Border Protection System Research Articles

THE END OF THE UKRAINIAN-RUSSIAN WAR: NEW/OLD THREATS TO POLISH INTERNAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC ORDER

This article raises the issue of the threat that may be posed to Polish internal security after the end of hostilities in Ukraine by former soldiers and volunteers fighting on the Ukrainian side. When discussing cross-border crime, the author points to areas that may be of interest to informal veterans’ organizations, as well as to the possibility of penetrating the criminal world of former military personnel. Presenting threats, the author also points to tasks for the Polish border protection system in the field of combating organized crime.

SMUGGLING CIGARETTES TROUGH THE BORDER SECTION PROTECTED BY NADBUZANSKI BORDER GUARD REGIONAL UNIT AS A THREAT AND BORDER SECURITY PROTECTION CHALLENGE

The aim of this article is to present one of the vital problems the Border Guard fights against – smuggling cigarettes through the borders, which has a worldwide range, but this article is focused on cigarette smuggling routes from Eastern Europe through (and to) Poland, taking into consideration Polish border section protected by Nadbuzanski Border Guard Regional Unit (NBGRU). The article also presents the peculiarities occurring in smuggling goods tendencies used by criminals and presents the methods of fighting against this problem, as efficient protection of EU external borders is an important part of the European border protection system. The tendencies indicated in this article, engage mostly organized criminal groups in smuggling excise goods, and their determination and brutality, clearly show that decisive steps are needed to fight against smugglers. In the future, we should expect that Poland will be not only the transit territory for smuggling cigarettes but also the recipient as OLAF experts claim. The article is an attempt to indicate the problem of smuggling cigarettes through the borders which has a worldwide range, on the example of one section of the Polish border protected by NBGRU, which of course, does not present all sides of the problem. It is obvious to everyone that stopping this business is impossible, but what is real and all countries trying to tackle this problem should consider, is controlling this activity and limiting the scale of smuggling cigarettes by effective cooperation of all law enforcement institutions on both – national and international levels.

FIGHTING CROSS-BORDER CRIME AS A CHALLENGING TASK OF POLISH BORDER GUARD

The protection of the borders of the Polish state is a complex strategy of operations and it is a system that is not limited solely to the physical protection of the territory. This strategy is multidimensional and boils down to the implementation of many activities and legal acting aimed at protecting the state against illegal movement of goods and people. Border protection tactics additionally include all preventive actions preventing the import of hazardous materials and substances. It also involves combating cross-border crime and crimes involving foreigners. After the abolition of borders within the European Union, it also ensures the protection of the intra-EU customs territory. The bodies and institutions that are specialized units are responsible for the implementation of all these tasks: the Border Guard, the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland, as well as the Customs Service and the Office for Foreigners. Each of these entities performs separate tasks as part of the protection of the state border. The entity that plays the leading role in the state border protection system is the Border Guard. In addition to protecting the state border on land and sea, this formation is responsible for border traffic control and counteracting illegal migration and cross-border crime. The purpose of this article is to analyze the phenomenon of cross-border crime and to discuss the activities undertaken by the Border Guard in order to combat illegal migration and crime. The study takes into account statistical data for the first half of 2022 confirming the effectiveness of the Border Guard. The structure and dynamics of cross-border crime proves that border crime is strongly influenced by immigration, and - in the case of Poland - it is much higher on the eastern part of the state border (external EU border). The government’s concerns about illegal migration are not unfounded, as illegal migration is closely related to the activities of organized crime groups, including smuggling of weapons, drugs, human trafficking and other types of crime that affect the state of security of the state.

Drone Detection using Ultrasonic Sensors for Passive Forward Scattering Radar System

Passive Forward Scattering Radar (PFSR) is a great system that can be used to identify ground moving targets, especially in unsafe areas for reason such as protection and security. Although PFSR can detect any moving target, there are some limitations as PFSR cannot measure height and detect small target such as a drone flying in the sky. A drone is a good device based on the latest technologies, therefore it can also be very dangerous as it can fly in the sky entering prohibited areas that can, for example, breach a border protection system. By developing a system using ultrasonic range sensor interfacing with Raspberry Pi (RPi) and also implementing Internet of Things (IoT) using mobile phone application, which is Telegram, as a security alarm system, this system can integrate with PFSR to be a better system. This project aims to improve the PFSR system with an ultrasonic range sensor remote measuring device. When set up next to the PFSR system, the ultrasonic range sensor has large distance measurement capabilities and use low power to operate. Since ultrasonic range sensors cannot work by themselves, the RPi was used as an operating host that helped to operate and collect data. Then, the data collected was saved into Comma Separated Values (CSV) files to be sent to Telegram mobile application later to the user as notification. The data collected from both systems were compared in order to relate that the ultrasonic range sensor system can indeed support the PFSR system. Since the result was obtained and analysis was done successfully, it can be concluded that the system can support the PFSR system, whereby as the drone height (cm) increased, the signal captured in time (sec) decreased. In addition, this system can contribute in many areas such as borders or streets, to detect speed of vehicles or as a traffic surveillance system and for some other reasons such as protection, security and research.

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The Border Service of Ukraine, implementing interaction with the rest of the subjects of border security (as a part of national security), the range of powers of which is related to the protection and protection of the border, takes measures to counteract any illegal manifestation in the area of responsibility of the border, tangential to its competences. According to the results of the analysis of the documents regulating the engineering and technical arrangement of the Ukrainian border, it was determined that the main tasks of the engineering and technical arrangement of the border are: ensuring remote monitoring of the technical equipment of the border area, complicating illegal border crossing and ensuring its control, protection of the relevant border unit at the border from types of means of injury; providing possible conditions for the actions of their forces (troops) and the use of means. The main elements of the architecture of the "intelligent" border protection system are: a network of integrated towers equipped with radar and optical-electronic surveillance, communication and information transmission, power supply, video surveillance and fire alarm security systems; a linear part of sensors and sensors that function on a different physical principle of action in combination with an engineering barrier and construction; an automated operator's place to collect and process alarm information from each installed technical means; forces and means of response (patrol cars, boats, airplanes, unmanned aerial vehicles), equipped with technical surveillance and a system of automatic determination of their location and recognition based on a unified cartographic situation; control and management center. Therefore, taking into account the information presented above, it can be stated that the key general characteristics of the "intelligent" border protection system are the modularity of the design (convenience of modernization of existing and integration of new components, functions and subsystems); the possibility of centralized management (in remote and local modes); inclusion in geoformation systems.

Ժողովրդագրական մարտահրավերները ՀՀ և Արցախի պաշտպանական հնարավորությունների համատեքստում

The subject of this article are the demographic problems in the context of the defense capabilities of Artsakh and Armenia. The attitude towards the military service, the evaluation and ranking of the army, which ultimately form the motivation to participate in the mobilization in war conditions, are decisive for the formation of the mobilization resource, including the recruitment of the army on the principle of volunteerism. The rating of the Armenian army has experienced a significant decline, which inevitably has a negative impact on coping with defense challenges, and the number of Armenians who give a positive assessment of the army has decreased by about 35%. Thus, it is necessary to clarify and define the model of implementation of security and protection of our country at the strategic and operational levels, on the basis of which the border protection system and actions will be formed.

‏COVID-19 Quarantine Monitoring Based on Geofencing Technique

‏Smartphone and satellite network coverage contributes to a number of useful applications that increase the comfort of everyday people's lives. Using the Global Positioning System (GPS) provided by the satellite, people can be tracked in real time at a specific location. When it comes to infectious diseases such as COVID-19, the most important measure to reduce its spread is to contain it. Quarantine is usually a solution and any tracking system can be employed to specify the location of the infected people. However, as quarantined areas are scattered around the world, it is difficult to accurately trace the boundaries within accommodation. A geo-fenced GPS system, which has adopted an efficient border protection system, is proposed for quarantine and monitoring purposes of COVID-19 carriers. The system is introduced as an application to implement a home/local quarantine policy using bracelets that fit the boundaries of smartphones. From the experimental results obtained, it is observed that the proposed system achieves an effective and high accuracy performance in various location conditions.

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This article outlines the work on development of leadership potential of the US and separate European countries border guards. It elaborates in detail the significance of the officer leadership potential, importance of the leadership in the border protection system. There are enlightened the main lines of work on development of personal attributes of the border guard officer as a leader, specific features of his leadership skills formation, psychological basis of leadership training. The author discloses the programs of leadership development, being deployed in the Federal Training Center of the US Customs and Border Protection. The "Leadership in a crisis environment" training program is based on the research studies and is supposed to help law enforcement officials to raise the level of leadership skills required in crisis. This program focuses on the basic concepts of communication, cooperation, critical thinking and the features of decision-making. It provides for the creation of an environment that shapes the ability of participants to apply leadership qualities, interpersonal communication and decision-making skills in a crisis situation. In its turn, the "Leadership through Understanding Human Behavior" training program helps participants better understand themselves, interpersonal dynamics, and how their strengths and weaknesses and roles in working groups and teams affect mission outcomes. The program provides for the development of self-consciousness, the ability to recognize behavioral styles to establish relationships, required for the creation of more effective working groups and teams. There presented the topics of the "Security and Border Management Courses for Senior Leaders" for middle and senior border officers at the OSCE Border Management Staff College. It is found that in order to develop the leadership potential of border officials, foreign countries apply an integrated approach to training, paying attention to the formation of analytical thinking, the acquisition of professional management skills and abilities. In the training methodology, theoretical and practical classes, situational tasks, business games, trainings are widely used. Taking into account foreign experience, in order to increase the managerial level of future border guard officers, it is proposed to familiarize them with what it means to be a leader, how to organize work in a team, how to manage subordinates and be responsible for leading the border unit. There also outlined the importance of research on the leadership potential of the border guard officer, leadership in the border protection system, the characteristics of the officer as a leader of the border unit. Key words: vocational training, leadership, leadership potential, border guard officer, management, border protection.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПІДГОТОВКИ МАЙБУТНІХ ОФІЦЕРІВ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ПРИКОРДОННОЇ СЛУЖБИ УКРАЇНИ ДО ВЕДЕННЯ КОРАБЕЛЬНОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА В ЗАГОНАХ МОРСЬКОЇ ОХОРОНИ

One of the main functions of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine is the protection of the state border of Ukraine on land, sea, rivers, lakes and other bodies of water; protection of the sovereign rights of Ukraine in its exclusive (maritime) economic zone and control over the implementation of rights and fulfilment of obligations by other countries in this zone. The structure of the Border Guard Service of Ukraine includes the Maritime Guard, which consists of Maritime Guard Detachments. The State Border Guard Service of Ukraine organizes training and retraining of its servicemen in educational institutions. The Bohdan Khmelnytskyi National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine is such an institution in the border protection system. The article analyses the peculiarities of training future officers of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine to conduct ship administration in the Maritime Guard Detachments of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine. The scientific attention was drawn by having identified certain problematic issues that arose in the training process organization of specialists for service in the Maritime Guard Regional Department of the Border Guard Agency – three Maritime Guard Detachments and the Maritime Guard Training Centre. Ship administration in the Maritime Guard Detachments provides support for operational and service activities, combat (professional) training, work with personnel, household, proper operation, repair, storage of weapons, military equipment and property. At the same time, as a result of scientific analysis of educational and professional programs (working programs of disciplines, practical training programs) of the National Academy, it has been established that there are no topics about the main provisions for the organization of ship administration in bodies, institutions and establishments of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine. The article also proposes to develop ways to resolve the contradiction between the emergence of the logistics section on headquarters of a rapid response border command and the lack of planning changes in the educational process of the National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine. The author highlights the results of the above analysis, including the facts of low qualification of officers in the field of ship administration, and focuses on the importance of taking into account in the issues of conducting ship administration in the educational process of the SBGS educational institutions, based on the requirements of departmental guidelines for proper professional training of relevant officials.

Cross-border cooperation between Thanh Hoa Province (Vietnam) and Huaphanh Province (Lao PDR) from 1977 to the present

This paper analyzes the cooperation relationship between Thanh Hoa (Vietnam) and Huaphanh (Lao PDR) Provinces on the aspects of cross-border cooperation through issues on planting border markers, coordination in the handling of invasion, cross-border management, border protection, and bilateral boundary system. Based on this, the paper confirms achievements, limits, and lessons with regard to boundary affairs between Thanh Hoa and Huaphanh Provinces from 1977 to the present.

Extension of the Border Fences – Restoring the Past

The article presents the issue of the return to physical border constructions, what scientists describe as fencing policy, or teichopolitics , in the context of improving the border protection systems. It can be noted as a contrast to globalization, that has been perceived for years as the process of opening to the world and lifting the boundaries. It is also increasingly considered as an element of social bifurcation, which changes the perception of state borders. The contemporary bordering process focuses on the construction of smart fences that can invisibly protect states from emerging various external threats. This article aims to provide a bordering process framework and get answers to the questions about the reasons for this process and future direction of border walls/fences development.

МОДЕЛЬ МАТЕРІАЛЬНО-ТЕХНІЧНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ПРИКОРДОННОЇ СЛУЖБИ УКРАЇНИ

Перетворення ринкових відносин в Україні торкнулося практично усіх суб`єктів господарювання, в тому числі і сектору безпеки та оборони України таких структур як Міністерства оборони України (далі – МОУ) та Державної прикордонної служби України (далі – ДПСУ). Основним завданням існування даних структур в умовах, коли ринок ще не переформатувався під сучасні вимоги, а планова економіка не досконала, створення і реалізація механізму забезпечення життєдіяльності військових частин та підрозділів МОУ та ДПСУ в цілому. Вирішити ці питання можливо за допомогою ефективної логістики та пов’язаною з нею системою матеріально-технічного забезпечення (далі – МТЗ), саме тому аналіз цих процесів на сьогодні виявляється вельми актуальним завданням. Таким чином, мова йде про узгоджену, оптимізовану за витратами часу і фінансів інтеграцію окремих ланок матеріалопровідного ланцюга в єдину систему, яка сприяє ефективному управлінню наскрізними інформаційними, vатеріально-технічними і фінансовими потоками в будь-якій складній системі комплексного забезпечення. У роботі представлено модель процесу матеріально-технічного забезпечення яка відображає функціонування та взаємозв’язки між всіма елементами системи матеріально-технічного забезпечення ДПСУ. Встановлення взаємозв’язків між вхідними параметрами та зв’язків між елементами дає можливість керувати вхідними параметрами системи МТЗ. Це, у свою чергу, дає можливість розробити модель системи матеріально-технічного забезпечення, яка буде адаптованою до нової моделі державного кордону. Впровадження моделі матеріально-технічного забезпечення в ДПСУ дозволить оптимізувати структуру МТЗ ДПСУ. Сучасні передумови функціонування МТЗ ДПСУ ставлять перед логістикою багато нових викликів, зокрема у контексті набуття державою членства у НАТО, а саме: організація постачань, а також надання логістичних послуг; організація логістичного забезпечення сил швидкого реагування.

An Enhanced Scheme of Excluding Compromised Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks

Any system or network is always susceptible to attacks. If an adversary has access to the network, they may disrupt the network in several ways. Sybil attack, selective forwarding, tampering, etc., are some of the attacks that disrupt the network. If the sensor network is employed in critical areas such as warzones or border protection systems, any attack or breach of security may prove to be fatal. Therefore, proper security mechanisms have to be integrated into the system to ensure that the data remains secure. In our project, we intend to identify and isolate the compromised nodes that selectively forwards data packets. The proposed protocol uses a reputation based system to determine the integrity of the neighboring nodes. Once a compromised node has been identified, that node is excluded from further communication after verification from base station.

State border protection from the perspective of the tasks and functions of the border guard and border checkpoints

The aim of the article is to present the major issues related to the protection of the Polish border from the perspective of the tasks and functions of the Border Guard and border checkpoints. The present analysis is a result of research conducted with use of theoretical research methods used in the social sciences. The aforementioned research was carried out with the purpose of diagnosing the functioning of the state border protection and traffic control system. The result of the research leads to the conclusion that the Polish border protection and traffic control system is being gradually improved, which is a result of changes in the security environment, primarily related to the emergence of new threats and increasing levels of existing threats. This leads to the expansion of the range of functions performed not by the Border Guard in general, but specifically by border checkpoints, which are closely related to field government and local authority administration bodies. These bodies have a definitive influence on local security, and thus on the security of areas controlled by the Border Guard.

The Evolving Protection of Borders of the Reborn Second Republic of Poland

The Second Republic of Poland, after regaining independence as a new state and creating state structures, faced many serious challenges. Barely formed boundaries required effective protection as soon as possible. An important problem was the process of gradually gaining power over the borders. While its protection system was developing on the western border, regular military operations continued in the east. This task was not facilitated by the incompletely resolved border conflicts and the ethnically patchy population living in the border areas. One of the most serious problems was the lack of experience in protecting the state borders caused by the loss of independence. For the above reasons, the process of developing the border protection system of the Second Polish Republic lasted several years. How difficult that task was is shown by the number of border formations that were brought into existence at that time, subjecting them to various modifications. As a consequence, due to difficult relations between the Republic and neighboring states, the developed system of border protection was not uniform. It also had to face still not fully stabilised situation in Europe.

Praca społeczna jako obowiązek służbowy żołnierzy w garnizonach Korpusu Ochrony Pogranicza

Odrodzenie państwa polskiego z chwilą zakończenia wojny w 1918 r. zakończyło 120-letni okres zaborów. Do życia wracało państwo polskie. Wśród wielu ważnych problemów znalazło się scalenie terytorium, wytyczenie granic oraz zbudowanie systemu ich ochrony. Złożony i przeciągający się w czasie proces ustalania zasięgu terytorium Polski wywarł wpływ na przyszłe stosunki z państwami ościennymi i system ochrony granicy państwowej. W szczególności po zakończeniu wojny polsko-rosyjskiej i zawarciu traktatu pokojowego nie doszło do unormowania sytuacji społecznej i politycznej na terenach wschodnich. Nie stworzono również bezpiecznego systemu ochrony granicy. Ustalona i wytyczona granica wschodnia pozostawała w stanie ciągłego zagrożenia. Eskalacja bandytyzmu w latach 1921–1924 wpłynęła na podjęcie decyzji o powołaniu Korpusu Ochrony Pogranicza (KOP). Żołnierze korpusu przez okres 15 lat pełnili ciężką służbę, której celem było zabezpieczenie nienaruszalności granicy państwowej i zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa obywatelom. W codziennej służbie realizowali zadania na rzecz umacniania państwowości polskiej i asymilacji mniejszości narodowych oraz podejmowali liczne prace społeczne na terenach przygranicznych. Zaangażowanie żołnierzy w pracę społeczną miało na celu pozyskanie zaufania ludności dla interesów państwa, zwłaszcza wyrobienie poczucia konieczności współpracy z organami KOP. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie pracy społecznej prowadzonej przez oddziały KOP wśród ludności pogranicza na rzecz utrzymania bezpieczeństwa granicy i porządku publicznego w pasie granicznym. Rozważania naukowe w artykule są prowadzone w kontekście postawionej tezy, która brzmi: Podejmowanie działań społecznych przez żołnierzy KOP na terenach pasa granicznego było obowiązkiem służbowym. Podstawowymi źródłami publikacji są materiały oddziałów Korpusu Ochrony Pogranicza z Archiwum Straży Granicznej w Szczecinie. Uzupełniają je opracowania odnoszące się do ogółu działań wojskowych korpusu.

Retrospective analysis of the border guard policy on providing integrity of the state border of Ukraine

With the advent of Ukraine’s independence, its border guard policy was aimed at ensuring territorial integrity, establishing its own border security system, organizing border protection around the perimeter and protecting the exclusive (marine) economic zone. Protection of the state border of Ukraine is an integral part of the national system of protection of the state border and is performed by the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine on land, sea, rivers, lakes and other reservoirs, according to the powers granted to ensure the integrity of the state border of Ukraine. The article is devoted to the research of the formation of the state border protection system as a mechanism for ensuring the integrity of the state border of Ukraine. The author analyzes the stages of formation, problems and prospects of the protection of the state border of Ukraine through the prism of the activity of the border guard authority of Ukraine on the implementation of the border gurd policy. Based on the analysis of adoption and implementation of legal acts, concepts and programs of strategic importance in the field of protection of the state border (a feature of planning), as well as taking into account the scientific achievements of scientists and variability of the security environment that led to changes (a sign of development), the process of formation and development of the state border protection system is proposed to be divided into five periods, namely: the first – 1991-1993 (on the basis of planning and development);the second – 1994- 1999 (on the basis of planning and development);the third – 2000-2005 (on the basis of planning), 2000 – July 2003 (on the basis of development);the fourth – 2006-2015 (on the basis of planning), August 2003-2013 (on the basis of development);the fifth – 2016-2020 (on the basis of planning), 2014 - 2020 (on the basis of development).The results of the retrospective analysis allowed to establish the following patterns of formation and development of the state border protection system:1. The border guard policy is aimed at ensuring territorial integrity, establishing its own state border protection system and protection of the exclusive (marine) economic zone. 2. Formation of the state border protection system is influenced by a number of factors, including: the peculiarity of the geographical position of Ukraine (presence of international transport corridors; presence of «frozen» conflicts in the regions bordering on Ukraine; unregulated migration and smuggling activities; the need for significant resources for the border infrastructure development, etc.). 3. The functional complexity of the border guard institution evolves in the direction of: militaristic – law enforcement – law enforcement and militaristic.4. The increasing level of integration of subjects, which provide border security in the security space. 5. Increased attention to the need for balancing vital interests in the field of state border protection. 6. A noticeable tendency to increase the capacity of the state border guard system to counter current threats: armed conflicts at the state border, smuggling of weapons, drug trafficking, unregulated migration, illegal extraction and theft of national treasures, etc. 7. Determining of strategic directions of ensuring the border security is carried out at the highest state level within the framework of the Comprehensive Review of the Security and Defense Sector, drafting of the Conceptual Basis for the Reform of the Law Enforcement Agencies and the Concept of the Reform of the Criminal Justice of Ukraine. 8. When elaborating approaches to the development of the state border guard system (close, medium and long-term perspective), it is necessary to take into account the experience of the new EU member states in preparing for accession to the EU and joining the Schengen agreement.

Operational risk analysis model used by the border police of the Republic of Serbia

The state border has always attracted the attention of the society. All states have been establishing and developing appropriate systems to protect their borders in accordance with the point in time, but also in accordance with the security challenges, risks and threats. The identification of threats and assessment of security risks are the at the top of the criminal intelligence work, based on which risk analysis is conducted as an immensely significant means of improving the state border management. Risk analysis is used for achieving a high degree of protection of the state border, and it is conducted at three levels - strategic, operational and tactical. In the Republic of Serbia, risk analysis is in line with the Common Integrated Risk Analysis Model (CIRAM) which is applied by the EU countries. Quality risk identification can greatly contribute to a more rational use of human and material resources in the state border protection system. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to methodologically describe the process of creating the operational risk analysis model which is used by the border police of the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia.

WSN Performance Issues and Various Clustering Methods

There are several application have been developed with need of self organization for network. To fulfill this requirement need of wireless sensor network in such applications. To manage network efficiently clustering is used. Lots of works have been done in field of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in last few years. These researches have boost potential of WSNs in applications such as security monitoring, disaster management, military area, border protection and health monitoring systems. Such applications are required to be remotely deployed sensor nodes in huge numbers and to operate autonomously. So there need to scalability, nodes are often collected into disjoint clusters. This paper, presents a categorization and common organization of available clustering proposal. This work analysis various clustering algorithms used for WSNs and give a review with focusing on their objectives features, etc. and proposed efficient clustering method for stable cluster formation and maintenance.

BORDER GUARD IN SCHENGEN AGREEMENT

Joining the Schengen Agreement and changing the rules of border crossing in the significant parts of the Polish border enforced changes in the service at these borders. The monolithic system of border protection was divided into two different and incomparable border protection systems. The first system, a traditional one, is based on border crossing controls and border patrolling. The second system, a brand new one, is concentrated on reconnaissance and prevention rather than physical border protection. The Polish Border Guard has become responsible not only for state security. Since then it has been a part of the European security system. It has also become responsible for the sphere of security that is the most dangerous, vulnerable to attacks and hard to protect, namely air transport.