Border Of China Research Articles

Ampelocalamus sinovietnamensis (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), a new species from the border of China and Vietnam

Molecular phylogeny based on complete plastid genomes indicates that a previously unknown but locally common bamboo from limestone areas near the border of China and Vietnam is a member of a strongly supported monophyletic Ampelocalamus (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). Hence, Ampelocalamus sinovietnamensis sp. nov. is described. It is similar to A. actinotrichus in having culm leaf sheaths with long oral setae and relatively large foliage leaf blades that are up to 4 cm wide, but is easily distinguished from the latter by its mid‐culm branch complement with one central dominant branch elongating to reiterate the culm and one to three lateral slender branches, ovate‐elliptic culm buds, glabrous culm internodes, culm leaves with densely strigose and brown papillate‐hirsute sheaths that are much longer than the internodes and shortly ciliolate inner ligules with 0.2–0.3 mm long ciliae, and foliage leaves with glabrous blades, more or less strigose sheaths and shortly ciliolate inner ligules with ca 0.1 mm long ciliae.

Construction technology of multi-tiered temples and their rehabilitation after 2015 April Earthquake in Bhaktapur

Kathmandu Valley comprises numerous tiered temples ranging from single to multi-tiered. A 7.6 magnitude earthquake struck Nepal on 25th April 2015, with the epicenter in the Gorkha district at 80 km northwest of Kathmandu and south of the China border. The 2015 Gorkha earthquake and the following aftershocks caused damages to many temples; the damages ranging from minor to few fully collapsed state. This paper focuses on Nepal's tallest temple the Nyatapola, square-shaped in the plan, and the Bhairavnath temple, rectangular-shape in the plan-representing the tiered temples with more than three tiers of the Kathmandu Valley. The paper investigates the employed indigenous construction technology, the condition/ level of damage suffered by case studies during the 2015 earthquake; presents the ongoing rehabilitation/strengthening works introduced following the recommendations of structural, architectural, and conservation experts. The main objectives are to explore indigenous construction technology, evaluate damage scenarios in case studies, and plan rehabilitation approaches aftermath 2015 earthquake. Methodology in the research includes the literature reviews on the construction technology of multi-tiered temples, case studies on presentative cases and the rehabilitation process adopted, key findings for damages, conclude, and provide recommendations. The rehabilitation process consisted of workshops and meetings with related authorities and the formation of a technical committee as per the recommendations of the experts. The team prepares a condition assessment report based upon visual inspections, documentations through on-site measurements, photographs, records of changes, and alterations. Based on condition assessment, the reasons for the damages are analyzed and appropriate rehabilitation/strengthening methods are recommended. The key findings consist of common construction technology of locally available materials like timber, mud, bricks, and stone with reducing wall thickness, and roof towards the top. The geometrical configuration, the inconsistent relative motion of the wall and roof during the earthquake; insufficient joint keys, and lack of regular monitoring maintenance are responsible for the level of damages in the temples.

THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE BORDER AREAS ON POVERTY REDUCTION OF ETHNIC MINORITY COMMUNITIES IN THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINOUS REGION

The Northern mountainous region has a relatively large border area and borders China and Laos. In recent years, although this area has been specially invested and developed by the Party and State, in general, it is still poor, facilities are out of date, and people's lives are still difficult. The region's biggest challenge today is low living standards and high poverty; The disparity in income and living standards between regions and population classes tends to increase the gap; The sustainability of the trend of increasing income and improving the lives of the population is not high. This situation reflects the results of positive and limited impacts of the border area economy. Therefore, the community studies the impact of the border area economy on the poverty reduction of ethnic minorities, thereby proposing some solutions to enhance sustainable economic development in this area.

Pioneers of the plantation economy: militarism, dispossession and the limits of growth in the Wa State of Myanmar

The characteristic mobility of highland populations in Southeast Asia relied to a large extent on their particular adaption to an ecological environment: swidden cultivation of tubers on mountain slopes. This ecology corresponded to cosmologies in which potency was limitless, or at least had no fixed and delimited precinct (as did the rice paddies and Buddhist realms in the valleys). Military state building, modern transport, and new crops and agricultural technologies have effectively ended swidden cultivation. In this article, I follow the pioneers of the plantation economy in the Wa State of Myanmar, who dispossess local populations of their land and employ them as plantation labour. The limits of growth and potency they encounter are (a) in the natural environment and (b) in the resistance of local populations. Yet, even though there are such limits, the potency to which these pioneers aspire is still limitless. It is however channelled through a new economy of life, epitomised in the plantation, nourished in excessive feasting, and maintained by the kinship dynamics of capture and care.

Visual Analysis of the Progress of International Research on Ethnic Minorities in China Border Area — Based on the Network Map of Literature Co-citation

With China’s opening to the world and the deepening of worldexchanges and cooperation, foreign scholars’ academic views on border ethnicminorities have strongly practical significance for international academic exchangesand cooperation. In this paper, based on Citespace, the existing research in this field isanalyzed and summarized, taking 149 papers on related topics from 2000 to 2020 assamples. It is found that in recent years, the number of research results of foreignscholars in the field of frontier ethnic minorities has increased to a limited degree; theresearch disciplines mainly involve medicine, anthropology and sociology; the researchtopics are more concentrated which focusing on diseases, public health and other issues,which is of certain significance to enrich the research content of ethnic minorities in thefrontier areas of China; most of the research methods are case study and empirical study.And the shortcomings are that Foreign scholars have made few achievements in theresearch field of frontier ethnic minorities, and seldom discussed the frontier ethnicminorities from the perspectives of politics, economy and culture which cause the studyof problems are lack of commonality.

A Metagenomic Analysis of Mosquito Virome Collected From Different Animal Farms at Yunnan-Myanmar Border of China.

Metagenomic analysis of mosquito-borne and mosquito-specific viruses is useful to understand the viral diversity and for the surveillance of pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. Yunnan province is located at the southwest of China and has rich abundance of mosquitoes. Arbovirus surveillance is not conducted regularly in this province particularly at animal farms, which have public health as well as veterinary importance. Here, we have analyzed 10 pools of mosquitoes belonging to Culex tritaeniorhyncus, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles sinensis, and Armigeres subalbatus species, collected from different animal farms located at Yunnan province of China by using metagenomic next-generation sequencing technique. The generated viral metagenomic data reveal that the viral community matched by the reads was highly diverse and varied in abundance among animal farms, which contained more than 19 viral taxonomic families, specific to vertebrates, invertebrates, fungi, plants, protozoa, and bacteria. Additionally, a large number of viral reads were related to viruses that are non-classified. The viral reads related to animal viruses included parvoviruses, anelloviruses, circoviruses, flaviviruses, rhabdoviruses, and seadornaviruses, which might be taken by mosquitoes from viremic animal hosts during blood feeding. Notably, the presence of viral reads matched with Japanese encephalitis virus, Getah virus, and porcine parvoviruses in mosquitoes collected from different geographic sites suggested a potential circulation of these viruses in their vertebrate hosts. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive knowledge of diverse viral populations present at animal farms of Yunnan province of China, which might be a potential source of diseases for humans and domestic animals.

Comparative Genetic Analysis of Yersinia pestis Strains Isolated on the Ukok Plateau and other Territories of the Altai Mountains

The aim of the study was molecular-genetic identification and analysis of the phylogenetic relationship of Yersinia pestis strains isolated on the Ukok Plateau in 2020, in order to establish the current boundaries of the natural mega focus of plague in the Altai Mountains in Russia and Mongolia.Materials and methods. 37 strains of Y. pestis of the main subspecies isolated in the Tuva mountain and Gorno-Altai high-mountain plague foci and adjacent territories of Mongolia in 1971–2020 were studied. The whole genome sequencing of the strains was performed using the Ion S5 XL System (Thermo Fischer Scientific). Ion Torrent Suite software package 5.12 and Newbler gsAssembler 2.6 were used to process the data and assemble de novo the sequences of raw reads. The average size of the collected genome was 4.55 million base pairs. Core SNPs were detected by aligning the contigs of Y. pestis strains on the CO92 genome using the Snippy 4.6 program, then 28 SNP homoplasies were removed. The resulting set of SNPs contained only the core region of the genome (955 SNPs). The dendrogram was constructed using the Maximum Likelihood method applying the PhyML 3.1 program.Results and discussion. The current population structure of Y. pestis of the main subspecies, antique biovar, phylogenetic line 4.ANT, endemic to the foci of the Altai Mountains in Russia and Mongolia has been determined. The presence of 4.ANT-21 clone, which became widespread in the territory of these natural foci of plague at the begining of the XXI century, was revealed. It is shown that three strains isolated on the Ukok Plateau in 2020 belong to clone 4.ANT-21. According to phylogenetic analysis, evidence of 4.ANT circulation on the Ukok Plateau before 2018 was obtained. The lesson that has been learned is that it is necessary to study the territories of Mongolia, Kazakhstan and China bordering the Ukok Plateau in order to establish the current boundaries of the 4.ANT mega focus.

Conservation status assessment of banana crop wild relatives using species distribution modelling

AbstractAimCrop wild relatives (CWR) are an essential source of genetic material for the improvement of certain traits in related crop species. Despite their importance, increasing public, scientific and political support, large gaps exist in the amount of genetic material collected and conserved of many CWR. Here, we construct a dataset on the distribution of wild banana species (Musa spp.) and assess their risk and conservation status. We deal with the following questions: (a) What areas are potentially suitable for wild banana species? (b) How much of the wild banana diversity is currently at risk or insufficiently conserved ex and in situ?LocationNative distribution area of wild banana species, ranging from the north‐eastern states of India to north‐eastern Australia.MethodsWe assessed the potential environmental range of wild species using a species distribution modelling approach with MaxEnt. Extinction risk was evaluated following IUCN criterion B, and the ex and in situ conservation status was assessed using an indicator for biodiversity and sustainable development targets.ResultsWe found that 11 out of 59 assessed species can be considered as vulnerable and nine as endangered. Highest species richness was found along the border of south China and northern Vietnam, in the north‐eastern states of India and on the Malayan peninsula. Our distribution modelling approach indicates that the northern Indo‐Burmese region has the highest environmental suitability for most wild banana species and that lowland rain forests in general are highly suitable for bananas. Assessment of in and ex situ conservation status indicates that 56 out of 59 assessed species are currently insufficiently conserved ex situ and that 49 are of high priority for further conservation. Additional in situ conservation is of high priority for six species and of medium priority for 40 species.Main conclusionsTo date, little of the banana CWR are sufficiently conserved both in and ex situ.

Classification of Business Ecosystems of the Russian Territory Bordering China

The theory of business ecosystems is becoming more and more popular in modern economic science, there is more and more applied research of business ecosystems in individual industries and territories. At the same time, there is no unified classification of business ecosystems in modern economic science. The works of Russian and foreign scientists mention digital ecosystems, technological ecosystems, communication ecosystems, but they are all considered in the sectoral and / or cross-sectoral context, without any connection with a specific territory. Thus, despite the initially ecological primary source of the concept of "ecosystem", the territorial aspect of business ecosystems is insufficiently studied, in our opinion. The article provides a classification of business ecosystems of the Russian border with China on the basis of a systemic economic approach for further study, forecasting and management of socio-economic ecosystems of business in border areas.

Harmful Algal Blooms in Chinese Coastal Waters Will Persist Due to Perturbed Nutrient Ratios

The three large marine ecosystems (LMEs) bordering China (Yellow Sea/Bohai Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea) have received excess nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the past decades with detrimental consequences for ecosystem functioning, such as increased productivity, loss of biodiversity, and proliferation of harmful algal blooms (HABs). N loading increased much faster than that of P. Here, we show that HABs in the three LMEs started to proliferate after the N:P molar ratio exceeded the threshold value of 25 in the 1980s. The mismatch of N and P inputs is not only related to differences in loads but also inherent to the differences in their biogeochemical cycles which more efficiently filter P than N in land- and waterscapes. Future Shared Socioeconomic Pathways show that high N:P ratios will persist for decades to come, even worsening in a future oriented toward sustainability, and indicate that HABs may be a persisting problem in China’s coastal waters. While efforts in agricultural systems are governed by the agronomic crop requirements and are not easy to manage with respect to N:P ratios, the separate collection of urine in urban and rural areas could contribute to decreases in both total nutrient loads and N:P ratios.

Increase in HIV-1-transmitted drug resistance among ART-na\xefve youths at the China-Myanmar border during 2009 ~ 2017

BackgroundHIV-transmitted drug resistance (TDR) is found in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve populations infected with HIV-1 with TDR mutations and is important for guiding future first- and second-line ART regimens. We investigated TDR and its effect on CD4 count in ART-naïve youths from the China-Myanmar border near the Golden Triangle to better understand TDR and effectively guide ART.MethodsFrom 2009 to 2017, 10,832 HIV-1 infected individuals were newly reported along the Dehong border of China, 573 ART-naïve youths (16 ~ 25 y) were enrolled. CD4 counts were obtained from whole blood samples. HIV pol gene sequences were amplified from RNA extracted from plasma. The Stanford REGA program and jpHMM recombination prediction tool were used to determine genotypes. TDR mutations (TDRMs) were analyzed using the Stanford Calibrated Population Resistance tool.ResultsThe most common infection route was heterosexuals (70.51%), followed by people who inject drugs (PWID, 19.20%) and men who have sex with men (MSM) (8.90%). The distribution of HIV genotypes mainly included the unique recombinant form (URF) (44.08%), 38.68% were CRFs, 13.24% were subtype C and 4.04% were subtype B. The prevalence of TDR increased significantly from 2009 to 2017 (3.48 to 9.48%) in ART-naïve youths (4.00 to 13.16% in Burmese subjects, 3.33 to 5.93% in Chinese subjects), and the resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and protease inhibitors (PIs) were 3.49, 2.62, and 0.52%, respectively. Most (94.40%, n = 34) of HIV-1-infected patients with TDRM had mutation that conferred resistance to a single drug class. The most common mutations Y181I/C and K103N, were found in 7 and 9 youths, respectively. The mean CD4 count was significantly lower among individuals with TDRMs (373/mm3 vs. 496/mm3, p = 0.013).ConclusionsThe increase in the prevalence of HIV-1 TDR increase and a low CD4 count of patients with TDRMs in the China-Myanmar border suggests the need for considering drug resistance before initiating ART in HIV recombination hotspots.

Analysis of the Epidemiological Characteristics of Rabies in Jingxi City, Guangxi from 2000 to 2020

Objective Analyze the epidemiological characteristics of rabies in Jingxi City to provide a basis for formulating rabies control measures. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the surveillance data of rabies in Jingxi City from 2000 to 2020. Results A total of 73 rabies cases and 73 cases of rabies were reported in Jingxi City from 2000 to 2020, with an average annual incidence rate of 0.55/100,000, and a case fatality rate of 100%; cases were reported in 19 towns and townships; it occurred frequently in Summer and autumn, with 56.16% of cases from May to September. Mainly farmers, the incidence accounted for 84.93%; male incidence rate was 0.70/100,000, female incidence rate was 0.38/100,000, male and female incidence ratio was 2.04:1; the main wonding animals were dogs, accounting for 95.89%; humans No history of vaccination after exposure accounted for 97%. Conclusion The rural area Jingxi City is a key area for rabies Prevention and control. It is necessary to strengthen the propaganda of rabies prevention knowledge, standardize post-exposure treatment, and carry out large-scale dog immunization. Comprehensive prevention measures such as immunization and hunting to effectively curb the epidemic of rabies. Background: Jingxi, Guangxi is located on the border of China and Vietnam. The border with Vietnam to the south is 152.5km long. It has a subtropical monsoon climate. It has 19 villages and towns under its jurisdiction and has a total population of 670,000. Among them, ethnic minority imports account for 99.40%. The port was expanded to an international port with the approval of the state council, and the Yuexu port was also upgraded to a national first-level port. Border trade increased. Residents in rural areas have the habit of raising domestic dogs and eating dog meat. There are a large number of dogs, dog registration management, and immunization. The implementation of hunting and killing measures is not in place, the standardized disposal rate after exposure is low, and rabies epidemics occur from time to time.

Border governance in ancient China-study between 2070 B.C.-1279 A.D.

This article provides a study of border governance in ancient China. It interprets the state of domination in ethnic minorities areas by the central feudal dynasty government between 2070 B.C-1279 A.D which is recognized among the relevant academic community in China. In this multi-ethnic country with a long history of feudal dynasty, many ethnic minorities live on the borders of China, thus the central feudal dynasty has faced complicated problems of simple border governance in this vast land. Although feudal dynasties in various periods of Chinese history differed in the content of border governance, their governance systems were of the same origin and were constantly improving. Theauthor strives to interpret the border governance model at each historical stage, in order to ordera clear historical context and provide a window for Spanish-speaking sociologists to understand thegovernance of ethnic minorities in ancient China.

Леваллуазская технология в Китае

Levallois technology dispersal is associated with several events of human habitation of the Asian region. Emergence of the Levallois technology in China precedes or coincides in time with the penetration of Initial Upper Paleolithic laminar industries into this region. All known Paleolithic localities, the assemblages of which include the Levallois component, are located in the border or adjacent zones in the modern China. The authors examine all these complexes and make an assumption about the nature of the Levallois technology introduced from the territories of the Russian Altai, Mongolia and India. Such complexes are dated to the terminal Middle Paleolithic and the initial Upper Paleolithic. In general, this period in China is characterized by a flake industry, often made on poor quality stone raw materials. In this region, three Levallois techniques are distinguished: preferential centripetal and parallel for the production of flakes and convergent unidirectional for the production of points. The convergent bidirectional reduction aimed at point production is not recorded in assemblages originating from the territory of China. In Mongolia, this technique is recorded along with the bidirectional parallel laminar technology in the Initial Upper Paleolithic industries, while in China both Levallois point and blade production techniques were unidirectional. The authors conclude that for most of the Paleolithic sites in China, the Levallois technology is an intrusive element that emerged along with the large blade industry. The exception is the Middle Paleolithic flake industry originating from the Jinsitai Cave, which is similar in its characteristics to the materials from the Denisova Cave. The composition of Xinjiang industries indicates that this territory was a kind of region where cultural complexes spread together with the bearers of these traditions along the Altai Mountains.

National Security Concerns and India’s Expanding Naval Presence in the Indian Ocean

National security ensures the existence of the state through economic power, political power, diplomacy and military power. In the contemporary times military might and defense preparedness is just one aspect of national security and it surround a wide range of non-military variables such as economic security, energy security, environmental security etc. In this context each country has to devise means and methods to protect itself from internal and external threats. Military or defense preparedness however remain a foremost manifestation of national security. All the super powers, major or regional powers maintain security forces which protect country’s national interest and create deterrents to secure themselves. India is a large country of sub-continental dimensions and a major power of South Asia. Its borders touch Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Nepal, Myanmar, and Pakistan. It has a long maritime boundary, territorial waters and resource rich continental shelf. Its presence into the Indian Ocean is bolstered by hundreds of islands such as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands. India has a security environment around its borders and in the adjoining ocean which is full of challenges. The Indian Ocean, on which depends its maritime trade, its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) from which it extracts bulk of its oil needs need to be protected. India faces the challenge of rising terrorism, Somalia born sea piracy, security of sea lanes of communications (SLOCS), protection of its valuable and coveted assets at sea and a plethora of other national security concerns. These challenges motivated India to build and develop a strong navy and show its naval presence throughout the length and breadth of the Indian Ocean. Over the years, India has expanded its naval outreach to become a leading naval power of the region. It has also made strategic use of its nave and used it as a diplomatic tool to build relationships with other major powers within and outside the region. After a strong and formidable build up, Indian Navy has emerged to become the fifth largest in the world. It is a potent force known for its professional competence. In this light the paper throws light on the expanding might of Indian Navy to protect Country’s national security. The paper is an attempt to understand and analyze the national security threats and contribution of its navy to stamp these threats and help India in its power projection in the Indian Ocean region.

Research on the Current Situation and Countermeasures of Poverty Alleviation by Baise Area County Compulsory Education in Southwest Border of China

Research on the Current Situation and Countermeasures of Poverty Alleviation by Baise Area County Compulsory Education in Southwest Border of China

Variations in Frequency and Intensity of Dust Events Crossing the Mongolia–China Border

In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal variations of border-crossing dust events (DEs), including floating, blowing dust, and dust storms between Mongolia (MG) and Inner Mongolia (IM), China using the ground-based observations from 91 synoptic stations across the Mongolian Plateau during 1977-2018. We defined the intensity of DEs (progressive and recessive) depending on the dust impact area (number of stations affected by dust) by dividing them into three categories: DEs, transported dust events (T-DEs), and severe transported dust events (ST-DEs). The results revealed that during 1977-2018, the frequency of DEs in MG was two times higher than in IM. Simultaneously, the frequency of DEs (dominated by dust storms) increased in MG, whereas IM experienced a decrease in DEs (prevalent types of blowing dust). The T-DEs occurred 2.4 times higher than the ST-DEs over Mongolian Plateau. For the border-crossing DEs, transported dust storms were the dominant type. During 1977-1999, approximately 86% of DEs in IM originated from MG; however, this was decreased to 60% in the 2000s (2000-2018). The intensity of the border-crossing DEs originated from MG and the recessive T-DEs increased significantly since the 2000s, which were more significant than the progressive type.

Evaluating Residents’ Perceptions of Nature-Based Tourism with a Factor-Cluster Approach

The purpose of the research presented here was to empirically assess resident perceptions of tourism development around the Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve (CMBR), a protected area straddling the China and North Korea border. Several theoretical approaches to the assessment of local resident attitudes towards tourism were reviewed and integrated into a novel factor-cluster assessment of residents in Erdaobaihe, the community most adjacent to CMBR. This analysis quantitatively grouped residents based on their perceptions of tourism’s economic, social, cultural, and environmental consequences for the town. An exploratory factor analysis of resident perceptual items first revealed six perception domains, and a subsequent cluster analysis then identified four distinct groups of residents based on these perceptions. A descriptive profile of each cluster and the significant differences among clusters are provided. Advancing our theoretical understanding of resident perspectives of tourism development, this cluster-based segmentation approach, demonstrated here, holds much promise for elaborating on the many ways that residents respond to new and long-standing forms of tourism in their communities. These theoretical and methodological contributions will be applicable to scholars as well as tourism practitioners and policy makers.

Illegal wildlife trade is threatening conservation in the transboundary landscape of Western Himalaya

Wildlife is used for a range of purposes such as food, healthcare and ornamentation. Most wildlife trade is legal, contributing to livelihood and income generation for many people including some of the world’s poorest. However, the part of wildlife harvesting and trade occurring outside the laws is considered the biggest threat to conservation after habitat loss and overexploitation. Although illegal wildlife trade has received attention from the conservation and biological perspectives, there have been few studies on the root causes and socio-economic context influencing this activity. This paper studied illegal wildlife trade in and around the Kailash Sacred Landscape (Nepal, Western Himalaya), an area bordering both India and China. The causes identified were high demand for wildlife items (mostly in China), limited other livelihood opportunities for local people, open or porous borders, weak patrolling due to limited resources, and ineffective law enforcement. Efforts to tackle illegal wildlife trade should focus on awareness raising programs, mobilization of local people to gather intelligence, increased patrolling, and transboundary cooperation. Major trade routes and junctions identified in this study could help deploy patrolling and conservation efforts where they count.

A Buffer against Whom? Rethinking the Qing-Chosŏn Border Region

ABSTRACT As a social institution, a border simultaneously divides and connects. When thinking about state borders, or borderlands, scholars tend to view them as either linear or zonal spaces, distinguishing as well as linking one state with another. My article argues for an alternative interpretation and explores the geopolitical and cultural meanings of a historical border region from both domestic and inter-state perspectives. The border of China and Korea along the Yalu and the Tumen Rivers, is arguably one of the oldest state boundaries that is still effective today. The history of the border river region as a “buffer space” can be traced back to the seventeenth century when Qing China and Chosŏn Korea established the border along their northern frontiers. However, the geopolitical function of this border went beyond considerations of defence or communications. From the mid-seventeenth century to the mid-nineteenth century, both the Manchu-Qing court and the Chosŏn court implemented strict laws to control domestic population flows to their northeastern and northern frontiers. Such policies, I argue, must be understood in the context of domestic politics in the two courts. Internal anxiety over preserving Manchu and Korean identity, coupled with strategy to control the border against an external power, contributed to the making of this borderland. Hence, the Qing-Chosŏn border region served as a “dual buffer”. Employing historical records and local gazettes in the two countries, my article reveals a subtler layer of “buffer” from a case study in early modern East Asia.