Border Security System Research Articles

Wall, Wall in the Mirror: Which Is the Sturdiest of Them All?

This research examines the comparative effectiveness of physical versus virtual border walls in managing illegal border crossings along the U.S.-Mexico border, focusing on Yuma, Arizona, and Laredo, Texas. It addresses the question of which type of infrastructure is more efficient in reducing migration and how these approaches influence crossing patterns. Previous studies have largely concentrated on other factors of migration such as economic conditions, overlooking the role of evolving border security systems. This gap in the literature calls for a deeper analysis of these evolving strategies. Utilizing U.S. Customs and Border Protection data from 2020 to 2024, the study analyzes border encounters in these regions, employing time series analysis to investigate shifts in crossing rates and demographic trends. Our findings reveal that physical barriers are effective when properly maintained but lose deterrence power when consistent maintenance and construction is absent. Conversely, virtual walls provide consistent monitoring but are less effective in significantly deterring crossings. Both methods present significant ethical concerns, as physical walls drive migrants to more dangerous routes, while virtual walls amplify surveillance and privacy issues. We conclude that a hybrid approach, integrating physical and technological solutions, could better balance migration management with ethical border enforcement.

The Impact of Integrated Border Security System on Human Trafficking in Bangladesh: The Mediating Effect of the Use of Advanced Technology

This paper explores the effect of integrated border security and advanced technology on human trafficking in Bangladesh, focusing on the mediating role of advanced technology. Human trafficking remains a critical issue in Bangladesh due to socio-economic challenges and the nature of bordering regions despite substantial technological and policy advancement. Through empirical analysis, this study reveals that advanced technology such as biometric identification, data analytics, and real-time data sharing significantly bolster the effectiveness of the Border Security System in identifying and preventing human trafficking issues. This paper highlights the significance of comprehensive policies, sufficient investment on specialised training, and community engagement in addressing human trafficking. The study offers valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders, signifying the need for ongoing adaptation and collaboration to combat human trafficking effectively.

IOT and ROBOTICS based Border Security using Machine Learning

The escalating security challenges at borders necessitate the implementation of robust and intelligent solutions. This paper investigates the potential of integrating Internet of Things (IoT) devices and robotics with machine learning (ML) for improved border security. IoT sensors strategically deployed along the border perimeter gather real-time data on environmental conditions, human movement, and potential intrusions. Robots equipped with sophisticated sensors and surveillance cameras further augment data collection capabilities. Machine learning algorithms analyze the collected data to identify anomalies, suspicious activities, and potential border breaches. This integration of technologies fosters a comprehensive border security system that is efficient, cost-effective, and adaptable to evolving threats. Keywords- Internet of things(IOT), Robotics, Machine Learning, Surveillance, Sensor Networks, Arduino, Facial Recognition , Object Detection, Intruder Alert, Smart Border

Bezpieczeństwo wschodniej granicy Polski wobec współczesnych zagrożeń transgranicznych

Modern threats are a multidimensional problem, in addition to the old and well-known, there are constantly new, dynamically changing security environments. The grounds for security threats are diverse and evolve along with the development of international relations, changes in the interests of the state and its position on the international arena. The aggressive, imperial policy of the Russian Federation is an example of this and contributes to instability in the region and seriously threatens the sovereignty of neighboring countries. Guaranteeing the security of the Polish border (especially the eastern – external of European Union) is a serious challenge and must be constantly adapted to the changing threats occurring in times of peace, crisis, and also in times of war. The author characterizes the contemporary security environment of Poland and the accompanying cross-border threats, presents the process of shaping the EU external border security system together with the current situation of the security management of the Polish state border. It also draws conclusions that the state border must still be in the center of interest of the state authorities and indicates that as a result of the current external threat to the state, there is a need to improve the cooperation of services and institutions responsible for the security of the state border in the national and international dimension.

Detection and Classification of Target’s Speed and Size Using LTE-Based Passive Forward Scattering Radar

Abstract Radar is a system that uses radio waves to detect any objects that pass through the range of its system. The radar system must have two main components which are the transmitter and the receiver. The passive forward scattering radar is being used to detect the target’s speed and size. This passive radar uses the cell tower of Long-Term Evolution (LTE) as a transmitter and will illuminate any moving targets that pass through the system. The passive radar receiver which can be remotely placed will detect the scattered radiation of the target. The detection of the target is in a waveform called the Doppler signature. From the Doppler signature, the target’s speed and size can be classified according to its group. In this research, a different target has a different Doppler signature because every target’s body has a different body build. The differences in Doppler signature also can be detected when the target moves at different speeds. The study of different speed targets will relate to the relationship between the time and frequency theory. The data collection of Doppler signature is collected in three different places which are Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM, Shah Alam), Kampung Sungai Kajang (Tanjung Karang), and Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang (MAEPS) (Serdang). In conclusion, the LTE-based passive forward scattering radar system is applicable to detect and classify every target with different speed and size which is useful to the country’s border safety and security system.

Civil War and the Resurgence of Anglo-Scottish Border Mentalities in the British Middle Shires, 1639–1645

For centuries the Anglo-Scottish borderlands were a region of weak government, endemic violence, border fortresses, and periodic full-scale wars. After the 1603 Union of the Crowns joined Scotland with England and Ireland, James VI & I attempted to pacify the “Middle Shires” of his new realm of “Great Britain.” Despite an apparently successful pacification, using the resources of both the Scottish and English states, the outbreak of the British Civil Wars in 1638 resulted in the region once again becoming militarized. This militarization followed many of the characteristics of the pre-1603 border security system: the renovation of border fortresses, cross-border raids, powerful noble magnates with cross-border political alliances, and the theft or attempted theft of cattle as a means of waging war.

Преддоговорные основы «экспорта революции» в Восточной Азии и региональный политический порядок в зоне советского влияния: позитивный опыт и социалистическая идеология в Монголии. Год 1921. Часть 2

Introduction. The article deals with an important and eventful period of Russia-Mongolia relations, special attention be paid to the shaping of a new regional order in East Asia. The collapse of China’s monarchy resulted in a political vacuum in Russia’s border territories which required utmost consideration and involvement, and the Soviets did seize the opportunity. However, the Agreement on Friendly Relations concluded in November of 1921 can hardly be viewed as a starting point, the former having been rather supposed to actualize previous mutual commitments discussed in the paper. Goals. So, the work attempts an interdisciplinary insight into the mentioned documents (addresses, diplomatic notes, letters, etc.) to have preceded the Agreement and formalized Soviet Russia’s foreign policy in the region and its presence in the territory of Outer Mongolia ― to determine the role and impact of those preliminary papers. Materials and Methods. The study focuses on widely known materials contained in diverse published collections of documents from the Soviet era that were never viewed by most researchers as important tools to have guaranteed the national interests in the Far East. So, the innovative aspect of research is that the addresses, notes and letters are examined through the prism of other humanitarian disciplines, such as jurisprudence and political science — to result in the employment of an interdisciplinary approach with a range of historical, juridical and politological research methods, definitions and categories inherent to international law and international relations. Part One of the article focuses on research tools and ideological essentials, while Part Two examines the actual techniques to have secured the ‘export of revolution’. Conclusions. The insight into the precontractual documents has delineated a number of key lines for cooperation, the latter dominated by bilateral collaboration (and described in Part One). This paper shall characterize the rest that can be together identified as a set of efficient means to have consolidated ideological foundations of the ‘export of revolution’ that include as follows: ‘soft power’ of educational projects; security arrangements for Soviet territories and borders, including assistance to Mongolian comrades in their fight against the White Guard, allocation of the Red Army units within Mongolian territories until the complete eradication of the White threat, with the participation of military units from the Far Eastern Republic; economic cooperation through mutual financial and economic support of industrial construction projects, resource development and social infrastructure initiatives, etc.; joint actions on the international stage pinnacled with the recognition of the Mongolian People’s Republic by China (1946) and the rest of the world community (1961). The study concludes these lines of cooperation were successfully implemented within the two following decades and proved crucial not only in the shaping of a new political order in the region but also facilitated the development of the eastern border security system in the pre-war period and WWII proper (1936–1945), which restrained Japan from initiating military actions against the USSR up until 1945 and guaranteed the security of Mongolia.

Glocal Pacification by Vertical Means: The Case of Droneland Policing

ABSTRACT The article investigates drones’ attribution to securitise, surveil and pacify border regimes within a threefold, even though contradictory, development: Firstly, borders as demarcation lines or check-points are redefined into border spaces. Secondly, the failing of an out-bound targeted and state-led border security system turns into the claimed necessity for new inner security measures. Within a framework of a technologised migration management, thirdly, a militarisation of internal security occurs within which different capital fractions compete for market shares in policing migration and managing minorities. The drone—a peripheral device just a couple of years ago—turns into the centrepiece of pacification endeavours and the device to draw all battle lines. The (for some) faraway Afgh-Pak combat drone turns into the peripheral border drone finally approaching us as a homeland drone.

Retrospective analysis of the border guard policy on providing integrity of the state border of Ukraine

With the advent of Ukraine’s independence, its border guard policy was aimed at ensuring territorial integrity, establishing its own border security system, organizing border protection around the perimeter and protecting the exclusive (marine) economic zone. Protection of the state border of Ukraine is an integral part of the national system of protection of the state border and is performed by the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine on land, sea, rivers, lakes and other reservoirs, according to the powers granted to ensure the integrity of the state border of Ukraine. The article is devoted to the research of the formation of the state border protection system as a mechanism for ensuring the integrity of the state border of Ukraine. The author analyzes the stages of formation, problems and prospects of the protection of the state border of Ukraine through the prism of the activity of the border guard authority of Ukraine on the implementation of the border gurd policy. Based on the analysis of adoption and implementation of legal acts, concepts and programs of strategic importance in the field of protection of the state border (a feature of planning), as well as taking into account the scientific achievements of scientists and variability of the security environment that led to changes (a sign of development), the process of formation and development of the state border protection system is proposed to be divided into five periods, namely: the first – 1991-1993 (on the basis of planning and development);the second – 1994- 1999 (on the basis of planning and development);the third – 2000-2005 (on the basis of planning), 2000 – July 2003 (on the basis of development);the fourth – 2006-2015 (on the basis of planning), August 2003-2013 (on the basis of development);the fifth – 2016-2020 (on the basis of planning), 2014 - 2020 (on the basis of development).The results of the retrospective analysis allowed to establish the following patterns of formation and development of the state border protection system:1. The border guard policy is aimed at ensuring territorial integrity, establishing its own state border protection system and protection of the exclusive (marine) economic zone. 2. Formation of the state border protection system is influenced by a number of factors, including: the peculiarity of the geographical position of Ukraine (presence of international transport corridors; presence of «frozen» conflicts in the regions bordering on Ukraine; unregulated migration and smuggling activities; the need for significant resources for the border infrastructure development, etc.). 3. The functional complexity of the border guard institution evolves in the direction of: militaristic – law enforcement – law enforcement and militaristic.4. The increasing level of integration of subjects, which provide border security in the security space. 5. Increased attention to the need for balancing vital interests in the field of state border protection. 6. A noticeable tendency to increase the capacity of the state border guard system to counter current threats: armed conflicts at the state border, smuggling of weapons, drug trafficking, unregulated migration, illegal extraction and theft of national treasures, etc. 7. Determining of strategic directions of ensuring the border security is carried out at the highest state level within the framework of the Comprehensive Review of the Security and Defense Sector, drafting of the Conceptual Basis for the Reform of the Law Enforcement Agencies and the Concept of the Reform of the Criminal Justice of Ukraine. 8. When elaborating approaches to the development of the state border guard system (close, medium and long-term perspective), it is necessary to take into account the experience of the new EU member states in preparing for accession to the EU and joining the Schengen agreement.

BRITISH IMPACT UPON PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF BORDER GUARDS IN THE REPUBLIC OF INDIA

The article is devoted to the analysis of British impact upon the system of professional training of border guards in the Republic of India. The aim of the article is to investigate the British role in the system of training of border guards in the Republic of India and to point out the efficiency of some methods and forms for modern system of training. The article proves that there are a wide range of similar threats for border security systems in the Republic of India and Ukraine and therefore the author persuades that it is necessary to compare the systems of training of servicemen of border agencies of the Republic of India and the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine and to outline recommendations for creative implementations of some principles and approaches.On the basis of analysis of literature the author admits that the necessity to select the training of border guards within the system of military training due to specific functions of border guards was done in the British Indian Army and special forces were established. Also the article proves that the training was divided into three phases: basic individual training, progressive or group training and integrated training. The border guards were supposed to obtain the following skills: marksmanship, vigilance, mountain warfare, hill warfare, piqueting, map reading, intelligence, scouting, technical competence, physical endurance, etc. To train border guards there were established permanent training camps along the North-West frontier, some mountain warfare schools, and later higher educational establishments where special disciplines on border warfare were taught. The article describes the methods and forms of training of border guards. They are the following: training in real conditions, war games, project method, practical exercises, combined lectures, conferences, “sandbox” exercise, and illustrative methods. The author emphasizes that a range of official documents concerning training of border guards were issued: Operation Memorandums, Field Manual for border guards, Guidelines for border warfare, etc.

Biometrics Security and Privacy Protection [From the Guest Editors

The articles in this special section were conceived to champion recent developments in the rapidly evolving field of biometrics and also to encourage research in new signal processing solutions to security and privacy protection. Biometrics is the science of recognizing individuals based on their behavioral and biological characteristics such as face, fingerprints, iris, voice, gait, and signature. The past decade has witnessed a rapid increase in biometrics research in addition to the deployment of large-scale biometrics solutions in both civilian and law enforcement applications. Example applications that incorporate biometric recognition include: logical and physical access systems; surveillance operations to fight against fraud and organized crime; immigration control and border security systems; national identity programs; identity management systems; and the determination of friend or foe in military installations.

ABMS와 NOLH을 이용한 한국군 GOP 경계시스템에 관한 분석

In this study, the border security problem of the ROK Army is examined by applying the agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS) concept as well as its platform, MANA. Based on the approximately optimized behavior of the infiltrator obtained using genetic algorithm (GA), we evaluate the GOP border security system which consists of human resources, surveillance, as well as command and control (C2) systems. We use four measures of effectiveness (MOEs) to evaluate its performance, and we apply a near optimal latin hypercube (NOLH) design to deal with the large number of factors of interest in our model. By using a NOLH design, our simulation runs are implemented efficiently. We hope the results of this study provide valuable data for deciding the configuration of the border security system structure and the number of soldiers assigned in the platoon.

ABMS와 유전학적 알고리즘을 이용한 한국군 경계시스템에 관한 연구

본 논문은 에이전트 기반 모델링 및 시뮬레이션을 바탕으로 한 한국군 GOP 경계시스템에 관한 연구이다. 에이전트 기반 모델링 및 시뮬레이션 기반 소프트웨어인 MANA를 이용하여 다양한 시나리오를 모델링하고 유전학적 알고리즘을 통해 침투 양상이 변화하는 적에 대해 분석하였다. 우리는 유전학적 알고리즘을 이용하여 침투하는 적의 최적화된 행동에 근사하는 값을 구하기 위해 최적화 모델을 구성하였다. 그 결과는 GOP 경계시스템에서 침투하는 적의 행동에 대한 최적화가 경계시스템의 효과성에 현저한 차이를 가져온다는 점과 침투하는 적의 아군 자산에 대한 회피 정도는 각각의 자산의 중요성을 반영한다는 점에서 두 가지 중요한 통찰력을 제공한다. This paper explores a border security system based on agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS). The ABMS software platform, map aware non-uniform automata, is used to model various scenarios and evaluate the border security system given a set of infiltrators who have evolutionary behavior governed by genetic algorithm (GA). we formulated an optimization model and approximately solved it using a GA in order to capture near optimal behavior of an infiltrating force. The results presented give two significant insights for our border security system in that optimizing the infiltrator's behavior can make a significant difference and the quantitative results regarding the infiltrator's avoidance of each asset can be viewed as capturing their relative importance.

Collaborative Cross-Border Security Infrastructure and Systems

A long-standing problem in the US-Mexico bilateral agenda is migration. Although both countries have important agreements to promote economic exchange and trade, the events of 9/11 and other acts of terrorism have increased concerns about border security. Since the US-Mexico border is one of the most important borders in the world in terms of activity, securing it without interfering with the legitimate flow of people and goods, poses an important challenge. The purpose of this paper is to propose conceptual frameworks and models to facilitate collaboration across national borders, by discussing and considering key factors for collaborative US-Mexico Border Security Infrastructure and Systems. Border security technical solutions pose an interesting domain because there are a myriad of concerns (e.g., political, economic, social and cultural) outside the technical implementation that must be deliberated and examined. In this conceptual study, unique aspects of trust, governance, information sharing, culture, and technical infrastructure are identified as the key ingredients in a cross-border collaboration effort. A bi-national organizational network appears to be an effective institutional design to develop a better understanding of the problem, as well as required policies and technologies. This approach is consistent with experiments, research, and conclusions found in the European Union.

Introduction to “charting, tracking, and mapping: new technologies, labor, and surveillance”

Advances in information technologies over the last two decades have offered the promise of revolutionizing workplaces and other settings by expanding the capabilities of individuals working in various professions. Enabled by high-speed computing systems and marked by an intensification of command and control properties, new technologies have expanded, and in some cases intentionally surpassed, the scope of the senses. Technologies such as drones, surveillance cameras, and airport and border security systems promise the seemingly infinite catchment and infinitesimal account of human actions, while computer processing software provides real-time data on large-scale transactional processes occurring in monetary systems and security markets. Charting, tracking, and mapping functions open up new vistas for quantifying social behaviors and detecting misbehaviors, creating new frontiers for criminal justice, the military, and economic activity. The papers in this special issue reveal the processes guiding the rapid transformation and flexible adaptation of institutional structures, economic and financial systems, and threat surveillance and military/police mobilization in the near future.

Evaluating the Allocation of Border Security System of Systems Requirements

The Customs and Border Protection (CBP) organization must secure the homeland by preventing illegal entry into the United States. In order to successfully accomplish this task, a System of Systems (SoS) of airborne, ground, fixed, mobile, manned, and unmanned capabilities must act together in order to successfully accomplish the objective. However, it may be difficult to identify a specific SoS configuration that will meet the objective and quantify the requirements allocated for each specific system. This paper offers a methodology to evaluate the SoS phases to detect, track, identify, decide, act, and assess the actions of CBP forces. This methodology is exercised to quantify the system contributions to the CBP SoS and the interfaces needed for each system.

Engineers Test Underground Border Security System Between US and Mexico

Engineers Test Underground Border Security System Between US and Mexico

Towards a common European border security policy

The internal abolition of borders in the European Union (EU) has created a security deficit that is supposed to be compensated by inventing a new border – the ‘external frontier’ – which is to protect the combined territory of the Member States. This article argues that the security deficit has not been fully compensated for due to uneven policy implementation. The overview of impending threats to the EU border security system stemming from climate change impacts and demographic pressures shows that the future holds even greater challenges to the implementation of the Schengen acquis. A new approach to border security is urgently needed. The introduction of a common European border security policy can become an adequate response to many of the otherwise imminent threats.

Detecting Concealment of Intent in Transportation Screening: A Proof of Concept

Transportation and border security systems have a common goal: to allow law-abiding people to pass through security and detain those people who intend to harm. Understanding how intention is concealed and how it might be detected should help in attaining this goal. In this paper, we introduce a multidisciplinary theoretical model of intent concealment along with three verbal and nonverbal automated methods for detecting intent: message feature mining, speech act profiling, and kinesic analysis. This paper also reviews a program of empirical research supporting this model, including several previously published studies and the results of a proof-of-concept study. These studies support the model by showing that aspects of intent can be detected at a rate that is higher than chance. Finally, this paper discusses the implications of these findings in an airport-screening scenario.

Simulation modelling and analysis of a border security system

Border control is vital to the security of a nation and its citizens. All countries look at measures to improve the security of their borders. But increasing security can bring a substantial financial burden. In this study, we analyze the border security problem of Turkey using a simulation approach. Our main objective is to find more efficient ways of improving border control and security along Turkey’s land borders. To achieve this, we examine the structure of the border security system and its major elements, examine the relationships between performance measures, and assess the effectiveness of security elements on each system performance measure. We also look into the issues of planned changes and additional resources, and we evaluate new alternative system designs. The results of simulation experiments are analyzed by statistical methods.