Boom Design Research Articles

Design and Performance Evaluation of Self-propelled Intra-Canopy Boom Spraying System

A self-propelled intra-canopy boom spraying system was designed for spraying chemicals in small height row crops. The performance of the spraying system was evaluated both under laboratory and field conditions to assess the efficacy and minimize the loss of spray liquid. Flat fan and hollow cone nozzles were tested to determine the boom volumetric distribution, swath and spray angle at different combinations of pressure and height. The flat fan nozzle gave better volumetric distribution at 2.5 kgf.cm-2, while the hollow cone nozzle gave at 2.0 kgf.cm-2 pressure corresponding to 300 mm nozzle height. The spraying system was tested on soybean crop at forwarding speeds of 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 km.h-1. With an increase in forwarding speed, the mean percentage of coverage decreased significantly (30.30 - 15.37 % for top and 20.01- 4.12 % for bottom part of the leaves), and the mean droplet density varied significantly (277.35 - 243.40 no.cm-2 for top and 262.87 - 78.44 no.cm-2 for the bottom part of the leaves) at 5 % level of significance. A good percentage of leaf area coverage (30.30 % and 20.01 % for top and bottom of the plant) was obtained at low forward speed (1.5 km.h-1) while compromising more spray volume and less field capacity as compared to higher forward travel speeds. The effect of forwarding travel speed, position of tags and nozzle types were significant (p<0.05) for mean droplet size, number median diameter, percentage coverage of leaf area and droplet density. The field capacity of the spraying system ranged between 0.22 and 0.36 ha.h-1 with an increase in forward travel speed from 1.50 km.h-1 to 2.50 km.h-1 at an average swath of 1.8 m.

Inducing bistability in Collapsible Tubular Mast booms with thin-ply composite shells

Bistable rollable booms are favorable when a low strain energy requirement for the coiled state is imposed and have more controllable deployment when compared to monostable booms. An inextensional analytical model describing the bending deformation mechanics of Collapsible Tubular Mast (CTM) booms was used to determine how design variables induce bistability, or the existence of two strain energy wells in the rolled-up and unrolled states. The effects of varying lamina material, laminate layup, and shell arc geometries between different inner and outer shell segments on the second strain energy well and stiffness properties were determined for boom cross-sections formed by circular segments. The full design space for two-walled composite CTM booms was explored to evaluate the validity of the developed analytical model. Optimized CTM boom designs were experimentally characterized for comparisons against model results. The model under-predicted the stable coiled diameter of the co-cured two-walled booms by up to 8.9% and 23.4% for the individual thin shells wrapped alone.

Preliminary design and performance analysis of a solar-powered unmanned seaplane

A solar-powered unmanned seaplane is proposed as a new strategy to avoid the challenges faced in a long nonstop solar-powered flight, and is especially designed for sea surveillance mission, like resource exploration, environmental monitoring, and observation of animal migration. A preliminary design of the solar-powered unmanned seaplane is carried out while its flight performance is analyzed later. The conceptual design of a twin-tail boom with large aspect ratio wings and buoyancy system is put forward. Aerodynamic loading of the wings is analyzed and determined by computational fluid dynamics. The energy balance models of the proposed seaplane system are created for the periods that the seaplane moors on the sea to harvest solar energy and flies in the sky to perform the mission. The parameter effects, such as wing loading, takeoff time, weight, cruise speed, takeoff ground distance, takeoff ground time, flight envelope, and endurance are discussed. The energy balance models shows that the proposed solar-powered seaplane can perform the sea surveillance mission at an altitude of around 8 km for months and seasons between latitude 60 ° N and 60 ° S.

Design and testing of inflatable gravity-gradient booms in space

Inflatable space structures have many advantages such as small size, high reliability, and low cost. Aiming at a gravity-gradient boom for an XY-1 satellite, New Technology Verifying Satellite-1, a slender inflatable boom with low magnetic is presented. First of all, an inflatable boom with six self-supporting thin shells made of carbon and Vectran fiber composite materials on the inner wall was designed for eliminating a magnetic dipole moment and increasing structural stiffness. A precise stowage was designed for a tip mass surrounded by a pair of lightweight honeycomb blocks added on the top of the boom. The stowed boom was tested by sine sweep vibrations with three directions on the ground to verify the reasonable design. The XY-1 satellite which carried the inflatable boom was launched into low orbit. After being stowed state in space for at least 6 months, the inflatable boom orderly unfolded a 2.0 kg tip mass to 3.0 m away in May, 2013. The inflatable boom was successfully deployed from a series of photographs received on the satellite. The results show that this kind of lightweight inflatable boom with self-supporting thin shells can orderly unfold and fulfil the function of gravity-gradient in space for a long time.

Structural design and analysis of CFRP boom for concrete pump truck

This research presents structural design and analysis results of applying a composite boom structure on a Concrete Pump Truck (CPT). Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) is used to complete the structural design of the end boom to reduce the weight of the CPT. The weight of the newly designed end boom is reduced by 32% compared to the original steel component. Structural analysis is accomplished by applying static load combinations of self-weight of the boom and the weights of the pipes, the concrete and the drain hose. The results show that the tip deflection is reduced by 30% compared to the conventional end boom. Also, equivalent stress is considerably lower than the conventional design. Composite failure evaluation of the CFRP end boom is conducted by post-processing the stress results using Puck’s failure criteria. The evaluation results show that the design criteria are met on the static load of the pump truck. Specifically, it is expected that fiber failure and inter fiber failure of the boom do not occur under loading conditions according to the design evaluation results.

Aircraft Noise Generation and Assessment Section 5-Overall Vehicle System Noise, Part d-Sonic Boom.

There has been a renewed interest globally in civil supersonic overland flight that has fostered numerous research and technology development activities. It is now possible to design a low-boom aircraft with a carefully tailored vehicle shape that controls the far field pressures and minimizes sonic booms on the ground. This section will describe recent international advances and cooperative research in sonic boom design, propagation modeling, and human subjective response in preparation of potential international rule changes that will permit civil supersonic flight over land.

Design of a New N-Shape Composite Ultra-Thin Deployable Boom in the Post-Buckling Range Using Response Surface Method and Optimization

Composite ultra-thin boom can be folded elastically. Moreover, such booms are able to self-deploy by releasing stored strain energy, which can be applied in deployable antenna, solar sail, and optical telescopes. Surrogate models for imperfection-sensitive quantities of interest and multi-objective optimization are developed for the design of a new N-shape cross-section composite ultra-thin deployable boom. The proposed optimal design method integrates four general steps: (1) design of experiments, wherein the sampling designs of the N boom are created on the basis of the two-factor five-level full factorial design of experiments method; (2) efficient computational analyses of each design sample, wherein the post-buckling behavior of the N boom are analyzed under three different axial directions using nonlinear finite element ABAQUS/Explicit solver; (3) establishing the surrogate models of bending stiffness around the x-and yaxes and torsional stiffness around the z-axis by response surface method (RSM); (4) performing the multi-objective optimization design using modified non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm to realize the optimal design. The bending stiffness around the x-and yaxes and the torsional stiffness around the z-axis are set as the objectives, mass is set as the constraint, and the bonded web height and the central angle of the middle tape spring of the N boom are set as the variables. The typical surrogate modeling method can be applied to different problems in structural and material design.

Modal analysis and identification of deployable membrane structures

The development of ultra-lightweight sails presents many challenges due to their large size and extreme flexibility. One of their key technologies is the design of deployable booms, in particular how to deploy and support the membrane structure. In this paper, a deployable sail with four triangular membranes supported by inflated booms enhanced by four self-supporting thin shells inside and Velcro outside is presented. The feasibility of the folding and unfolding processes is demonstrated, and their modal properties investigated. Firstly, the pressure variation and acceleration time history of a single boom during unfolding process were obtained by dynamic testing system, a finite element model of boom was proposed and structural natural frequencies by simulation were validated by experimental testing. Further, an 8.0 × 8.0 m2 prototype was assembled and stowed in a Φ700 mm by 300 mm container, and the structure was fully deployed with gas control. A finite element model of a combination of inflatable booms and triangular membranes was used to predict the structural overall bending modes. The effect of membrane wrinkling was simulated and controlled to improve membrane precision. This work validated the concept of deployable membrane structural design. The proposed finite element models were verified by experimental testing to be useful for membrane structure analysis.

Numerical Simulation Study of Booming Effect in Fast Currents of Inland River

In the downstream tidal section of the Yangtze River, nine kinds of combinations of hydrological environmental conditions are considered, including the annual average runoff flow, the annual average peak flow and the flood control design flow, as well as the three conditions of spring, medium and neap tides. By means of the numerical simulation method, the effective performance parameter values for conventional intercepting boom under different environmental conditions are obtained by simulating 9 kinds of maximum current speed to withstand, Max.CS, respectively. The results show that, in the downstream fast current tidal section of the Yangtze River, for the boom performance index of Max.CS, the relatively extensive applicability value should be 3.0kn under the condition of the annual average runoff flow; 4.0Kn should be selected under the condition of the annual average peak flow; and 4.5Kn should be selected under the flood control design flow. This study can provide technical support for the design, selection and use of booms in downstream waters of the Yangtze River.

Stress Analysis of Boom of Special Mobile Crane for Plain Region in Transmission Line

Basis of the boom force analysis of special mobile crane for plain region in transmission line, the load type of boom design is confirmed. According to the different combinations of boom sections, the composite pattern of the different boom length is obtained to suit the actual conditions of boom overlapping. The large deformation model is employed with FEM to simulate the stress distribution of boom, and the calculation results are checked. The performance curves of rated load with different arm length and different working range are obtained, which ensures the lifting capacity of special mobile crane meeting the requirement of tower erection of transmission line. The proposed FEM of boom of mobile crane would provide certain guiding and reference to the boom design.

An alternative boom design and welding technique to minimize energy consumption during boom production

This paper presents an alternative boom design for mobile cranes and a method to produce it for minimizing the energy consumption during its production. The main change in the production of the crane booms is the shape of the booms. Normally two symmetric boom parts are manufactured and then these parts are welded by two welding processes, in the proposed design, firstly only one part is manufactured and bended. Therefore one welding will be sufficient and more energy-friendly process is achieved. With the proposed shape, the corner joints are eliminated while forming the boom shape without any need to produce them beforehand. Single welding process is applied to minimize the energy consumption during the manufacturing of the boom, so the welding quality becomes more important. In order to satisfy the welding quality, a welding manipulator is designed and manufactured. By using this welding manipulator used in a closed area and applied filter devices, the harmful gases were not released on the operator and the environment. Finally the energy and time required during the plasma cutting process of boom parts are decreased about 41%, and the energy consumption during the welding process is decreased about 53% compared to the traditional methods.

Periodic topology optimization of crane boom based on improved soft kill option method

An improved soft kill option (SKO) method is proposed to achieve the optimization design of tower crane boom. For a better optimization performance, a parabolic weight coefficient is suggested and the displacement constraint is taken into consideration. In order to eliminate the numerical instability phenomena like checkerboard and mesh dependence, element temperature filter function is added into SKO method. Through the optimization data comparison of rectangular cantilever plate, it is verified that the improved SKO method can achieve a better result with more uniform stress and higher efficiency. Based on the dimension and load parameters of QTZ63 tower crane boom, an optimization model is established, and a periodic SKO method is put forward to optimize this model. The optimization result of the crane boom can provide a new thought for tower crane boom design.

D-SENDプロジェクトの全体概要( 低ソニックブーム設計概念実証プロジェクト第2フェーズ飛行試験(D-SEND#2) 第1回)

D-SENDプロジェクトの全体概要( 低ソニックブーム設計概念実証プロジェクト第2フェーズ飛行試験(D-SEND#2) 第1回)

Development of high fidelity tools and robust design approaches for low boom aircraft

The NASA Commercial Supersonic Technology Project recently completed a project Technical Challenge, “Low Sonic Boom Design Tools” which ran from 2011 to 2015. As part of this research effort, tools were developed, refined, and validated to support full-vehicle low-boom analysis, including inlet and nozzle effects. In addition, new and updated tools and processes were developed and demonstrated for application to robust low boom shape optimization. The work included both fundamental research efforts, computational analysis of full vehicle configurations, and application of robust low boom design methods to low boom aircraft concepts. This presentation will primarily focus on the technical achievements during the last 2 years leading to the recent successful completion of this technical challenge.

D-SEND#2低ソニックブーム設計概念実証結果

D-SEND#2低ソニックブーム設計概念実証結果

D-SEND#2誘導制御系開発の概要

D-SEND#2誘導制御系開発の概要

D-SEND#2機体システムの開発

D-SEND#2機体システムの開発

D-SEND#2空力特性モデル構築・評価

D-SEND#2空力特性モデル構築・評価

Dynamic Analysis and Optimization of Pivot Points of Telescopic Jib Based on Genetic Algorithm

Using ADAMS software to create a virtual prototype model of luffing mechanism of QY20A crane truck. The entire work process of telescopic arm is analyzed, and the result shows that luffing cylinder lifting force is maximum at the beginning moment. The luffing cylinder force is calculated in different conditions based on the analysis and select the maximum force condition as optimized conditions, make the mathematical model of optimization and optimized using genetic algorithm, which played a guiding role for the of telescopic boom design.

Modal Analysis of Excavator Boom Based on UG and ANSYS

Hydraulic excavator is due to the effects of vibration and shock may cause structural damage, and in view of this, we need to study its dynamic characteristics, so as to avoid or reduce this impact on when the machine is running. In this paper, using UG as modeling tool we built a small hydraulic excavator boom’s 3-D simulation model and under UG’s advanced simulation environment we called ANSYS as solver and after modal analysis of the boom, we extracted the first 15 modals and vibration modes, which provides the basis as do dynamic optimization excavator boom design.