Booklet Group Research Articles

The Effect of Mobile Application on Subcutaneous Anti-TNF Drug Administration in Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients: A Randomized Experimental Study

Objective: This study was conducted to develop an Android mobile application for the subcutaneous (SC) administration of anti-TNF drugs in ankylosing spondylitis patients and to evaluate its effect on drug administration. Methods: In the first stage of this randomized experimental study, a mobile application for SC anti-TNF drug therapy was developed. In the second stage, 32 patients who met the sampling criteria were randomized to mobil and booklet groups. Patients in both groups were evaluated using the Individual Identification Form, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), the Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life Scale (ASQoL) and Subcutaneous Anti-TNF Treatment Questionnaire once every 6 weeks for 6 months. Results: In the first stage, the concordance coefficient of the five experts’ opinions on the information provided in the mobile application was calculated as W:0.272, P=.130. For both patient groups, the mean scores of BASDAI, BASFI, and ASQoL were statistically significantly lower at the last evaluation than at the first. More patients in the education booklet group had their medication applied by someone else (P=.011). Conclusion: The mobile application developed for SC anti-TNF therapy in AS patients is highly informative and reliable, and it facilitates the administration of SC anti-TNF drugs to patients.

Remote monitoring system to support positive airway pressure therapy in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a multi-center randomized controlled trial.

To develop and evaluate an intervention tailored to patients' needs to increase the rate of positive airway pressure (PAP) adherence in patients afflicted with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), who undergo PAP therapy. A multi-center, 3 parallel-arm, randomized, controlled trial was conducted. Participants with OSA who undergo a PAP therapy were randomized to one of three groups: control arm (usual care), educational booklet arm, and mobile-based application arm. PAP usage, the percentage of days using the device for more than 4h, change in knowledge, risk perception, outcome expectancy, self-efficacy, and ESS were assessed before and one month after interventions in the three groups. Also, the application usage data were analyzed. The result showed the change in average PAP usage, knowledge, risk perception, and self-efficacy in the application group was significantly higher than the control and booklet groups. Also, the change in use for more than 4h in the application group was significantly higher than the control group. Comparing the actual and patients' self-report PAP use indicated patients' self-report about the use of the device is about 50min (0.8h) more than the actual amount of use. The study results indicated that the improvement of primary and secondary outcomes in adherence to PAP was significantly higher in the application group than in other study groups. Given the increasingly penetrating influence of smartphone-based technologies, it seems that mobile-based applications could potentially be adopted in the population of patients with OSA. IRCT2017092236314N1; https://en.irct.ir/trial/27185.

Effects of using a mobile application on pelvic floor training in women with stress urinary incontinence: A randomized controlled clinical study.

Urinary incontinence (UI) is defined as any involuntary loss of urine that causes negative impacts on women's lives. Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is considered to be "level A" of scientific evidence in the treatment of UI. Despite its efficacy, it is known that the effect of PFMT may depend on continuous adherence. Therefore, healthcare professionals are looking for alternatives to improve adherence in their patients. Healthcare has been innovating through mobile device apps. Thus, the objective of this study was to verify the effects of PFMT with the use of a mobile device app in incontinent women. This was a controlled, randomized clinical trial that occurred remotely. A total of 104 women with stress UI and/or mixed incontinence, over 18 years old, literate, with preserved cognitive capacity, with internet access and a mobile device with the Android system, participated in this study. They were randomly divided into two groups: The App group and the Booklet group, which underwent a PFMT protocol guided by a mobile app and a booklet, respectively. Both groups received daily reminders to perform the exercises. Before and after 12 weeks of intervention, it was evaluated using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF) and the King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ). Both groups showed improvements in the final ICIQ-SF score. However, superior results were shown for the Booklet group (App: pre: 11.5 [±3.8], post: 9.8 [±4.5]; Booklet: pre: 12.6 [±4.5], post: 7.4 [±4.3]; p = 0.03). It was concluded that PFMT, with the use of a mobile app, is capable of reducing UI and the impact of UI, but it is not superior to training with the use of booklet instructions.

Booklet and Motivational Interviewing to Promote Self-efficacy in Parents/Caregivers of Children with Asthma: A Clinical Trial.

Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood which accounts for numerous annual hospitalizations due to a lack of management and proper management of the disease. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of using an educational booklet with or without combination with motivational interviewing (MI) on the self-efficacy of parents/caregivers in the control and management of childhood asthma. A clinical trial was carried out with 86 parents/caregivers of children with asthma aged between 2 and 12 years who were followed up in primary health care units from March 2019 to December 2020. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: one of the groups read the booklet and the other read the booklet combined with the MI. The Brazilian version of the Self-Efficacy and Their Child's Level of Asthma Control scale was applied before and 30 days after the intervention for assessment of self-efficacy. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 and R 3.6.3 software. P values<0.05 were considered significant. There were 46 participants in the booklet group and 40 in the booklet and MI group. Both groups were effective in increasing total self-efficacy scores after the intervention (P<0.001). No statistically significant difference was found between the scores of the two groups (P=0.257). The educational booklet with or without combination with MI can increase the self-efficacy of parents/caregivers of children with asthma. The findings could be considered by healthcare providers for the empowerment of caregivers of children with asthma in the control and management of their children's asthma.Trial Registration Number: U1111-1254-7256.

The effectiveness of reproductive health education to increase knowledge among adolescents

Background: Discussion about sexual and reproductive health issues among teenagers and parents is still shadowed by taboos in some cultures. Ignorance and myths surrounding these issues make teenagers vulnerable to the consequences of inappropriate sexual behavior, which in turn exposes them to risky behavioral problems. The lack of knowledge regarding teaching strategies used to educate teenagers can result in their indifferent attitudes and decreased motivation in receiving educational materials.Purpose: To determine the characteristics, age, gender, participants knowledge levels regarding adolescent reproductive health, and the influence of leaflet and booklet media on the level of adolescent reproductive health knowledge.Method: A quantitative research using a quasi-experimental design with a posttest-only design. The sample consisted of 50 teenagers divided into 2 intervention groups. The media used for education were booklets and leaflets.Results: The analysis results for the booklet group with a mean of 67.48 ± 14.060 and the leaflet group with a mean of 54.20 ± 6.331 yielded a ρ-value of 0.001. Therefore, there is a difference in the impact of health education intervention on the level of reproductive health knowledge among teenagers.Conclusion: Providing education using booklets can be one of the more effective educational strategies.Suggestion: Both adolescent boys and girls are encouraged to properly maintain their reproductive health and participate in every available health education activity to enhance their knowledge and health status.

Booklet preventing stunting based Android application (&lt;i&gt;Bocesting&lt;/i&gt;) as a tool to enhance maternal nutritional behaviour and nutritional status

The most common health problem was the lack of nutrition, known as stunting. One approach to addressing nutritional issues in young children was through health education using the android method. The study aimed to analyze the differences in the influence of stunting prevention education using booklet media and an Android-based application on maternal nutritional behavior and nutritional status, with the ultimate goal of preventing stunting cases. The research design employed a quantitative approach, specifically a Quasi-Experiment. Measurement tools included questionnaires assessing maternal nutrition behavior, with the samples divided into three intervention groups and one control group (n=51). Data analysis involved statistical tests, including Wilcoxon, Mann Whitney U, and Kruskall Wallis H. The results indicated that educational media using booklets significantly improved maternal nutrition behavior after the intervention (p&lt;0.05). However, there was no significant increase in the nutritional status of children (p=0.317). Similarly, the Android application intervention group exhibited a significant improvement in maternal nutrition behavior (p&lt;0.05), while the nutritional status of the children did not significantly change (p=0.193). A significant difference was observed in the impact of the media interventions between the booklet and Android application intervention groups and the control group regarding the enhancement of maternal nutritional behavior (p&lt;0.05) and children's nutritional status (p&gt;0.005). In conclusion, educational media in the form of booklets and Android applications can influence maternal nutrition behavior and children's nutritional status in the context of stunting prevention education.

Comparing the Impact of Multimedia and Educational Brochures on Knowledge, Attitude and Work Performance of Healthcare about COVID-19 Management in Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Breastfeeding

Background: In times of pandemic and quarantine, it is necessary to use new educational methods. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of multimedia and booklet educational methods on knowledge, attitude, and job performance of healthcare providers in community health centers regarding COVID-19 in women during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of multimedia and booklet educational methods on knowledge, attitude, and job performance of healthcare providers in community health centers regarding COVID-19 in women during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding. Methods: The population of this quasi -experimental study consisted of 90 Iranian health care providers in the community health centers of Gonabad city in eastern Iran) 2021, who were selected using the non-probability, purposive sampling method and randomly divided into three groups using a permuted block randomization design: Control group, Multimedia group and Textbook group. Knowledge, attitude and work performance were measured and compared before, after and four weeks after the intervention. The educational content was based on the Iranian Ministry of Health guidelines for the management of Covid-19 in pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding. Results: The results showed a significant difference between the mean score of knowledge, attitude, and work performance of the multimedia group and booklet group before and after the intervention (P&lt;0.001), while there was no statistically significant difference between the mean score of knowledge, attitude, and work performance of the control group before and after the intervention (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Multimedia teaching increases the knowledge, attitude and work performance of healthcare providers in community health centers regarding COVID.

Effectiveness of an Educational Booklet for the Management of Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of provision of an educational booklet for the management of patients with chronic low back pain. Material and Methods: A Randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted from January 2018 to June 2018 among 80 patients attending at Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation outpatient department of the Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College and Hospital after obtaining requisite consent from the patients. 80 Patients were divided into two groups (Group A and Group B). Group A contains Patients educational booklet group + exercises + analgesics (Case group). Group B contains Physicians advice only group + exercises + analgesics (control group). Data were collected through interviewing and examining of the patients. The collected data were entered into the computer and analyzed by using SPSS (version 20.1) to assess the effectiveness of provision of an educational booklet for the management of patients with chronic low back pain. The study was approved by the institutional ethical committee. Results: In a pool of 80 patients, the range of age was 18-55 years in case group and control group. There was no significant difference found in age between case and control group (p value is 0.383). Among the patients of case group 28 (70.0%) were male and 12 (30.0%) were female. Among the patients of control group 17 (42.5%) were male and 23 (57.5%) were female. Visual analogue score (VAS) score of group A patient was 5.4±1.0 and group B was 5.7±1.1 (p=0.143). At the first follow up the mean VAS score of group A was 4.5±1.0 and group B was 4.8±0.9 (p=0.111). At the second follow up the mean VAS score of group A was 3.1±0.9 and group B was 3.5±0.8 (p=0.077). And at the final (third) follow up the mean VAS score of group A was1.9±0.8 and group B was 2.4±0.6 (p=0.002). Conclusion: There was significant improvement of pain of case group than control group. At the end of study we can tell that, educational booklet is effective for the management of patients with chronic low back pain. Medicine Today 2023 Vol.35(2): 87-90

The effect of health education in improving the knowledge and attitudes of integrated service post cadres about early detection of high-risk pregnancies in the working area of the Mamajang health center, Makassar city, Indonesia.

Maternal mortality can be reduced by strengthening the process of early detection of high-risk pregnancies. However, the lack of knowledge related to high-risk pregnancy is still an obstacle. This study aims to analyze the effect of health education on the knowledge and attitudes of cadres about early detection of high-risk pregnancy in the working area of Health Centre Mamajang Makassar City. Experimental research with a pretest protest design with a control group, involving 80 cadres spread across 20 Integrated Service Posts who were divided into four treatment groups. There was an increase in mean knowledge between the intervention group (P=0.000) and the control group (P=0.002). There was also an increase in attitude between the intervention group (P=0.000). However, there was no improvement in attitude (P=0.475) in the control group. The intervention group through combined video+booklet had the highest mean knowledge score (6.65-13.90) than the groups that received intervention through video (6.60-12.69) or booklet alone (6.75-12.07), respectively. On attitude, the highest average attitude score in the intervention group was the combined video+booklet group (22.0-35.8), video (21.22-34.65) and booklet alone (22.25-34.55). While the average score of the control group on knowledge (6.00-6.95) and attitude (22.60-23.05). The role of health education by involving a combination of both video and booklet media is appropriate as an effort to influence Integrated Service Post cadres in increasing knowledge and attitudes about the early detection of high-risk pregnancies.

Effect of educational booklet and role-playing on the mothers’ knowledge and self-efficacy in newborn pain management: A quasi-experimental study

AimThis study was conducted to determine and compare the effect of training using the educational booklet and role-playing on mothers’ knowledge and perception of self-efficacy in newborn pain management. BackgroundAccording to studies conducted in Iran, mothers lack knowledge about newborn pain management; as a result, their self-efficacy in this field is questioned. DesignThis is a quasi-experimental study in which 111 mothers of hospitalized infants were allocated into three groups' control,’ ‘role-playing,’ and ‘educational booklet.’ The data were collected using the non-parallel method. The group order to collect the data was determined through drawing. The control group received routine training, including general information about comforting the baby by the mother. In the second group, in addition to routine care, mothers were provided with an educational booklet on newborn pain management, and in the third group, in addition to routine care, mothers were trained educational content through role-playing during two 90-min sessions. Mothers' perception of self-efficacy was measured using a researcher-made questionnaire. Analysis of variance and post hoc tests were used to analyze the data. ResultsThe results showed a significant difference between mothers' knowledge in role-playing and educational booklet groups compared to the control group (P < 0.00). Moreover, there was a significant difference in mothers’ self-efficacy in the role-playing group compared to the control group and the educational booklet group (P < 0.00). ConclusionAccording to the findings of this study, educational booklets and role-playing can be used to enhance mothers' knowledge levels. However, practical methods such as role-playing are recommended to increase mothers’ self-efficacy levels.

A Two-Pronged Educational Intervention for Caregivers to Prevent Residential Pesticide Exposure Among Thai Young Children Living in Agricultural Area.

Residential pesticide exposure can be harmful to the health of young children, particularly in agricultural areas. It is critical to educate their caregivers on pesticide exposure prevention. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a two-pronged education intervention for caregivers in preventing pesticide exposure among Thai young children living in agricultural areas. This was an experimental study with 90 primary caregivers of young children aged 6 months to 5 years. Thirty caregivers each were assigned to one of three groups: booklet plus lecture intervention, only booklet intervention, and control. Caregivers in both interventions received a booklet that educated them on residential pesticide exposure and prevention. The caregivers in the booklet plus lecture group also attended a 2-hour lecture with the same content as the booklet. A questionnaire was developed to assess caregivers' knowledge, attitudes, intention, and behaviors regarding residential pesticide exposure and prevention in children. Face-to-face interviews were conducted at their homes three times: baseline, post-intervention, and follow-up (three weeks after the end of the intervention). Linear mixed models showed that, from baseline to post-intervention, the intervention effect on knowledge and attitude in both intervention groups, as well as intention in the booklet plus lecture group, was significant (p<0.05). From baseline to follow-up, the knowledge, attitude, intention, and behavior scores in both intervention groups increased significantly more than the control group (p<0.01). Only the attitude score increased more in the booklet plus lecture group than in the booklet group at post-intervention (p=0.009) and follow-up (p=0.003). Both the booklet plus lecture method and the booklet method alone have a positive effect on improving the caregiver's knowledge and behaviors regarding pesticide exposure prevention at home. Thus, providing a booklet to caregivers to reduce children's risk of pesticide exposure is recommended.

Optimizing educational methods for the low FODMAP diet in disorders of gut-brain interaction: A feasibility randomized controlled trial.

A diet low in fermentable oligo-saccharides, di-saccharides, mono-saccharides and polyols (low FODMAP diet) is complex and clinical effectiveness is achieved with dietitian-led education, although dietitian availability in clinical practice varies. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of undertaking a trial to investigate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of different education delivery methods of the low FODMAP diet in patients with disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI). In this feasibility randomized controlled trial, patients with DGBI requiring the low FODMAP diet were randomized to receive one of the following education delivery methods: booklet, app, or dietitian. Recruitment and retention rates, acceptability, symptoms, stool output, quality of life, and dietary intake were assessed. Fifty-one patients were randomized with a recruitment rate of 2.4 patients/month and retention of 48 of 51 (94%). Nobody in the booklet group strongly agreed that this education delivery method enabled them to self-manage symptoms without further support, compared to 7 of 14 (50%) in the dietitian group (p = 0.013). More patients reported adequate relief of symptoms in the dietitian group (12, 80%) compared with the booklet group (7, 39%; p = 0.026), but not when compared to the app group (10, 63%, p > 0.05). There was a greater decrease in the IBS-SSS score in the dietitian group (mean -153, SD 90) compared with the booklet group (mean -90, SD 56; p = 0.043), but not when compared with the app group (mean -120, SD 62; p = 0.595). Booklets were the least acceptable education delivery methods. Dietitian-led consultations led to high levels of clinical effectiveness, followed by the app, while the dietitian was superior to booklets alone. However, an adequately powered clinical trial is needed to confirm clinical effectiveness of these education delivery methods.

Effect of Visual Booklets to Improve Bowel Preparation in Colonoscopy: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

An optimal bowel preparation for colonoscopy is essential to increasing the quality of the examination. Visual booklets have been proposed with conflicting results to enhance bowel preparation. A literature search was performed in March 2023 in the most important databases. Only RCTs were selected. We calculated odd ratios (OR) for dichotomous outcomes. Mean differences (MD) or standardized mean differences (SMD) were used for continuous outcomes. We estimated heterogeneity with the Chi2 and the I2 statistics. In cases of high heterogeneity, a random effect model was used. Six studies were selected, enrolling 1755 patients overall. Adequate bowel preparation was observed in 86.7% of the booklet group versus 77.5% of the control group, with an OR = 2.31 in favor of the booklet. In studies using a 4-L PEG-based preparation, no difference compared to controls was observed, while in non-PEG formulations, preparation with booklets was better than in controls (OR = 5.10, 95% CI 1.82-14.27, p = 0.002). Two studies were performed in an inpatient setting without any differences between booklets and controls, while outpatients receiving booklets had better results (OR = 7.13, 95% CI 5.39-9.45, p < 0.001). The adenoma detection rate was similar between the two groups. In conclusion, booklets are useful to improve bowel preparation. Outpatient settings and preparations not containing PEG could benefit more from booklets.

The Effect of Simulation Puzzle Games on Increasing Mother's Knowledge about Stunting Prevention and Feeding Patterns In Children aged 0-24 Months

Background: Stunting is a condition where a person's height is shorter than the height of other people in general (of the same age). Factors that influence the incidence of stunting are the mother's knowledge about stunting prevention and feeding patterns. Knowledge results from knowing after people have sensed a particular object. The feeding pattern is the mother's way of giving food to children aged 0-24 months.&#x0D; Objectives: This study aims to determine the effect of the simulation games puzzle on increasing mothers' knowledge about stunting prevention and feeding patterns in children aged 0-24 months.&#x0D; Methods: The research design was quasi-experimental with a non-equivalent (pretest and post-test) control group design.&#x0D; Results: There was a significant difference in mother's knowledge about stunting prevention in the simulation game puzzle and booklet group after education (p=0.032), and there was a significant difference in feeding patterns for children aged 0-24 months in the simulation game puzzle and booklet group after education (0.043).&#x0D; Conclusion: Simulation puzzle games and booklets can effectively be used as educational media in increasing mothers' knowledge about stunting prevention and feeding patterns in children aged 0-24 months.

An evaluation of the feasibility and acceptability of sister circles as an anxiety intervention for pregnant Black women.

Black women and their infants face heightened health risks during pregnancy, labor, and delivery that, for many, cost them their lives. Such health risks during this critical period are linked to increased rates of anxiety among Black pregnant and postpartum women. Black women also endure racism when seeking support from mental health and healthcare providers, which further contributes to pregnancy and postpartum-related anxiety. Evidence on sister circles has demonstrated that this indigenous form of healing may provide Black pregnant and postpartum women with the support and skills needed to cope with stressors associated with mental and physical health concerns and racism. Our study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the Birthing Beautiful Babies Sisters Offering Support, a sister circle cognitive behavioral therapy-based stress and anxiety intervention for Black pregnant and postpartum women. Our study employed a mixed-methods framework. Descriptive analyses, paired samples t-test, and open and selective coding were conducted. We utilized the following measures: Penn State Worry Questionnaire-Abbreviated, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Scale, focus booklet, and focus group discussion. Participants reported experiencing moderate levels of worry and distress and low levels of pregnancy-related anxiety prior to the start of the Birthing Beautiful Babies Sisters Offering Support intervention. Eighty women participated in Birthing Beautiful Babies Sisters Offering Support. Eleven focus groups were conducted to assess their experience. Participants reported a perceived increase in their knowledge about panic attacks and stress and ability to manage stressors effectively. They found that all completed activities contributed to their development and application of skills. They reported they enjoyed Birthing Beautiful Babies Sisters Offering Support because of the supportive environment, openness, and emphasis on sisterhood. Participants provided helpful feedback about the structure and flow of the intervention. Limitations of the present study and future directions are discussed.

A tablet game or training booklet? Two methods for evaluating symptom management and quality-of-life of children receiving chemotherapy.

In chemotherapy process, the innovative and educational roles of nurses come to the forefront so that children can manage the symptoms they will encounter and thus increase their quality-of-life. Therefore, a tablet game was developed by the authors of this study to evaluate the effect of training children aged 10-16 who receive chemotherapy by a tablet game and a booklet on symptom management and quality-of-life. This was a non-randomized pre and post-test control group study. The study sample consisted of 50 children (game: 25; booklet: 25) who met the inclusion criteria and hospitalized between February 2017-July 2018 in two hospitals' Paediatric Haematology-Oncology Units. Data collection tools consisted of a child evaluation form, Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale, KINDL-Cancer Module, a tablet game, and booklet. When groups were evaluated within themselves after the intervention, the decrease of disturbance level of symptoms at the game group was higher than the booklet group (p:.004). Before the intervention, there was not any difference in the quality-of-life mean between groups (p<.05). After the intervention quality-of-life total (p:.000), mental (p:.030), and treatment (p:.009) subscale means were statistically significantly less at game group than booklet group. Both interventions were effective for symptom management, and they were not superior to each other, but the quality-of-life was higher in the game group.

Pengaruh Penyuluhan menggunakan Media Booklet dan Video Animasi tentang Sayur Buah terhadap Pengetahuan Remaja SMP IT Bina Insani

A balanced intake of nutrients is needed to meet the body's needs. Vegetables and fruits are foods that are rich in vitamins and minerals. The content of nutrients in vegetables and fruit benefits the health, development and growth of a person's body. The population in Karawang Regency is only about 0.96 who consume more than 5 vegetables and fruits per day a week. This is due to lack of knowledge about vegetables and fruits. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of nutrition counseling using booklets and animated videos on knowledge about vegetables and fruits in junior high school adolescents. This study uses a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test¬ and post-test group design. The subjects of the study were junior high school teenagers aged 12-15 years, totaling 40 people with 2 intervention groups who received education through booklets and animated videos. The results showed that the value of knowledge before and after the intervention with the booklet group before 78.00 increased to 108.50 and for the video animation group before 74.50 it increased to 98.00. The conclusion is that there is an effect of education using booklets and animated videos about vegetables and fruit on the knowledge of junior high school students.

Smartphone Color Vision Testing as an Alternative to the Conventional Ishihara Booklet.

Introduction Color vision testing was first seen as a parameter to be tested in the 1700s. Nowadays, it is a well-known phenomenon with significant quality-of-life implications. Structures involved in color vision include the lens, pupil, retinal cone photopigments, and several photoreceptor processes that translate the incoming spectrum of different light wavelengths into a processed colored image. An initial color vision assessment was made simply by comparing the color perception of the individual to that of the examiner. The most commonly used tools to screen for color vision defects today are color plates, such as the Ishihara color plates. In the modern age, smartphones have evolved to become an essential part of our everyday lives with applications such as Eye Handbook, which allow easier access to color vision testing using color plates displayed on smartphone screens. In this study, we compared color vision testing on Android and iOS devices to the standard Ishihara booklet. Materials and methods A cross-sectional validation study was performed on patients presenting to the Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan for six months. The sample size collected was 162 with a 95% confidence interval. The age range of the sample population was kept at 12-70 years. A patient was selected for participation in the study, and a color vision assessment was performed using the Ishihara color plates and Android and iOS smartphones. The collected data was then entered into IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) Statistics 25 for analysis, with the p-value being kept at 0.05. Results The sample size was 162, with the gender distribution being predominantly male (69.14%). The average age of the participants was 35.94 (SD = 12.04). The result of the two-tailed paired sample z-testwas not significant based on a p-value of 0.565, indicating the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. This finding suggests the difference between the mean of Ishihara and the mean of the iPhone was not significantly different from zero. Similar results were found for comparisons between Android smartphones and the Ishihara booklet. Conclusions Previous studies conducted showed nearly 60% of subjects with normal color vision correctly identified all colors on standard Ishihara color plates. The two-tailed paired sample t-test conducted in our study showed no significant difference between either of the smartphone groups (iPhone or Android) and the Ishihara booklet group, indicating that smartphones present a viable alternative to standard Ishihara booklet testing. However, there are certain limitations to our study. Different types of smartphone screens present a challenge in standardization while testing color vision, something that is not a problem when using the Ishihara booklet. However, smartphones are more widely available, more versatile, and present far greater ease of access. Both these factors should be considered when comparing the two in future studies.

Impacts of Educational Interventions with Support of Mobile App versus Booklet for Patients with Hypertension and Metabolic Syndrome: A Secondary Data Analysis.

Background: Hypertension comorbid with metabolic syndrome could increase the development of adverse cardiovascular events. Educational interventions were effective to improve outcomes in patients. Methods: This was a secondary data analysis of participants with hypertension. The original randomized controlled trial aimed to examine the effect of app and booklet versus control among individuals diagnosed with metabolic syndrome living in the community. A 30-min health education was provided to each participant. In addition to the education, the app group received a mobile app while the booklet group received a booklet. Data were collected at baseline, week 4, week 12, and week 24. Intention-to-treat principle was followed, and generalized estimating equations was employed for data analysis. Results: A total of 118 participants with hypertension and metabolic syndrome were extracted from the three-arm trial data. The sample size was 36, 42, and 40 in the app group, booklet group, and control group, respectively. Compared to the control group, the app group showed a significant reduction on body weight and waist circumference at week 24, while the total exercise and self-efficacy for exercise were increased at week 12 and week 24 but no significant findings were observed in the booklet group. Conclusions: The educational intervention supported with app was superior to the booklet support on the outcomes of body weight, waist circumference, total exercise, and self-efficacy for exercise among patients with hypertension and metabolic syndrome in the community.

Body Image Perception and the Effect of Different Educational Programs on Embarrassment in Patients Undergoing Colonoscopy

Colonoscopy is recognized as a safe and effective tool for detecting colorectal cancer. However, patients may experience discomfort and embarrassment arising from their body image, with the prejudice that health care professionals will have negative thoughts about their bodies. This study was carried out to determine the effect of the perception of body image and education given with different educational programs on the feeling of embarrassment in patients who were scheduled to undergo colonoscopy. Quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test. The population of this quasi -experimental study with pre-test, post-test, and experimental groups consisted of 184 patients who underwent colonoscopy for the first time at the endoscopy department of a university hospital. No statistically significant difference in the mean Colonoscopy Embarrassment Scale (CES) pre-test scores was found between the groups (P > .05). The mean CES post-test scores of the video group were lower than those of the other groups, with a statistically significant difference (P < .05). Comparing the intragroup CES pre-test and post-test mean scores, the mean CES post-test scores were found to be lower in all three groups, with a statistically significant difference between the groups (P < .05). Although a statistically weak negative correlation was found between the body image mean scores and the pre-test CES mean scores of the booklet and video groups, no correlation was observed in the control group. The body image perception was found to affect the sense of embarrassment in patients undergoing colonoscopy, and the mean embarrassment scores decreased with planned training programs.