Borate Ions Research Articles

Rapid preparation of bioadhesive hydrogels containing catechol moieties at room temperature with reproducible adhesion to wet tissues, antimicrobial, antioxidant capacity for noncompressive hemostasis.

In order to cope with the massive tissue bleeding caused by sudden trauma and the demand for bioengineering materials with adjustable wet adhesion properties, this study formed the first layer of network by adding galactomannan (GG) and collagen (Col) structure, and then use the Fe3+-urushiol (UH) redox system to activate free radicals to initiate the polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) to quickly form an interpenetrating double network hydrogel. The cis hydroxyl group in GG and the hydroxyl group of UH form dynamic covalent borate ester bonds with borate ions in the borax solution, and use their responsiveness to pH to control the catechol group to achieve controllable adhesion. UH and Fe3+ endowed the hydrogel with excellent antibacterial ability, while adding Col enhanced the mechanical properties of the hydrogel. The elastic modulus and toughness increased from 4.32 kPa and 92.9 kJ/m3 to 18.90 kPa and 264.54 kJ/m3. In addition, due to the joint action of UH and Col, the hydrogel dressing can achieve rapid hemostasis within 20 s. In short, this hydrogel dressing has good biocompatibility, inherent antibacterial ability, adjustable moist tissue adhesion properties and rapid hemostatic ability, and is expected to become a candidate for wound hemostasis dressing.

One-pot synthesis of non-canonical ribonucleosides and their precursors from aldehydes and ammonia under prebiotic Earth conditions

The formation of polymers that can hold gene information and work as catalysts is a crucial step for the origin of life. The discovery of catalytic RNA (i.e., ribozyme) supports the hypothesis that RNA might have served these functions at the early stage of life on the Earth. Given this, the spontaneous formation of RNA monomers (i.e., ribonucleotides) and their polymerization on Hadean Earth are essential steps for the origin of life. Previous experiments have investigated the chemical reactions that allow the formation of ribonucleotides and their components. These works have revealed the required molecules to form biological ribonucleotides (i.e., canonical ribonucleotides). Based on geochemical perspectives, abundantly available reactive molecules spontaneously react with each other to provide abundant products. Aldehydes and ammonia are reactive molecules assumed to have been present in considerable amounts on Hadean Earth. However, little is understood about whether or not nucleotides and their components were formed from these molecules under prebiotic conditions. We investigated the incubation products of alkaline aqueous solutions of aldehydes and ammonia. The product solution contained sugars (including ribose), various imidazole derivatives, and ribosyl imidazole (i.e., imidazole ribonucleoside). Ribosyl imidazole is formed via ribosyl amine, which reveals a new reaction pathway for prebiotic ribonucleoside synthesis. The imidazole ribonucleoside was then phosphorylated to imidazole ribonucleotide via a simple dry-down reaction with phosphate. Borate ion improved the reaction yields of these nucleosides and nucleotides. Because all the reactants were available on prebiotic Earth and the reactions progressed spontaneously, imidazole ribonucleotides could have accumulated in prebiotic environments. The experimental simplicity of the present reaction suggests that imidazoles were more abundant than canonical nucleobases on the prebiotic Earth. This further implies that prebiotic oligonucleotides contained imidazole bases in addition to the canonical nucleobases. The improvement of the reaction yields by borate indicates that borate-rich environments were conducive places for the formation and accumulation of non-canonical nucleosides and nucleotides. Such environments could have facilitated the formation of primordial ribonucleic acids on Hadean Earth.

The Non-Centrosymmetric Borate Hydride Sr4Ba3(BO3)3.83H2.5.

Sr4Ba3(BO3)3.83H2.5, as the second compound to combine borate and hydride ions, has been synthesized by a mechanochemical synthesis route. The structure has been elucidated by synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction and determined to crystallize in the non-centrosymmetric space group P63mc (186) with the cell parameters a=10.87762(15) Å and c=6.98061(11) Å. A detailed investigation of the compound by vibrational spectroscopy in combination with Density Functional Theory calculations reveals the disordered nature of the structure and proves the presence of both borate and hydride ions. Electronic band structure calculations predict a large band gap of 7.1 eV. Hydride states are predicted at the topmost valence band, which agrees well with earlier reported heteroanionic hydrides. We hereby were able to successfully apply previously synthetic and analytical schemes to introduce another member of the rare compounds that contain complex oxoanions simultaneously with hydride ions.

Inorganic–organic hybrid nonwoven fabrics with colorimetric detection capability for borate ions in aqueous solutions

Abstract A nonwoven fabric sheet with an immobilized colorimetric reagent was prepared to detect borate anions in aqueous media. The fabric comprised immobilized chromotropate and 1-butanesulfonate anions and chromotropate, as the colorimetric reagent, per anion exchange capacity of the layered double hydroxide. The resulting sheet quantitatively detected borate anions through photoluminescence measurements. Thus, it can be used for onsite quantitative analysis of dissolved boron in water, with promising potential for water quality monitoring and, consequently, sustainable and safe water resources globally.

Dynamic Adhesive Fibers for Remote Capturing of Objects

AbstractB. mori silk has been extensively utilized to create Regenerated Silk Fibroin solutions (RSF) for a wide range of technological applications, including tissue engineering, drug delivery, biomaterials, and adhesives. In this study, an RSF‐dopamine (DA) composite is introduced that yields easily deployable hydrogel fibers possessing adhesive properties that can be released on demand to capture and retrieve loads from a distance. The RSF‐DA serves as an artificial dope, combining the functional attributes of silk fibroin (i.e., hydrogel formation) and dopamine (i.e., adhesion) to instantly generate adjustable hydrogel fibers displaying a sticky behavior. The mechanical strength and adhesive characteristics of this material are assessed using tensile and lap‐shear tests. Furthermore, the possibility of tuning these properties is demonstrated by adding chitosan (Ch) and borate ions (BB), leading to remarkable mechanical and adhesive performances up to 107 MPa and 280 kPa, respectively, which allows the retrieval of objects from the ejected structure. This process can be finely tuned to achieve a controlled fabrication of instantaneously formed adhesive hydrogel fibers for manifold applications, mimicking living organisms’ ability to eject tunable adhesive functional threads.

Boron removal from wastewater via coordinative adsorption assisted by Fenton-Induced Oxoprecipitation/Flocculation

Chemical precipitation is widely used for boron removal from water in industrial-scale processes, though a following post treatment is generally required to meet the concentration set by current international standards.In this work, chemical precipitation of boron (B) in water by different precipitating agents was combined with Fenton treatment to enhance the boron removal effectiveness. This approach achieved residual boron concentration of less than 0.5 mg/L, hard to achieve through conventional precipitation methods.Batch tests were performed at different dosage of Fenton reagents, and selected Fe2+/H2O2 weight ratios were evaluated with or without adding precipitating agents. The effect of pH on the process was also investigated, to assess the optimal conditions to maximize boron removal. At the end of the process, barium hydroxide was used to remove effectively excess sulfate ions.The sludge produced was characterized by XRD, SEM and FTIR analysis, and the mechanism of boron removal was investigated.An oxoprecipitation mechanism was induced by the Fenton process: boron-based species were converted into borate ion, thus predisposing them to a coordination-type adsorption on the surface of iron and calcium hydroxide, assisted by aluminum sulfate at pH 12.5.The process was then successfully tested on real boron −contaminated wastewater, thus confirming the effectiveness of the process while simultaneously decreasing the organic content.

An Efficient and Cost-effective Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes for Diltiazem Hydrochloride Determination in Tablets

Background and Objective: This study presented new sensitive and selective modified carbon paste (MCPE) potentiometric sensors modified with different ion pairs for the determination of the antihypertensive drug diltiazem hydrochloride (DTM-HCl) in biological fluids, pharmaceutical preparations, and in its pure form. Methods: Plasticizers, ion pair type, ion pair content, response time, temperature, and pH were just a few of the experimental factors evaluated that were found to affect electrode efficiency. The two electrodes that show the best sensitivity were prepared by mixing diltiazem-tetraphenyl borate (DTM-TPB) ion pair, graphite, and TCP or o-NPOE as a plasticizer. Result: Over the concentration ranges of 1.0x10-5–1.0x10-2, the produced electrodes I and II demonstrated monovalent Nernstian responses of 55.7±0.902 and 57.6±0.451 mV decade-1. The selectivity property of the suggested electrodes was used to study the interference ions. The concentration of DTM-HCl in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids was measured using these modified electrodes. During the validation procedure, metrics like linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantification, and specificity were used. Conclusion: The obtained results showed good agreement with the HPLC technique as indicated by the F and t-test values and can conclude the possibility of using this potentiometric method in the routine analysis of DTM-HCl.

Customized Li+ Solvation Sheath at the Poly(ethylene oxide)-Based Electrolyte/Ultrahigh-Nickel Cathode Interface toward Room-Temperature Solid-State Lithium Batteries.

The matching of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based electrolytes with ultrahigh-nickel cathode materials is crucial for designing new-generation high-energy-density solid-state lithium metal batteries (SLMBs), but it is limited by serious interfacial side reactions between PEO and ultrahigh-nickel materials. Here, a high-concentration electrolyte (HCE) interface with a customized Li+ solvation sheath is constructed between the cathode and the electrolyte. It induces the formation of an anion-regulated robust cathode/electrolyte interface (CEI), reduces the unstable free-state solvent, and finally achieves the compatibility of PEO-based electrolytes with ultrahigh-nickel cathode materials. Meanwhile, the corrosion of the Al current collector caused by lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) ions is prevented by lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB) ions. The synergistic effect of the double lithium salt is achieved by a well-tailored ratio of TFSI- and DFOB- in the first solvation sheath of Li+. Compared with reported PEO-based SLMBs matched with ultrahigh-nickel (Ni ≥ 90%) cathodes, the SLMB in this work delivers a high discharge specific capacity of 216.4 mAh g-1 (0.1C) even at room temperature. This work points out a direction to optimize the cathode/electrolyte interface.

Effects of the Amylose/Amylopectin Ratio of Starch on Borax-Crosslinked Hydrogels.

Herein, we simultaneously prepared borax-crosslinked starch-based hydrogels with enhanced mechanical properties and self-healing ability via a simple one-pot method. The focus of this work is to study the effects of the amylose/amylopectin ratio of starch on the grafting reactions and the performance of the resulting borax-crosslinked hydrogels. An increase in the amylose/ amylopectin ratio increased the gel fraction and grafting ratio but decreased the swelling ratio and pore diameter. Compared with hydrogels prepared from low-amylose starches, hydrogels prepared from high-amylose starches showed pronouncedly increased network strength, and the maximum storage modulus increased by 8.54 times because unbranched amylose offered more hydroxyl groups to form dynamic borate ester bonds with borate ions and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, leading to an enhanced crosslink density. In addition, all the hydrogels exhibited a uniformly interconnected network structure. Furthermore, owing to the dynamic borate ester bonds and hydrogen bonds, the hydrogel exhibited excellent recovery behavior under continuous step strain, and it also showed thermal responsiveness.

Sweat-enhanced adhesive hydrogel enables interfacial exchange coupling for wearable strain sensor

PVA-based wearable hydrogels have emerged as promising candidate for motion sensors due to their skin-like softness and unique biocompatibility. However, an open question is whether and how the strain-sensitive hydrogel designing can prevent adhesive performance loss caused by sweat between devices and human-skin and reduce interfacial failure. Herein, a versatile sweat-enhanced adhesive hydrogel-based motion sensor (VDBA) paradigm is engineered consisting of sweat sensitivity and self-adhesive function components. Taking advantage of catechol chemistry inspired mussel, the VDBA hydrogel enhances substrate adhesion behavior. The borate ions (B(OH)4−) are found to efficient condensation form borate ester groups with phenolic hydroxyl. Interestingly, human sweat pH serves as a trigger for borate ester bonds protection-deprotection, whereby partial catechol primarily functions in non-sweating states and significantly activates during sweating. The VDBA hydrogel achieves a maximum adhesive strength of 13.45 kPa on skin at non-sweat, however, the maximum bonding strength increases to 24.0 kPa when sweating. The resultant VDBA hydrogel exhibits integration of exceptional mechanical properties and anti-freezing properties. Also, desirable conductivity appears in the hydrogel, allowing outputting accurate and repeatable signals for body motion sensing in various scenarios. Furthermore, VDBA hydrogel is demonstrated for use as a sports training times counter, which can achieve sensitive statistics for stretching and bending movements. This work provides a great hydrogel candidate for various motion sensor applications, particularly beneficial for people with sweaty skin and athletes.

Investigation of the multitemperature stable phase equilibria of alkali tetraborates and bromides and molecular thermodynamic modeling based on DFT

The multitemperature stable phase equilibria of alkali tetraborate and bromide were investigated by isothermal dissolution equilibrium method. Based on the experimental data, the phase diagrams and the density-composition diagrams of the ternary systems were drawn respectively. The results demonstrate that the phase diagrams of alkali tetraborate and bromide ternary systems with water as solvent at 273.2 K, 288.2 K and 308.2 K consist of one invariant point, two univariate solubility curves and two crystallization fields. The density at the invariant points is greater than that at the adjacent points. Additionally, based on density functional theory (DFT), a molecular model of phase equilibria of alkali tetraborate and bromide was creatively established to predict the phase equilibrium solubilities of the ternary systems. Based on results of Raman spectra identification of borate ions in the ternary mixed solutions, the primary forms of borate ions in solution, namely B(OH)3, B(OH)4−, B3O3(OH)4− and B4O5(OH)42− were comprehensively considered in this work. By comparing the experimental data of these ternary systems with the calculated results of the DFT model, it is found that the DFT model can describe the solid–liquid equilibria of the ternary systems well, and has high accuracy. The investigation of the multitemperature stable phase equilibria of alkali tetraborate and bromide can provide thermodynamic data for separation of alkali tetraborates and bromides in brines.

A multifunctional baicalin-coordinated borate ions/bacterial cellulose composite hydrogel for efficient treatment of chronic wounds

Microbial infection, poor vascular regeneration and abnormal inflammation often impede the smooth repair of skin wounds, and these problems need to be effectively addressed. Baicalin is a natural flavonoid compound with a wide range of beneficial pharmacological effects, including antibacterial, angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its clinical application is severely limited by poor water solubility and low bioavailability. In this study, we developed a multifunctional baicalin-coordinated borate ions/bacterial cellulose (Bai-B/BC) composite hydrogel at a low gelation concentration to promote chronic wound healing. On the one hand, the mechanical property of the self-assembled Bai-B hydrogel network was improved by the BC hydrogel network in the composite hydrogel; on the other hand, the self-assembled Bai-B hydrogel network gave the composite hydrogel the ability to self-heal and continuously release baicalin and boron ions. Importantly, baicalin and borate ions in Bai-B/BC composite hydrogel dressing played a synergistic pharmacological role in wound healing. The in vitro results showed that the Bai-B/BC hydrogel had excellent biocompatibility, antibacterial activity and anti-inflammatory effects in comparison with the control group and other hydrogel groups. Further in vivo studies displayed that the Bai-B/BC hydrogel significantly accelerated the healing process of chronic wound by promoting uniform and orderly collagen deposition, granulation tissue formation and vascular regeneration. The Bai-B-based self-assembled hydrogel is set to become a star dressing in the treatment of chronic wounds.

The effect of zinc substitution on the optical properties of Sm3+ doped zinc borate glasses

Zinc borate glasses are a relatively well known glass type that can be produced at comparably low temperatures. Variations in both the type and concentration of network modifier atoms induce structural alterations within the glass matrix. If doped with optically active dopants, e.g. rare earth ions, compositional changes also affect the local surrounding of the dopants and consequently their optical properties such as emission peak shape and peak ratio. To investigate the effect of different low field strength network modifier ions in zinc borate glasses two glass series were prepared using the melt quench technique; Sm3+ was used as dopant ion: 50B2O3, xK2O, (49-x)ZnO, 1Sm2O3 (x = 5,10,15, …, 30 mol%) and 50B2O3, 30MO, 19ZnO, 1Sm2O3 (M = Ca, Sr and Ba). It is found that the substitution of ZnO for K2O notably enhances the intensity of the red Sm3+emission. Based on the literature this effect is attributed to a change in symmetry at the rare earth position. Additionally, the effect of network modifier concentrations and the different network modifier types on the Sm3+ absorption spectra is examined, discussed and compared to literature data. Furthermore, the glasses are characterized according to their density, refractive index, molar volume, and oxygen packing density.

Evaluating boron removal from aqueous solutions using membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI): Efficacy and limitations

In the present study, the feasibility of employing activated carbon-based membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) for boron removal was systematically evaluated under various conditions, including different applied voltages, pH levels, initial boron concentrations, and boron-to-chloride molar ratios. When the pH of the solution exceeds 9, borate ions with a negative charge become the predominant species, facilitating easier removal during the charging period of both capacitive deionization (CDI) and MCDI. As demonstrated, MCDI can achieve a relatively higher mean deionization capacity of 2.84±0.19 mg/g at 1.2 V and pH 11, associated with a corresponding high charge efficiency of 99% and low energy consumption of 0.04 kWh/m3. More specifically, the results revealed a significant improvement in boron removal performance with the incorporation of ion exchange membranes into CDI. Additionally, MCDI exhibited considerably higher selectivity of boron over chloride ions compared to CDI, attributed to the charge promotion effect. However, the selectivity coefficient of boron over chloride was still need to be improved, identified as the primary constraint of MCDI. With the same ionic charge, chloride with smaller hydrated radius compared to boron was preferentially electrosorbed, thereby suppressing the electrosorption of borate ions. These findings suggest potential future directions for the treatment of boron in practical applications such as seawater desalination and wastewater reclamation in the semiconductor industry.

Self-healing property of a gel-elastomer two-phase composite material

While self-healing silicones are required for many practical applications, conventional methods of incorporating self-healability in silicones involve generation of bond-forming moieties within the backbone of the oligomer itself. Such processes involve multiple synthesis steps that turn the silicone expensive and less amenable for scale-up. In contrast, hydrogels can be made self-healing by different simple yet robust chemical routes. Hydrogels however lack mechanical strength, necessary for most engineering applications. To meet the above need, we have introduced here a novel two-phase material, consisting of self-healing hydrogel droplets embedded as microscopic healers inside the continuous matrix of silicone. The hydrogel phase, consisting of starch and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the oligomers and multivariate borate ion as the crosslinker is dispersed in silicone oligomer mixed with the curing agent and both phases are allowed to crosslink. Controlled fracture tests on the resultant crosslinked material show that two cut surfaces of it get joined instantaneously with the tensile failure stress reaching as high as 35 kPa; this material remains healable also over ten cycles of incision and reattachment. The hydrogel can act also as an external glue to heal two incised surfaces of the two-phase composite to achieve durable fracture strength and thereby help forming different polygonal structures with angled joints. We have demonstrated also bio-compatibility of the two-phase material thereby opening up its possible use in large variety of biomedical applications.

Preparation and performance evaluation of microencapsulated acid used for gel breaking of fracturing fluid in low-temperature reservoirs

In low-temperature reservoirs, the generation of free radicals by oxidizing breakers is challenging, and the alkaline fracturing fluid generally inhibits enzyme’s activity, making it difficult to break down the fracturing fluid. Previous studies have demonstrated that acids can consume borate ions and disrupt crosslinking nodes even at low temperatures, thereby efficiently breaking gels. Thus, microencapsulated oxalic acid (OA) was prepared via a coacervation method, using ethyl cellulose (EC) or acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) as shell materials with varying initiator viscosities and core–shell ratios. An optimal microcapsule MC[OA/ABS-2000-1:2] was determined based on the coating effect, productivity, encapsulation rate, and release performance. The test results of FT-IR and TGA together proved that the optimal microcapsule was composed of 24.4 and 74.8 % of OA and ABS, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy and laser particle size analysis were employed to characterize the optimal microcapsule with an average particle size of 402.8 μm, which exhibited a high degree of sphericity. Because of their porous shells, these microcapsules exhibited sustained slow-release characteristics. Evaluations conducted at temperatures of 30 and 50 ℃, simulating the tight sandstone reservoir conditions in the Ordos basin, revealed that delayed gel breaking could be achieved within approximately 2.5 h at low temperatures by adding only 0.25 % of the optimal microcapsule. Furthermore, increasing the temperature and dosage of microcapsules resulted in shorter breaking times. Additionally, a synergistic breaking effect was observed between the enzymes and the prepared microencapsulated acid. Thus, by optimizing the microcapsule dosage based on the reservoir temperature and fracturing construction pumping time, employing the two breakers together can achieve delayed and complete gel breaking at the desired time. In conclusion, the microencapsulated acid prepared in this study has significant potential as a gel breaker for fracturing fluids in low-temperature reservoirs.

Hydrolysis mechanism of the cyclohexaborate anion: Unraveling the intricacies.

is a highly polymerized borate anion of three six-membered rings. Limited research on the hydrolysis mechanism under neutral solution conditions exists. Calculations based on density functional theory show that undergoes five steps of hydrolysis to form H3BO3 and . At the same time, there are a small number of borate ions with different degrees of polymerization during the hydrolysis process, such as triborate, tetraborate, and pentaborate anions. The structure of the borate anion and the coordination environment of the bridging oxygen atoms control the hydrolysis process. Finally, this work explains that in existing experimental studies, the reason for the low content in solution environments with low total boron concentrations is that it depolymerizes into other types of borate ions and clarifies the borate species. The conversion relationship provides a basis for identifying the possibility of various borate ions existing in the solution. This work also provides a certain degree of theoretical support for the cause of the "dilution to salt" phenomenon.

Multifunctional Bagasse Foam with Improved Thermal Insulation and Flame Retardancy by a Borax-Induced Self-Assembly and Ambient Pressure Drying Technique.

Cellulose foams are considered an effective alternative to plastic foam, because of their advantages of low density, high porosity, low thermal conductivity, and renewable nature. However, they still suffer from complex processing, poor mechanical properties, and flammability. As an agricultural waste, bagasse is rich in cellulose, which has attracted much attention. Inspired by the fact that borate ions can effectively enhance the strength of plant tissue by their cross-linking with polysaccharides, the present work designs and fabricates a series of multifunctional bagasse foams with robust strength and improved thermal insulation and flame retardancy via a unique borax-induced self-assembly and atmospheric pressure drying route using bagasse as a raw material, borate as a cross-linking agent, and chitosan as an additive. As a result, the optimized foam exhibits a high porosity (93.5%), a high hydrophobic water contact angle (150.4°), a low thermal conductivity (63.4 mW/(m·K) at 25 °C), and an outstanding flame retardancy. The present study provides a novel and inspiring idea for large-scale production of cellulose foams through an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach.

Construction of defective hydroxyl-rich metal–organic framework for effective capture of borate ion

Developing high-efficiency adsorbents for borate ion still remains up to now. Herein, a facile and green method is used to obtain serial hydroxyl functionalized UiO-66-(OH)2-AA-X (AA, acetic acid; X, AA usage) by using AA as a modulator. The addition of AA can induce the generation of defect units in the adsorbents due to its partial substitution for the organic linkers. It is found that the defect degree as well as the porosity can be neatly regulated by the AA amount. In particular, UiO-66-(OH)2-AA-20 with the most defects exhibits a high adsorption capacity (891.1 mg g−1) towards borate ion, outperforming the most previously reported adsorbents. The adsorption reaches equilibrium at 600 min. The adsorption behavior can be well described by the Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order model. Besides, UiO-66-(OH)2-AA-20 possesses a wide pH (3–10) tolerance, excellent anti-interference ability, and good reusability. A combination of experimental characterization and density functional theory calculation indicates the free hydroxyl groups serve as the main adsorption sites, and the adsorption-driven forces involve electrostatic, coordination, hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking interactions. On these basis, our work may provide a guideline for constructing high-efficiency defective adsorbents for borate ions via a modulated strategy.

Charge transfer across the ionic liquid/oil interface: Facilitated ion transfer and electron transfer

Facilitated ion transfer (FIT) and electron transfer (ET) across the ionic liquid (IL)/oil (O) interface between ethylamine nitrate (EAN) and 1,4-dichlorobutane (DCB) have been electrochemically studied. Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) for the FIT of Li+ cation in IL by dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DCH18C6) across the IL/O interface formed at a micropipette tip show that the onset of the FIT current is significantly shifted due to the facilitation beyond the potential window limit and that the current is proportional to the concentration of DCH18C6 in O limited by the diffusion of DCH18C6 inside the micropipette. CVs for the ET from supporting electrolyte anions in O to NO3−, the IL anion of EAN, across the IL/O interface studied using a closed-bipolar cell show that NO3− in EAN has an ability to oxidize tetraphenylborate ions in O but not tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate ions, the latter of which have more oxidation resistance.