Border Space Research Articles

Unaccompanied Adolescent Minors’ Experiences of Exception and Abandonment in the Ventimiglia Border Space

This article explores unaccompanied adolescent minors’ (UAMs) experiences of deterrent practices at internal EU borders while being on the move. Previous studies have acknowledged the securitisation of external borders through gatekeeping and fencing practices; however, there is a recent and continued renationalisation of internal EU borders by the member states. Like other migrants who are travelling irregularly, UAMs also often face harsh living conditions and repeated rights violations in border areas, regardless of their specific rights to protection and psychological needs. Research has called for a renewed focus on migrant children’s experiences as active agents at the borders, but until now studies exploring UAMs’ experiences at internal EU borders remain scarce. Drawing on Agamben’s notion of “legal exception,” we seek to explore how deterrent practices are confusingly intertwined and affect UAMs’ psychological wellbeing and subjectivities in the Ventimiglia border space. Participant observations and in-depth interviews conducted with UAMs at the French-Italian border provide unique insights into how these bordering practices affect migrant children’s legal and psychological safety and reshape their subjectivities. This contribution highlights UAMs’ conflicting needs and feelings of institutional “abandonment” when left without institutional welfare protection in the border space, on the one hand, and feeling pressured to act responsibly towards their relatives, on the other.

Journeys of Violence: Trajectories of (Im-)Mobility and Migrants’ Encounters with Violence in European Border Spaces

On their journeys to and through Europe, refugees and other migrants are commonly subjected to violence in its multifaceted forms. We argue that these “journeys of violence” are a direct effect of a fundamentally uneven and asymmetric global mobility regime that creates frictions and fragmentations in the European border space and beyond. Our argument is based on: (1) a state-of-the-art literature review on refugees’ mobilities towards Europe and new patterns of involuntary immobilisation through border regimes, (2) a secondary analysis of recent quantitative data from the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), which includes a large data set on refugee’s journeys to Germany, and (3) original qualitative interviews that were conducted with migrants in Germany and Bosnia-Herzegovina. We will first show that mobility in the context of violence is highly selective and that trajectories of mobility significantly depend on mobility capital. Second, we consider the fortification of European borders and the externalisation of control regimes as facets of structural violence and demonstrate their effects on refugees’ mobility, namely the fragmentation of journeys and the systemic production of situations of protracted immobility at multiple border sites. Third, we provide insights into refugees’ exposure to and experiences of direct violence on their journeys, which must be understood as immediate consequences of the structurally violent conditions that govern their mobility and the cultural violence of delegitimising and illegalising refugees’ movements.
 * This article belongs to a special issue on "Refugee Migration to Europe – Challenges and Potentials for Cities and Regions".

Mapmaking and Sovereignty Building: Francisco Requena and the Late Eighteenth-Century Boundary Demarcation Commissions

Abstract After signing the 1777 Treaty of San Ildefonso, Spain and Portugal sent joint expeditions to demarcate their South American borders, as they had done a quarter century earlier. Focusing on the activities of Spanish commissioner Francisco Requena in western Amazonia in the 1780s and 1790s, this article shows that such efforts were not limited to confirming in loco the lines drawn in European courts. I demonstrate how Indigenous populations played on Iberian rivalries to maintain their autonomy and negotiate their resettlement. The very interactions between commissioners and Indigenous peoples intensified the porosity of border spaces. Because commissioners believed that sovereignty was defined through monarchical loyalty rather than simply lines on a map, they contributed to the movement of people and goods across the dividing line that they intended to create, making the border even more permeable to Indigenous claims to territoriality and cross-border interactions.

CULTURAL SPACE OF THE UKRAINIAN-BELARUSIAN BORDER: FUNERAL RITUALS ON THE ADJACENT TERRITORY (XX – BEGINNING OF XXI CENTURIES)

Ukrainian-Byelorussian borderland is analyzes from the point of view of contact space of two historic-ethnographical regions – Ukrainian and Byelorussian Polissia. These lands belong to the oldest territories, inhabited by indigenous Slavonic people. History of these people is characterized by heredity, absence of global natural or social cataclysms. Ethnological approach is the most productive for research of similar neighboring territories.
 The author has choosen burial ritual complex to research this border space. Given complex preserves the most traces of old ritual acts, relict ritual reality and archaic vocabulary. It is analyzes according to principle of settlements’ proximity to the administrative border between two states in the direction from East to West: from Eastern to Western Polissia. There are such key elements of burial rituals selected for contemporary analysis as “dead” water (left after washing of a deceased); “water for soul” that was put in a house where a human being died; place and rituals with bread and linen items (putting of a piece of linen under a body); putting of clothes “as a reserve” in a coffin; main ritual funeral feast; treating of objects tangent to death (coffin chips, clothes/bedclothes of a deceased), rite of visiting a cemetery on the second day after funeral. Analysis of burial rituals has indicated that its separate elements selected for comparison, has vertical projection in whole area of Ukrainian-Byelorussian borderlands. Similarly, one can notice lasting likeness of terminological names, verbal formulae of motivation of adhering of this or that burial standard in the whole space. Complex of rituals of human being, analyzed in the context of these borderlands, has signs of integrated regional complex. Sometimes this complex is homogeneous (and even monolithic), sometimes – with local but not numerous variants. Growth of ethnic divergence between Ukrainians and Byelorussians appears only as moving away on both sides of a borderline.

When Place Becomes Home: Refugees and Border Space in Joe Murphy and Joe Robertson’s The Jungle (2017)

When Place Becomes Home: Refugees and Border Space in Joe Murphy and Joe Robertson’s The Jungle (2017)

Overcoming the Semiotic Boundary through Translation Strategies

The possibilities of implementing the intermediary function of translation from one language to another in a communicative act are considered in the article. Its functioning can be detected both in cross-cultural communication, and when expanding the meaning of a communicative act, i.e. when including actors of different languages in it. At the same time, in each act of communication, the desynchronization of the semiotic systems of each participant is preserved. Double contingencies and polysemy also serve as obstacles to the work of translator, in the translation mechanism. However, the achievement of mutual understanding seems to be possible due to the various strategies of interpretation of meanings in the act of translation. These strategies are described in the most detail in B.Latour's research devoted to the analysis of the structure of the scientific laboratory. Considering the works of L. Pasteur, Latour concludes that communicative processes expand and go beyond the language. This makes it possible to present the interactions of actors and actors as having a network character. Latour gives the translation a geometric meaning that reflects the specifics of redirecting meanings to achieve mutual understanding. It is here that a special translation function opens up – the possibility of crossing semiotic boundaries and ensuring social relationships. In this regard, translation can be understood as a necessary mechanism aimed at overcoming the boundaries of various semiotic systems. These borders are presented as a special border space where processes of connecting meanings are discovered and the uniqueness of each semiotic system is revealed.

Русскоязычная диаспора в странах Балтии: современное состояние и перспективы

Currently, more than 20 million Russians permanently reside outside Russia. As migration trends show, their number will be increasing in the future. The Russian-speaking diaspora in the Baltic States is an essential part of the Russian community abroad. Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia used to be a single state with Russia for a long time. It could not but affect the formation of these countries as subjects of international politics. Since May 2004, the Baltic States have been members of the European Union. Together with Finland, they constitute the EU’s border space with Russia. To a large extent, it determines their geopolitical role in Europe. The article examines the Russian-speaking diaspora in the Baltic States. It substantiates the factors facilitating its stability and the preservation of the Russian cultural space, analyses the socio-economic and legal status of different groups of Russian-speaking residents, and identifies the peculiarities of various groups of the Russian-speaking population as well as prospects for the development of the diaspora.

Исторический опыт формирования российско-финляндской границы: теоретические аспекты становления (и формирования) международно-правового регулирования

The problems of the historical aspects of the formation of interstate borders, which continue to be the focus of attention of representatives of the scientific and practical community, are analyzed. The above is due, among other things, to the specifics of the geopolitical position of individual border territories, which were the subject of disagreements and disputes. From the standpoint of the theory and methodology of law, the problems around state borders are dictated by the growing objective and natural needs of states and the legally formalized directions of the latter's policy in this area. Attempts have been made to consider some historical aspects of the formation of the legal basis of the Russian-Finnish border. Against the backdrop of increased rivalry between key centers of power, growing contradictions and dynamic changes in international relations, a new rethinking of the historical process of legal registration of the establishment of the border between the two countries will become of particular relevance. An analysis of the early historical patterns and the genesis of the formation of the interstate border makes it possible to build it in line with the revision and reassessment of certain aspects of the logic of the formation of the border space within the framework of the historical and legal process. It is concluded that in modern conditions, on the one hand, the readiness to develop in-depth cooperation within the framework of the emerging new model of behavior in this area and, on the other hand, the moods traditionally taking place in certain political and public circles of Finland regarding the return of the lost Karelian lands determine the use of the most stable border regimes and adequate political and legal mechanisms, procedures to avoid the negative impact of the factor of increasing the process of militarization of the border and individual risks. In the context of a possible change in the policy of the two countries, the theory of legal regulation of the issues under study is of great importance, without which it seems impossible to achieve a balance of the multifaceted interests of states.

WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF INDIA CHINA RELATION – WITH GROWING BORDER DISPUTE AND IT’S INFLUENCE ON THE TRADE RELATIONS

Where the globe is coping with an outbreak, China is attempting to urge management the border regions.In this pandemic scenario, China has attacked Arunachal Pradesh border space, increase it’s readying. With the support of Asian nation, China is getting in Associate in Nursing open war with China, With China management over the South China ocean most countries have stood against China and are supporting Asian nation in its fight against China, US is providing huge support to the Asian nation .Starting from Sit sang, to the North East states of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim to Himachal Pradesh, China is attempting to enter the Asian nation region. Dokhlam crisis Pangong Lake and Galwan natural depression has been the foremost space of tension at the moment .On the opposite each China and Asian nation are a part of several International forums like G20 ,SCO and BRICS .Over the years China has blocked India’s position at major places like at UN , obstruction India’s bid for permanent member in UNSC .India has even reduced it trade relation with China , Asian nation was the country that has most imports from China and is trying forward to affix hands with different countries to count China Keywords: Asian nation, China, border, control, Galwan natural depression, Pangong Lake, Dokhlam crisis,Pakistan, UN

Territorial Development and Cross-Border Cooperation: A Review of the Consequences of European INTERREG Policies on the Spanish–French Border (2007–2020)

Territorial cohesion policies are a priority for the European Union. For over thirty years, they have aimed not only to provide greater social and economic development across all European space, but also to contribute to balancing g internal social and economic inequalities. On the other hand, European institutions have adopted regional scale as the optimal to achieve this broad goal. Consequently, the ability of these policies to solve the problems faced by some of these regions has been one of the most widely researched areas in numerous scientific disciplines. This article aims to assess the impact, over a fifteen-year perspective, of cooperation funds focusing on a specific area, the cross-border, and, in particular, the border area separating Spain and France. Specifically, the analyses of data from operative programmes IV and V of the INTERREG-A projects produces contradictory results. While the aim of European institutions was to use the European Territorial Cooperation instrument to achieve a greater, better real impact of funds in cross-border areas, and to progress towards territorial cohesion, the results show that, conversely, they have largely contributed to reinforcing unequal development. In the analysed border, the dynamics are an increasing distance between the more and less developed areas in the direct border space, and a privilege of urban areas, even if they are far from the borderline. A relevant conclusion of the text is that these unexpected results are partly a consequence of the design of the European programmes.

Informal Economy and Peacebuilding Efforts among Muslim and Christian Communities during Communal Conflicts in Ambon

Communal conflicts that happened in Ambon, eastern part of Indonesia more than 20 years ago still reserve a lot of lessons to unveil. One of the least discussed issues is the roles of economic exchanges among diverse community members in bringing peace from below. This article tries to capture the interreligious interactions (Muslim and Christian) among buyers and sellers in areas considered as border space during the conflicts from 1999 to 2004. It showcases the intertwin of everyday peacebuilding efforts through trade and the spread of peace messages among those involved in the exchange practices. This research employed qualitative research methods using ethnographic strategy with in-depth interview, observation, and library study. Data was collected from 2016-2019 including 10-month intensive fieldwork. The article discusses that social networks and cultural ties embedded in the economic drivers of trade-related activities arguably set the foundation for everyday peacebuilding. In conclusion, economic transactions allowed interethnic, intervillage, and interreligious interactions to take place, eliminated distrust among the traders, and potentially extended peace message narratives at the micro level such as among family members.

Nanosheet array-like Cu@Cu2O-CuNiAl(O)/rGO composites for highly efficient reduction of nitrophenol: Electronic and structure promotion effect of nickel

Series of hierarchical nanosheet array-like composites xCu@Cu2O-CuNiAl(O)/rGO (x = 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) were constructed via proper calcination of pre-prepared hybrids CuxNi3-xAl-layered double hydroxide/rGO in N2 flow, upon the LDH layer atomic-level lattice confined in situ self-reduction for Cu2+ ions by rGO substrate along with the dispersion effect of Ni-OH groups. Systematic characterizations reveal that core@shell-type Cu@Cu2O nanoparticles (NPs) are definitely trapped in the border space among the vertically adjacent CuNiAl(O) nanosheets and rGO substrates. All the xCu@Cu2O-CuNiAl(O)/rGO composites exhibit excellent catalytic activities for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), particularly 1.5Cu@Cu2O-CuNiAl(O)/rGO possesses the highest activity (kapp: 7.6 × 10-2 s−1, TOF: 265.0 h−1), and superb reusability with insignificant loss in activity for continuous 25 cycles, much better than those of recently reported Cu-based catalysts and even comparable to some noble metal catalysts. The best performance of 1.5Cu@Cu2O-CuNiAl(O)/rGO can be mainly attributed to the most uniformly dispersed electrophilic core@shell Cu@Cu2O NPs modified by NiO species structurally and electronically, the strongest Cu–Cu2O–CuNiAl(O)–rGO synergistic effect upon the unique nanosheet array-like morphology providing more ion-accessible active sites, and much improved adsorption for 4-NP via rGO layer due to π-π stacking. The universality and fixed bed tests further demonstrate potential practical applications of the present hierarchical non-noble composites for water remediation. The present facile synthesis strategy of the nanosheet array-like Cu@Cu2O-CuNiAl(O)/rGO composites with multi-phases synergy may be greatly beneficial to the design and construction of many other highly efficient multi-transition metal-based catalysts with excellent structural robustness for a broad range of applications in related catalysis processes.

Materiality in the Seam Space: Sketches for a Transitional Port City Dome District

Biomass material volatility generates new opportunities for port-city relationships. Alternative energy markets require specialized port facilities to handle new bulk commodities like biomass. Wood pellets, a type of biomass, present warehousing challenges due to combustion danger. The industrial response to this risk has generated new storage forms for port regions. The return to bulk cargo reintroduces materiality as a focus for port city research, which had generally been regarded as a peripheral concern since the advent of the shipping container. The container had come to represent a borderless, ‘fast capitalism’ throughput model, but research on port ‘accidents’ has complicated this reductive globalization narrative. The programmatic dynamism of wood pellet dome structures suggests new spatially-porous possibilities for an interstitial border space at the port-city interface with material commonalities and hybrid potentials for resilient logistics and civic facilities. In contrast to container cargo unitization, the dome signifies the standardization of the coastal/riparian port environment. Dome structures can help ports plan for the complex challenges of cargo material behaviors and increasing extreme weather events. The article begins with wood pellet materiality to then explore programmatic possibilities that industrial construction technology generates. Conceptually, this joins the proposal of port as ‘seam space’ with port-city resilience planning and the porosity celebrated in recent urbanism literature. Scaling up from wood pellet materiality to an interstitial port-city district, the article contributes to calls for increased attention to materiality as a means to envision new urban agendas.

On what Authority? In Search of a Legal Authority for Government Facilitation of "Media Ride-Along" Programmes and the Privacy Harm they Cause

Whether it be through the tort of privacy or the Broadcasting Standards Authority, involuntary subjects of reality journalism have suffered sufficient harm at their inclusion to take legal action against the media. Utilising the TV series Border Patrol as a case study, this article looks at the role that government agencies play in facilitating this harm, rather than the media which produce and broadcast these programmes. The tort of privacy is adopted in this article as a framework to examine and establish the significant risk of privacy-related harm in this area. Following the proposition that the state must act under legal authority, it is argued that government agencies must have a clear legal basis for permitting production companies to enter and film passengers in the controlled border space, particularly given the high risk of privacy breaches. There does not appear to be any legal justification or authority for facilitating access to this space. Given these agencies' public assurances regarding transparency and privacy, they should identify and publicise this legal basis, alongside documentation of their interaction and co-operation with the media production company.

Intersectionality and social movements: Intersectional challenges and imperatives in the study of social movements

AbstractIntersectionality emerged in the border space between social movements and academic politics as a means of better understanding and confronting interlocking systems of oppression. For scholars studying social movements, it offers a framework for better understanding the power dynamics of movements (the inclusions and exclusions). It is also something to be studied. Women of color, and other groups at the intersection of multiple marginalities conceptualized intersectionality as not only a type of integrated analysis or heuristic, but as an active political orientation to be put into practice. In this essay, I review and discuss the benefits and challenges of studying social movements intersectionally (an analysis that might be applied to the study of any movements), as well as the growing literature focused on social movement intersectionality, that looks for and at intersectionally oriented movements and the praxis of intersectionality within movements. This developing area of study provides new ways of understanding and troubling social movement solidarity.

Protection of State Border in Caucasus at End of 19th Century: Karsk Border Brigade

The process of formation and development of the protection of the state border in the Caucasus at the end of the 19th century (using the example of the Karsk border brigade) is analyzed in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that in historical research insufficient attention is paid to the protection of the state border in the Caucasus by border guard units at the end of the 19th century. It is shown that under the conditions of the introduction of protective customs duties, as a result of which smuggling activities began to develop actively, without specialized units, the Russian Empire was unable to protect its economic interests in the border space in the Caucasus. It is noted that the development of the state border guard system was carried out in a tense, unstable military-political situation, accompanied by constant armed clashes with bandit formations. It is indicated that in these conditions, the protection of the state border was carried out by the border guards together with military units, which in turn negatively affected the quality of the protection of the economic interests of the Russian Empire in the region. It is concluded that the development of the system for protecting the state border in the Caucasus was a consequence of the existing threats to national security in the region.

Interrogating the nexus between irregular migration and insecurity along ‘ungoverned’ border spaces in West Africa

ABSTRACT The ‘coloniality’, porosity, and ‘ungovernability’ of borders in West Africa, have engendered undocumented migration, in which most people engage to visit their kin and for economic reasons such as herding, farming, fishing, hunting, and trading. This occurs concurrently with human smuggling, human trafficking, gun-running, terrorism, and money laundering. The rise in these cross-border criminal activities and the resultant insecurity have put irregular migration into the mainstream of political and academic conversation, generating national, regional, and global concerns. Against this backdrop, this paper examines the nexus between irregular migration and insecurity along ‘ungoverned’ borders in West Africa, based on a review of relevant literature on migration, security, and governance in scholarly journals, books as well as relevant reports, newspaper, and media accounts. The overarching question which this raises and is addressed in this paper is: How does the coloniality and porosity of ungoverned borders in West Africa engender and/or entrench cross-border insecurity? Addressing this question suggests the need to provide sufficient governance mechanisms that involve both state and non-state actors in order to reduce the ungoverned spaces in this part of Africa.

BORDER SPACE OF A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING AS AN ELEMENT OF SOCIOPSYCHOLOGICAL COMFORT OF PEOPLE: FEATURES OF FORMATION, CHARACTERISTICS, SIGNS

In this publication, a study of the border space of the city is carried out as a conditional zone of direct contact of various social groups near multi-storey residential buildings. Based on the analysis of domestic and foreign scientific works on this topic, the characteristic features of the terms socially active boundary space and the space of the courtyard are clarified, general and distinctive features of their identification on the territory are highlighted. In accordance with the analysis of scientific works on this topic, the structure of the city's border spaces has been adjusted, which includes the following levels:
 
 macrolevel of the placement of border spaces in the city;
 meso-level geometrical and functional characteristics of boundary spaces;
 micro-level of the structure of the boundary space in the context of social activity.
 
 By analyzing the world and domestic experience of designing socially active boundary spaces, the hierarchy of their structural elements is highlighted. The main types of border spaces of the city are public, private and mixed border spaces. For example, the primary elements of the formation of any boundary space are the building itself, the street space and the inner courtyard space, which can be characterized by functional and geometric indicators. In the structure of the public boundary space, the planning and volumetric-spatial structure of the house and belonging to the transit or communicative component of the street space are distinguished. In a private and mixed boundary space, the second macro-level includes the spatial division of the courtyard into a buffer, transit and communication function. The last hierarchical level of this model is the level of structural elements that provide social activity in boundary spaces. At the planning level of the building, this is an exploited roof, a developed entrance group of elements, a system of the first floors of a residential building outside the main volume. At the level of volumetric-spatial solutions, the social activity of the boundary spaces is provided by interesting solutions of facades, low or medium storeys, the arrangement of loggias and balconies. In private border spaces at this level, such elements are niches and bay windows, terraced facades, and others. This model, due to the presence of many means of increasing social activity in the border spaces of a residential building, allows one to continue research on the allocation of architectural and spatial techniques for the implementation of projects of socially active border spaces of the city.

ОСНОВНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ТУРИЗМА НА ПРИГРАНИЧНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЯХ КАЗАХСТАНА И КЫРГЫЗСТАНА

An important factor in the development of tourism within transboundary territories may be unique tourist resources, or special areas. Border territories often turn into gambling zones, especially in those cases when the industry of gambling entertainment is prohibited in neighboring countries. In addition, a tourist product can be formed on the basis of unique tourist resources, united by a common idea or historical plot. You can get to know them only by traveling from a neighboring or nearby country. Tourists are attracted to the border space by duty-free trade, a large selection of goods, lower prices, convenient opening hours. On the basis of the Agreement, the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic will contribute to expanding cooperation in the field of tourism in order to familiarize citizens of their states with achievements in the field of economics, social development, culture, nature and sights, as well as historical monuments and national traditions of the peoples of the three countries. The parties will cooperate in the development of international tourism on the basis of equality, mutual benefit and, in order to increase the tourist flow, facilitate the simplification of visa and customs formalities, exchange lists of travel agencies. The Parties will facilitate the exchange of experience in all areas of international and domestic tourism, promote cooperation between the national tourism administrations of the Parties and other organizations involved in tourism and its development. The parties will also facilitate the dissemination of tourist information to attract the flow of tourists through the publication of promotional materials, the exchange of information, print media, exhibitions, films and the holding of various symposia and seminars. The parties will provide mutual assistance in the training of personnel of tourist complexes and facilitate the exchange of specialists of the relevant tourism authorities, assist the relevant departments and interested organizations in the creation of joint ventures and in the implementation of other investment projects in the tourism sector. The parties through the relevant tourism authorities will exchange views on cooperation, work experience in activities in international tourism organizations.

Otherworldly Space in Novel by Lyudmila Ulitskaya “Kukotsky Enigma”

The features of the image of the otherworldly space in the novel “The Kukotsky Enigma” are considered. The relevance of the topic is due to Lyudmila Ulitskaya’s understanding of the text as a tool with which one can “see the otherworldly”. The concepts of “otherworldly” and “otherworldly space” have been differentiated. The main principles of the image of the otherworldly space in the novel are highlighted: mirroring, carnivalization, its timeless arrangement. Attention is paid to the level organization of space in the novel. The mythologemes of water, sand and fire as fillers of space are investigated. It is noted that the novel “The Kukotsky Enigma” is characterized by the connection of the other world with reality through a number of border spaces: dreams, motives of water and illness. It is noted that the water in the novel is a “portal” to the other world, in which it is transformed into sand; the possibility of rebirth in the Middle World, the author solves the problems of the moral and philosophical order. It is concluded that the Middle World desert is associated with the female womb, where the characters are experiencing a new birth. It is shown that the space also determines the change of the onomapoetic code: the characters traveling in the Middle World change their names to nicknames, and the names remain with the characters who crossed the border of no return and remained permanent inhabitants of the other world.