil nitrogen condition in West and Central Africa

Low soil nitrogen (low-N) and stem borer attack are two of the major stresses limiting maize production in West and Central Africa (WCA). Thus, there is need to intensify efforts aimed at identifying inbred lines with resistance and tolerance to these stresses for hybrid development. The objectives of the study were to determine the combining ability of maize inbred lines, classify them into heterotic groups using both conventional and marker-based approaches, compare the efficiency of the different grouping methods and evaluate the performance of the hybrids generated from the inbred lines under contrasting environments. Ten white maize inbred lines with varying levels of resistance to stem borers were selected and crossed in a diallel in 2015. The resulting 45 hybrids were evaluated together with five checks in 10 environments under low-N, artificial stem borer infestation and non-stress conditions in Nigeria. General combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) for most of the traits studied but GCA was predominant over SCA under each and across research conditions. Inbred line 2 combined significant positive GCA for grain yield with significant negative GCA for traits of resistance to stem borers and tolerance to low-N. Each of the grouping methods classified the inbred lines into 3 heterotic groups but SCA and heterotic groups’ specific and general combining ability had the joint highest breeding efficiency. Hybrids 1 × 4, 2 × 3, 1 × 6 and 2 × 5 were identified to be high yielding and stable across environments and can serve as candidates for further on-farm evaluations and eventual release in WCA.

Assessment of varietal susceptibility of maize to the lepidopterous stem borer

Lepidopterous stem borer attack is a major biotic constraint to maize production in Nigeria and by far the most injurious. Continuous investigation of field pests of maize is necessary and screening on the field of various maize varieties available becomes imperative for detail determination of its pests so as to formulate adequate control strategies. This study was conducted to evaluate the relative susceptibility of selected maize varieties to Lepidopterous Stem Borer and to elucidate relationships between yield traits and the stem borer. Nine varieties of maize were planted and ten cobs per varieties were randomly selected at harvesting and bulk together in an envelope. Data collected was subjected to analysis of variance and correlation analysis. The results revealed that varieties of maize had significant effects on most of the maize grain yield parameters in which varieties TZEE-WSRBC5, BR9928-DMRSR, BR9943-OMRSR and POOL18SRQPM with short cob length and longer ear tip, lower number of kernels per row had higher number of borers per ear and relatively lower grain yield while varieties TZE COMP3 and POP66SRACRa/SUWAN1-SR with longer cob and very reduced ear tip length, higher number of kernels per row couple with reduced borer produce significant high grain yield. BUSOLA-STR variety had a high stem borers infestation with short cob length and longer ear tip but still with high kernels per row and high grain yield may be due to its genetic tolerance while FETZEE-WSTR had the reverse but with lower grain yield which may be due to genetic make-up and some physiological effects. It was also revealed that ear tip length exhibited a significant (P<0.01) positive relationship with number of stem bores (0.782), and length of cob and number of stem borers had positive and negative significant relationship on grain yield respectively (0.623,-0.636). It can be concluded that five maize varieties with longer ear tip, lower number of kernels per row even including does that were breed for stem borer resistance were susceptible to stem borers and ear tip length had a significant relationship with stem borer infestation which indirectly affect the grain yield.

Liquid Tobacco Smoke Concentration Test Against the Intensity of Stem Borer (Chilo saccharipagus) Attack on Sugar Cane

One of the most harmful pests of sugar cane is the Chilo sacchariphagus striped stem borer because it causes a decrease in the quality and quantity of sugar cane. Scratched wounds can be a place of infection of various pathogens so that it can result in fatal losses that can cause the death of sugar cane plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of tobacco liquid smoke that precisely suppressed the attack of striped stem borer. The study was conducted in the Experimental Garden Sweetener and Fiber Crops Research Institute Malang in May to September 2018. The study was conducted using a randomized block design with 3 replications. The treatments consist of: concentration of tobacco liquid smoke: 10 ml / l, 8 ml / l, 6 ml / l, 4 ml / l, 2 ml / l, Diafentiuron concentration 2 ml / l (negative control), and without treatment. Spraying of liquid tobacco smoke is done every 2 weeks. The results showed that the treatment of tobacco liquid smoke concentration had no significant effect on the intensity of the striped stem borer attack, but the number of sugar cane tillers and sugar content showed a significant effect

Stem borers revisited: Host resistance, tolerance, and vulnerability determine levels of field damage from a complex of Asian rice stemborers

Yield losses from rice stem borers depend on the nature of the rice variety, the timing of attack, and the composition of the stem borer species assemblage. This study uses a range of phenotyping methods to distinguish different categories of herbivore-rice interaction that determine relative damage levels (dead heart and whitehead-panicles) and yield losses to varieties exposed to stem borers. Phenotyping studies were conducted in a greenhouse, screen house and field using two stem borer species (Scirpophaga incertulas [yellow stem borer - YSB] and Chilo suppressalis [striped stem borer - SSB]) and 12 rice lines. Only YSB displayed oviposition preferences across rice varieties. Both stem borer species performed better (greater survival, shorter development times, heavier pupae) on rice at vegetative compared to reproductive growth stages, and SSB was less capable than YSB of developing on rice at reproductive growth stages. Stem borer larval survival, body weight, development time, and tiller damage across different rice varieties in greenhouse experiments was poorly correlated between the two stem borer species and for each of the species on rice at two different plant growth stages (vegetative and reproductive). In contrast, rice tillering and yield responses to the two stem borer species were often highly correlated, but only when plants were attacked at the reproductive stage. Short-term, controlled experiments revealed aspects of host resistance and relative changes in plant biomass and yield in response to damage (condition change). However, the results from controlled environments and field-plots were not generally correlated because plant vulnerability, i.e., relative exposure to stem borer attack due to crop duration, largely determined field damage. We recommend that phenotyping studies should differentiate between the resistance, tolerance and vulnerability of rice lines to complexes of stem borers in a given region. Single stem borer species experiments under controlled environments are useful to gain knowledge of the nature of rice-stem borer interactions; however, field testing with comparative treatments, particularly under high soil fertilizer levels that increase plant attractiveness, are better for assessing the relative propensities of rice varieties to incur damage and yield losses due to complexes of stem borers.

Stem borer insects on Hopea odorata in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Haneda NF, Furqan M, Suheri M. 2020. Stem borer insects on Hopea odorata in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5308-5316. Hopea odorata Roxb. locally known as “merawan”, is a dipterocarp species that has the potentials to be developed for plantation forestry. Nonetheless, anecdotal evidence in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, suggested that the trees suffered serious attacks caused by stem borer insects, causing defoliation of the crown and leading to stunted growth and death. This phenomenon suggests a more systematic investigation. The objectives of this research were: (i) to identify the species of stem borer which attacked H. odorata; (ii) to investigate the types and forms of the damage of H. odorata tree due to stem borer attack; and (iii) to study the effects of stem borer attack on the tree and wood of H. odorata. The results showed that all species of stem borer insects belong to Coleoptera, namely as Xyleborus perforans (Scolytidae), Xyleborinus perexiguus (Scolytidae), Platypus parallelus (Platypodidae), Belionota prasina (Buprestidae), Curculionid beetle, and Tenebrionid beetle. The number of boring holes on a single tree was 1932 holes, of which 98.6% caused by ambrosia beetles: Xyleborus perforans (1426 holes, 73.8%), Xyleborinus perexiguus (457 holes, 23.7%), and Platypus parallelus (21 holes, 1.1%). The length of boring tunnel at cross-section ranged between 2-35 cm and at longitudinal section ranged between 4-6 cm. The number of boring holes decreased along with the increasing height of tree stem. The patterns of boring tunnel at stem cross-section were branching (X. perforans, P. parallelus); encircled (X. perforans), black stains along their wall (X. perexiguus, X. perforans, P. parallelus).

Evaluation of Systemic Imidacloprid and Herbicide Treatments on Flatheaded Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Management in Field Nursery Production.

The flatheaded appletree borer, Chrysobothris femorata (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), and related species are deciduous tree pests. Female beetles prefer to oviposit at tree bases, and larvae tunnel beneath the bark, which weakens or kills young or newly transplanted trees. In the first objective of this study, Discus N/G (2.94% imidacloprid + 0.7% cyfluthrin) applied at six lower-than-labeled rates (0.0, 0.98, 1.97, 3.94, 5.91, and 7.87 ml/cm of average trunk dia.) was evaluated for protection of field-grown maples. A second objective evaluated imidacloprid with and without herbicides to assess the impact of weed competition at the tree base on insecticide effectiveness. A third objective determined relative imidacloprid concentrations in leaf tissue samples with ELISA and related to insecticide rates, herbicide treatments, and the level of flatheaded borer protection. In two trials, higher rates of insecticide were more effective at protecting trees, with rates ≥3.94 ml product/cm trunk diameter performing equivalently. Weed-free trees had more borer attacks and grew faster than trees in weedy plots. Imidacloprid content in leaf tissues had a trend for higher concentrations in smaller, weedy trees in the first season, but that pattern disappeared in subsequent years. Based on fewer attacks in weedy versus weed-free trees (60−90% reduction), it was concluded that weed presence can reduce borer attack success in nurseries independent of insecticide treatment, but tree growth was reduced by weed presence. In addition, Discus applied at rates >3.94 ml/cm did not confer added borer damage protection in weedy plots.

An overview of the transcriptional responses of two tolerant and susceptible sugarcane cultivars to borer (Diatraea saccharalis) infestation.

Diatraea saccharalis constitutes a threat to the sugarcane productivity, and obtaining borer tolerant cultivars is an alternative method of control. Although there are studies about the relationship between the interaction of D. saccharalis with sugarcane, little is known about the molecular and genomic basis of defense mechanisms that confer tolerance to sugarcane cultivars. Here, we analyzed the transcriptional profile of two sugarcane cultivars in response to borer attack, RB867515 and SP80-3280, which are considered tolerant and sensitive to the borer attack, respectively. A sugarcane genome and transcriptome were used for read mapping. Differentially expressed transcripts and genes were identified and termed to as DETs and DEGs, according to the sugarcane database adopted. A total of 745 DETs and 416 DEGs were identified (log2|ratio| > 0.81; FDR corrected P value ≤ 0.01) after borer infestation. Following annotation of up- and down-regulated DETs and DEGs by similarity searches, the sugarcane cultivars demonstrated an up-regulation of jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), and defense protein genes, as well as a down-regulation of pathways involved in photosynthesis and energy metabolism. The expression analysis also highlighted that RB867515 cultivar is possibly more transcriptionally activated after 12h from infestation than SP80-3280, which could imply in quicker responses by probably triggering more defense-related genes and mediating metabolic pathways to cope with borer attack.

Water requirement for cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) plant and the effect of climate factors on the distribution of the cocoa pod borer attacks (Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen) in North Luwu Regency using Cropwat 8.0

The research aims to determine the water requirements level for cocoa plant growth, and study the effect of climate factor on the area of cocoa pod borer attack. The research was conducted from April to July 2019 in Batu Alang Village, Sabbang district, North Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi. The research consisted of two stages ie. Survey (literature study, observations, and interviews) to obtain dataset for climate, soil and cocoa plant growth and desktop study (simulation using Cropwat 8.0) to run the model using dataset previously obtained from the survey. The results show that evapotranspiration of cocoa (ETc) on stage 1 is 106.53, Stage 2 is 114.2, Stage 3 is 106.2, and Stage 4 is 85.1. Based on the ETc and the effective rainfall values in the study sites, water needs of cocoa plants in North Luwu Regency for all growth stages are adequate. The highest attack area of cocoa pod borer of 8332 ha occurred in February attributed to climatic conditions with an average temperature of 27.2 °C, 81% humidity, and 308 mm rainfall. On the other hand, the lowest attack area was 3224 ha in May that can be attributed to an average air temperature of 27.4 °C, 83% humidity, and 384 mm rainfall. Some climate factors do not have significant influence on the development and the widespread of the cocoa pod borer attacks.

Detection of Longhorned Borer Attack and Assessment in Eucalyptus Plantations Using UAV Imagery

Eucalyptus Longhorned Borers (ELB) are some of the most destructive pests in regions with Mediterranean climate. Low rainfall and extended dry summers cause stress in eucalyptus trees and facilitate ELB infestation. Due to the difficulty of monitoring the stands by traditional methods, remote sensing arises as an invaluable tool. The main goal of this study was to demonstrate the accuracy of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral imagery for detection and quantification of ELB damages in eucalyptus stands. To detect spatial damage, Otsu thresholding analysis was conducted with five imagery-derived vegetation indices (VIs) and classification accuracy was assessed. Treetops were calculated using the local maxima filter of a sliding window algorithm. Subsequently, large-scale mean-shift segmentation was performed to extract the crowns, and these were classified with random forest (RF). Forest density maps were produced with data obtained from RF classification. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) presented the highest overall accuracy at 98.2% and 0.96 Kappa value. Random forest classification resulted in 98.5% accuracy and 0.94 Kappa value. The Otsu thresholding and random forest classification can be used by forest managers to assess the infestation. The aggregation of data offered by forest density maps can be a simple tool for supporting pest management.

A flexible approach for predicting and mapping postfire wood borer attacks in black spruce and jack pine forests using the differenced normalized burn ratio (dNBR)

Postfire salvage logging is used to reduce economic losses; however, burned trees are rapidly colonized by wood-boring insects, which reduce the merchantable value of the wood. This study aims to predict wood borer (Monochamus Megerle in Dejean, 1821) attacks after wildfire as a function of rapidly available variables such as tree basal area, stem diameter, and burn severity using the differenced normalized burn ratio (dNBR). In 2011, we sampled 60 black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns &amp; Poggenb.) or jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) plots in five burns from 2010 in the Haute-Mauricie region of Quebec, Canada. A 50 cm bole section was debarked on seven trees in each plot to estimate wood borer attack density. Wood borer attacks were more abundant in black spruce than in jack pine. As a continuous variable, dNBR unveiled a quadratic effect of burn severity on attack density in black spruce, which was higher at moderate burn severity. In jack pine, the highest levels of attack density were found at high burn severity. Models produced in this article will help forest managers to better prioritize areas for salvage logging and thus reduce economic losses due to wood borer activity.

INTERPOLASI KRIGING DALAM PEMODELAN GSTAR-SUR DAN GSTARX-SUR PADA SERANGAN HAMA PENGGEREK BUAH KOPI

The GSTAR and GSTARX models normally can only be formed from observed locations. The problem that sometimes occurs is that not all locations that want to be modeled have complete data as well as other locations. This study uses GSTAR and GSTARX modeling using SUR approach and combines them with the kriging interpolation technique for forecasting coffee berry borer attack in Probolinggo Regency. This modeling is called GSTAR-SUR Kriging and GSTARX-SUR Kriging. This study aims to determine the best model between GSTAR-SUR Kriging and GSTARX-SUR Kriging for forecasting coffee borer attack in an unobserved location. The result of this study shows that GSTAR-SUR Kriging and GSTARX-SUR Kriging models can be used for forecasting coffee berry borer attack in unobserved locations with high forecast accuracy shown by MAPE values &lt;10%. In this study the GSTARX-SUR Kriging model (1,[1,12])(10,0,0) is the best model for forecasting boffee berry borer attacks in unobserved locations.

Application of GSTAR kriging model in forecasting and mapping coffee berry borer attack in Probolinggo district

Generalized Space Time Autoregressive (GSTAR) is one of multivariate time series modeling that considers aspects of location with heterogeneous location characteristics. The GSTAR model normally can only be used in forecasting an event in the future at the observed locations. The problem that often occurs in some cases is that there are locations to be modeled that do not have sufficient or incomplete data as data in other locations. For this reason, several alternatives can be done, and one of them is by combining the GSTAR model with the kriging interpolation technique. This modeling is known as GSTAR Kriging modeling. In this research, GSTAR Kriging modeling is applied in predicting and mapping coffee berry borer attacks in Probolinggo District. The model parameters are estimated using the GLS method in the SUR equation system. Forecasting results indicate that the GSTAR Kriging model has a high forecasting accuracy and is not much different from the GSTAR model. Meanwhile, based on the forecasting map, it can be seen that the peak of coffee berry borer attack is predicted to occur in July 2019 with the attack center located in Tiris Sub-district.

SERANGAN HAMA PENGGEREK POLONG PADA ENAM VARIETAS KEDELAI DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP HASIL

[POD BORER ATTACK ON SIX SOYBEAN VARIETIES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON YIELD]. This study aims to determine the level of pod borer attack on six soybean varieties and their effects on yields. This research was conducted from December 2017 to March 2018 in the Experimental Field of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bengkulu, Kandang Limun Village, Muara Bangkahulu District, Bengkulu City. The experimental design used was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with the treatment of six soybean varieties (Demas, Argomulyo, Dega, Ringing, Echo, and Dena I) and was repeated 4 times so that there were 24 experimental units. The results showed that the percentage of pod attack on the Demas, Argomulyo, Ringing, Gema, and Dena I varieties was classified as resistant, while the Dega variety was relatively resistant. Whereas the percentage of seed attack in all soybean varieties tested was classified as resistant. Argomulyo varieties have higher resistance to pod borer attack than other varieties because they produce the highest number of trichomes, and the lowest number of larvae per plant. Argomulyo variety produces the highest number of seed weight per plant, and the highest seed weight per plot. The echo variety produces the highest number of total pods, while the Dega variety produces the highest weight of 100 seeds.

Effects of Culture Media on Viability of Beauveria Bassiana and Its Pathogenicity Against Coffee Bean Borer (Hyphotenemus Hampei)

Coffee bean borer (Hypothenemus hampei) attacks coffee when it is still in the plantation until it is in the storage that reduce the quality of coffee. To avoid the negative impact of chemical insecticides, biological control is carried out by using entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana. The aims of this research were to study the effects of culture media on viability of B. bassiana and its pathogenicity in controlling H. hampei. Laboratory experiment was arranged in Completely Random Design (CRD). This research used 8 (eight) treatments namely KO: Distilled water, Kk: Lamda Sihalothrin 25 EC (Chemical Insecticide), B1: 10 g/L B. bassiana cultured in rice bran media, B2: 20 g/L B. bassiana cultured in rice bran media, B3: 30 g/L B. bassiana cultured in rice bran media, B4: 10 g/L B. bassiana cultured in corn media, B5: 20 g/L B. bassiana cultured in corn media and B6: 30 g/L B. bassiana cultured in corn media. Each treatment was applied on coffee beans infested with 20 H. hampei and repeated 4 (four) times. The results showed that rice bran media produced the highest number of spores with highest viability. The application of B. bassiana could killed H. hampei. The concentration of 30 g/L of B. bassiana cultured in rice bran media resulted in the fastest mortality (Mortality time and Lethal Time 50%) of H. hampei.

Biology and dynamics Hypsipyla robusta (Moore) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Hypsipyla shoot borer (Hypsipyla robusta (Moore)) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is the main pest of mahogany plants. This pest attacks the apical shoots and inhibits the growth of mahogany. This study observed the biology, damage, and attack patterns of Hypsipyla shoot borer attack on mahogany plants. The study was conducted for 1 yr by periodically monitoring per 2 mo of 3 blocks of mahogany plantation in KHDTK Haurbentes, Jawa Barat. Data collected included 1) observation of symptoms, signs, presence of pests, effects of attacks, and 2) number of attacks. The symptom of the shoot borer was the presence of a hole filled with powder from the secretion of pests; the sign of an attack was the appearance of shoot borer larvae in the stem hole of the shoot area; while the effects of attacks were the death of the shoot and the emergence of multishoots. Observation showed that shoot borer attacks were not influenced by the weather, with the highest attack occurred in March 2017. Various levels of instars could be found at one time, indicating that insect growth in the field was not uniform. One cycle takes 5 to 8 wk. The highest rate of repeated attacks founded was 7 times/tree/yr, the average attack occurred 2-4 times/tree/yr.

Differential Metabolic Responses Caused by the Most Important Insect Pest of Coffee Worldwide, the Coffee Berry Borer (Hypothenemus hampei).

The world's coffee supply is threatened by the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei, the most destructive pest affecting coffee production and quality. This study hypothesized that coffee berry borer infestation induces distinct metabolic responses in the green coffee seeds of Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora (robusta). A targeted metabolomics approach was conducted using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to quantify intracellular metabolites in infested and uninfested arabica and robusta green seeds. In parallel, the seed biomass content and composition were assessed for the same conditions. Coffee berry borer attack induced increases in the levels of chlorogenic acids in arabica seeds, whereas organic acids and sugar alcohols were more abundant in infested robusta seeds. Most importantly, a set of compounds was identified as biomarkers differentiating the metabolic response of these taxa to the coffee berry borer.