Book Mark Research Articles

Peculiarities of Dissemination and Functioning of Incunabula: Cases of Collections of Lithuanian Memory Institutions

Incunabula are considered a particularly important part of the documentary heritage. 520 incunabula are preserved in eight different Lithuanian memory institutions. The engagement of Lithuanian libraries in the development of the international database of incunabula provenances, Material Evidence in Incunabula (MEI: https://data.cerl.org/mei/_search), intensified research on incunabulistics, as it led to a closer examination of the marks of the former owners. The article presents the latest data on the distribution of incunabula in different Lithuanian memory institutions, as well as analyzes various book marks that were not recorded in Nojus Feigelmanas’ catalog of Lithuanian incunabula or was revised and supplemented, and evaluates their significance in the printed book culture of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The analysis is performed using the provenance method, however is not limited to property marks, but also includes margins – marks left by a reader on the pages of books, and other marks not related to property or reading, providing significant information on book history, culture and peculiarities of reading at that time.
 In the 15th century, there were no printing houses in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, so the main spread of books was by trade. The entries with prices identified in the incunabula reveal a relatively early time of purchase of the incunabula and testify that the books in the 16th-17th centuries were an expensive commodity. They usually mention groschen, the common currency in the territory of Lithuania-Poland, less often – florins or ducats. In this case, the large variety of prices does not allow to draw more specific conclusions on the prices of incunabula in the relevant period, but these data as a source of book history will serve in general when studying the value of the old books and the circumstances of their acquisition. Purchase records usually also provide information about a former owner of a book. The article focuses more on lesser-known owners on whom new information has been found or existing data have been updated, attention is also paid to female donators. The article also discusses the records left by the incunabula rubricators, which allows to determine the period of the book entry into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as well as to look at them as one of the first readers.
 Various inscriptions left by anonymous owners require the most effort. Entries of the 15th-16th centuries, mostly in Latin, many of which are abstracts of an existing book or notes on it, additions to the text, are still awaiting detailed reading and research. Identified Lithuanian words will be a valuable source of the language history for researchers of the old Lithuanian language. Various marginalia – reviews on a book, notes from everyday life, counting the year of the book, as well as graffiti, different drawings that can be seen as feather attempts, amateur illustrations, caricatures or even as an expression of reading boredom, will be an important material to describe a reader’s relationship to the book at the time, for which the incunabula, like books of other ages, were not only the object of study or research, but also a kind of notebook for important thoughts, synopses, everyday details.

РОДИННА БІБЛІОТЕКА ШЕПТИЦЬКИХ У ПРИЛБИЧАХ

The article discusses the history of the Prylbychi library in the context of the collecting activities of Counts Sheptytskyi — the parents of Metropolitan Andrey and the Blessed Hieromartyr Klymentii. The valuable book collection, founded by Count Ivan Sheptytskyi, numbered approximately 6,000 volumes, was destroyed along with almost all other art collections during the First 158 World War. The history of the collection is still largely unknown and it calls for further reserch. Found in Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine in Lviv surviving copies give an idea of the bibliophilic preferences of the owners, the manifestation of which is a gold-plated heraldic superexlibris with the name of the Sheptytskyi family estate «Przyłbice». Unfortunately, the question of how to get them to the Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine in Lviv, because they are devoid of any later provenance signs. It is also questionable that they continued to be part of Metropolitan Andrey’s personal library, as none of them has his own insignia or the book collections he founded, which included most of his private books — the Church Museum, the Metropolitan Library, the National Museum or the «Studion». Of particular value is the lifetime edition of the works of the theologian and theorist of oratory S. Sokolowski Concionatoris Opera (Krakow, 1591–1598) with a handwritten gift inscription by Ivan Sheptytskyi from the Prylbychi library to his son, Metropolitan of Halychyna and Archbishop of Lviv Andrey. Another old print with the heraldic superexlibris «Przyłbice» was found in the department of old prints and rare editions of the V. I. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine. This is a eulogy by J. Narolsky to the Bishop of Lviv, Galicia and Kamyanets-Podilsky Atanasy Sheptytskyi published in Lviv in 1721, framed in white suede and decorated with the coat of arms of the Sheptytskyi. Having received this edition from his parents’ book collection, Andrey Sheptytskyi handed it over as part of a personal collection of several thousand for the needs of the Stanyslaviv Chapter in 1901. The copy is marked with the first proprietary book mark of the Bishop, the coat of arms ex-libris «Library of Bishop Sheptytskyi». Keywords: book collection, Sheptytskyi, Prylbychi, old edition, heraldic superexlibris, gift inscription.

A First Second Thought: Bring on the Irony

Editors:A reporter once asked Bob Dylan what his songs meant. His response: “I'm the first to put it to you and the last to explain it to you.” Humor works kind of like that; you either get the punch line to “Where was Moses when the candle went out?” or you don't. You are in the dark if laughter doesn't emerge—unless, of course, you've been trained like the Navajo children that Jennifer Hughes mentions. Like Dylan (pretty funny fellow himself), writers of humor (or if you prefer “humorists,” Mr. Wuster, or “satirists,” Mr. Caron) often fail to supply a satisfactory explanation either. Still, it never stops us scholars from trying to shed light on what these writers of humor produce—that inexplicable thing called humor, all in the hopes of not producing the inevitable “dead frog” that E. B. White warned us of. (Note: to my mind, no one produced a lifeless amphibian in this issue.) Yet, as long as we have literature that produces laughter, we'll have those who want to explain how it works or what it does. And that's OK. The folks writing in the issue of StAH 4.2 titled “The Assault of Laughter” (all of whom I know and admire—well, maybe not Wuster and Caron) know their stuff. But their arguments hinge on terminology, free-floating signifiers, (a deconstructionist's dream), so I offer a “second thought” about the “terminological chaos” to which Judith Yaross Lee refers.Just as Bruce Michelson makes a bid to recover and reconsider “wit” as a neglected, and possibly stable, term, I'd like to get in a word for irony as more than a rhetorical trope or a technical device such as parody, travesty, burlesque, lampoon, caricature, epigram, fable, and mock-epic used only in service to satire. If Caron can supplement Wuster's valorizing of Twain as “mere humorist” by elevating Twain as satirist, I'd like to invoke Twain as ironist. In his book Mark Twain: The Gift of Humor (2015), Harold H. Kolb Jr. divides Twain's humor into three periods: the comic (early career), the satiric (middle), and the ironic (late), with much bleeding over from one period to another.These phases of humor (comic, satiric, and ironic) have clear corollaries with Aristotle's types of humans as they relate to the emotions and moral qualities that correspond to our various ages. The young have strong passions and gratify themselves indiscriminately, with hot tempers and hopeful dispositions. Fond of fun, they are therefore witty.So what do we do with that laughter that comes from places of discomfort and agitation, yet has no clear satiric end in sight, no ridicule to reform? First, we assent to Holger Kersten's claim that humor isn't the social corrective that we'd like to think it is. The assault of laughter doesn't change political views, religious beliefs, or social injustices. Second, once we realize that it can't make change, we recognize the irony that we thought it could. Now that's something the “mere humorist” Twain understood. Twain as satirist doesn't help us as much as Twain as ironist does in works such as “Extracts from Adam's Diary,” “Eve's Diary,” “Little Bessie,” or The Mysterious Stranger manuscripts. And please tell me I'm not the only one who finds humor (and laughter) in these pieces.As the late, great David Rakoff wrote, “Not being funny doesn't make you a bad person. Not having a sense of humor does.”3 And you don't need to know all the shades of terminology to not be a bad person. So for humor's sake, let's stick with humor as our umbrella term and keep finding all the ways that Twain is a “mere humorist.” We scholars of humor get the irony of that term and will keep writing until everyone else catches up. For it is, as Jeffery Melton argues, channeling his inner Dylan, all in the audience. Humorists are the first to put it to us but the last to explain it to us. Thus, we scholars beat on, hi-ho. To close this second thought: thank you to this group of smart folks for producing in this Mark Twain special issue if not a celebrated jumping frog of humor scholarship at least a limping and alive one.Sincerely (but also ironically),Ben ClickProfessor of English, St. Mary's College of MarylandEditor, Mark Twain Annual

Reflection of the author's style in the exlibrises of ukrainian artists at the international exhibitions- contests in Brest

Purpose of the article. The main purpose of the study of the results of three international exhibitions- competitions of bookplates and small-scale graphics in Brest (Belarus) is the phenomenon of originality of book marks by Ukrainian artists. The methodology. The research methodology consists of applying analytical and comparative methods, as well as using a systematic approach in studying the functioning of cultural values. Due to the analytical method in the study of materials printed in the catalogs for 2009, 2013 and 2015 in Brest, it was found that the Ukrainian graphics won three prizes in a row. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the works of Ukrainian authors, which were presented at competitions in Belarus, were investigated. The methods of work in graphic techniques are described, and vivid representatives of the art of the Ukrainian exlibris are highlighted. Conclusions. High workmanship in traditional graphic techniques, such as etching, linocut and woodcut is not inferior to the work of artists from many other countries of the world. Each of the masters of the Ukrainian exlibris, over the years of creative activity, has developed its own unique author's style, by which it is possible not only to distinguish the author, but also his national identity. Thanks to the organizers of the Brest exhibition-contests, nearly 300 artists from 46 countries of the world were able to present modern achievements in the ex-libris, share many years of experience and compete for prizes in various nominations.

A Bookman Remembers Charles Bowden

A Bookman Remembers Charles Bowden Walt Bartholomew* (bio) I moved to Tucson in August 1994 and the first week I got here, or maybe the first day, I started looking for bookstores. First one I found was a place called the Book Mark on Speedway. It screwed up my life. I walked in and saw a display of local authors, new releases, this sort of thing, and then the clerk, Gloria Chivers, came over and said, "Have you ever heard of Chuck Bowden?" I had heard his name before, in conjunction with Edward Abbey, when I was living in Seattle. I had read everything by Edward Abbey, but never anything by Bowden. I'd never even seen any of his books in the Seattle area, where there are lots of bookstores. Gloria said, "Here. Try this." So the first book I read was Blue Desert, and then it was Mezcal. She had copies of Red Line and Desierto, but Blood Orchid wasn't out yet. So, that was my introduction to Chuck. I read Blue Desert and I liked it. Blue Desert was pretty mild. This was before the Blood Orchid thing. That was something a little different. Then Chuck had a book signing at the Book Mark for Blood Orchid. I brought him a bottle of wine, which is hilarious, because we set the bottle of wine down and it got tipped over and soaked the whole stack of books. The bookstore lost, because they threw these drenched burgundy-colored books away. He got a little tipsy. I read it the day it came out. I went and Gloria was opening the boxes. She was slicing one open and I said, "Here, give me that." And I went over on my patio in midtown, got a beer, and sat there and read the whole book. I said, "I don't know if I like this. I don't know." I had to read it, but there was something disturbing. At the signing, I told Chuck, "Something disturbs me about this book." His line was, "There's no big words in there." That was his joke. [End Page 149] No, there are no big words in there, but there's something in there that bothers me. And so I read every book that came out, and every magazine article—we're talking about things coming out in Mother Jones and the Atlantic. This is when he started doing the drug writer for Blood Orchid. I just started reading everything. I just couldn't stop. I thought, "Maybe this is weird," but I couldn't stop. I just get addicted to things. So that was '94, '95, '96, and somewhere around '97 I found out that Chuck lived about a mile away from me. So I asked Gloria, "What if I write him a letter. Will he tell me to drop dead?" That is what I would expect. So I wrote him a letter and said, "I live nearby and maybe I'll drop by some time." And he said, "Sure. Come over at 2." That started a twelve-year run. About every three months I went over to his place and it was never less than four hours. I would get there and he was always back in the purple writing shack. Mary Martha Miles, Chuck's partner at the time, would just point back there. The place should be a historic landmark. I'll pitch in for the brass plaque. It had been a garage, converted, and he had the floor tiled and an air conditioner put in. He had a little refrigerator there with the beverages. It was to give them space, I'm sure. She could stay in the house and say, "Chuck, go to your shack and don't return until it's dark." That works. Chuck, I don't know what he's doing. I think he writes in the morning, and this was after lunch, so he's back there in his shack and he's mellowing out. Sometimes there was someone else there, or not, and I'd be given an espresso and some wine, another espresso, another wine, and he'd just...

Chamberpot & Motherfuck: The Price-Codes of the Book Trade. By Exhumation [i.e. Ian Jackson

Every trade is also a tribe, booksellers no exception, and one way that a mercantile tribe signals membership is by language and price symbols, that is to say the cost or price code. Here are codes aplenty, 226 plus another eighteen in a sheet of Addenda, the total twice as many as the number in Ian Jackson's earlier edition of 2010. The codes, ancient and modern, are presented with accompanying commentary in an attempt to combat the bibliographical neglect of their study. Roger Stoddard in his Marks in Books (Cambridge, Mass., 1985) ignores them; David Pearson's Provenance Research in Book History (London, 1994) does not venture beyond the seventeenth century. The orthodox cost code, scribbled on an endpaper, is a substitution code consisting of a series of non-repeating letters corresponding to certain numbers, usually either 1–9, or 1–10 if incorporating a zero. The bookseller will choose or coin an accommodating word or phrase according to taste (or lack of); sometimes the name of the bookseller in question, say ROSENTHAL; maybe a place, TUXEDO PARK; or the impossible dream, INTROUVABLE. Others may reflect a business attitude, from MY GOD HELPS to MONEY TALKS, even BANKRUPTCY.

Дениско Л. М., Рудакова Ю. К. Книжкові знаки на книгах із колекції рідкісних видань Національної бібліотеки України імені В. І. Вернадського: каталог. Покажчик змісту

The publication is the result of a study of books from the rare books collection of the Department of Early and Rare Books of V. I. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine. The catalogue represents for the first time the images and descriptions of book-plates of various types that indicate the ownership of private persons or different state and privat institutions for books that are now a part of the named collection. For the first time it is represented descriptions of book marks of bookshops, bookstores, bookbinding workshops and other similar institutions, whose owners dealt with the copies of the collection at different times. Chronologically the catalogue covers the book marks of the XVII–XX, mainly XIX – early XX centuries. These book marks are divided into six sections and are given in accordance with the names of private owners or institutions in alphabetical order. The description of a bookmark is provided with information about its owners and libraries, as well as information about the books on which it is marked. The catalogue is targeted at bibliographers, librarians, library scientists, bibliographers, art critics, booklovers, rare book collectors, book marks collectors.

BOOKS OF EUROPEAN BIBLIOPHILES: FROM THE EXPERIENCE OF ALBUM-CATALOG PREPARATION

In the article is discribed the first experience of preparing the album directory signs European bibliophiles books kept in the fund Scientific Library of Odessa National University named after I. I. Mechnikov. The scheme of description of bookmarks, developed according to the experience of predecessors, is outlined. The data on bibliophiles and the quantitative composition (statistics) of their bookmarks are given. The main problems with which the researcher of book marks encounters is considered. The album-catalog «Book Marks European bibliophiles collections in the University Library» was published to the 200th anniversary of the Scientific Library of Odessa National University named after I. I. Mechnikov. The book contains information about several dozen well-known and little-known bibliophiles and their book marks. First introduced images and descriptions 137 book marks 77 bibliophiles, books are available in the collections of the University Library. Among them, book marks crowned persons, public figures and politicians, representatives of the scientific elite (mathematicians, astronomers and physicists, slavist, historians and lawyers) and others. The main problem encountered by a book mark researcher is the limited access to many electronic databases that facilitate the identification and study of bookmarks.Studying copies of a university library with proprietary features remains relevant in the future. Research Book Marks involves identifying housing proveniyentsiy, careful reading marґinaliy and their attribution, introducing scientific use sources that reveal the history of the formation and movement of parts bibliophilic collection, systematization of data and in the future – the creation and constant updating electronic database of book collections, dispersed in funds.

Development of an efficient approach for MMW imaging system to identify concealed targets inside the book

AbstractThe most puzzling task faces by security agency is detection and identification of the targets like, blade, and knife inside the book and capability to differentiate with book mark. Millimeter wave (MMW) imaging system may have good potential for this because of its resolution and penetration capability. Therefore, in this paper a statistics based adaptive algorithm is proposed for detection and identification of targets like blade, knife and book mark inside the book for MMW imaging system.

Skills of New Genre Librarians: An Exploratory Survey of WEB 2.0 Skills of Library and Information Science Professionals in Trichy

The profession of librarianship and the field of LIS have been in perpetual state of flux. Today the buzz word in the technology is 'WEB 2.0' which facilitated today's libraries to be more dynamic institutions. WEB 2.0 is the prevalent term for advanced Internet tools and tenders including blogs, Wikis, RSS and Social book marking. The population comprised librarians from Arts and Science colleges in Trichy district Affiliated to Bharathidasan University. A structured questionnaire was adapted as device for data collection. Most of the professionals expressed a positive attitude towards the application of WEB 2.0 in academic libraries.

(a,d)-Continuous monotonic subgraph decomposition of K_n+1 and integral sum graphs G_(0,n)

For $a,d,n \in \mathbb{N}$, we define$(a, d)-Continuous$ Monotonic Subgraph Decomposition or $(a,d)-CMSD$ of a graph $G$ of size $\frac{(2a+(n-1)d)n}{2}$ as the decomposition of $G$ into $n$ subgraphs $G_1,G_2,\ldots,G_n$ without isolated vertices such that each $G_i$ is connected and isomorphic to a proper subgraph of $G_{i+1}$ and $|E(G_i)| = a+(i-1)d$ for $i = 1,2,\ldots,n.$ $(1, 1)-CMSD$ of a graph $G$ is called a Continuous Monotonic Subgraph Decomposition or CMSD of $G$. Harary introduced the concepts of sum and integral sum graphs and a family of integral sum graphs $G_{-n,n}$ over $[-n, n]$ and it was generalized to $G_{-m,n}$ where $[r, s] = \{r,r+1,\ldots,s\}$, $r,s \in \mathbb{Z}$ and $m,n \in \mathbb{N}_0$. In this paper, we study $(a, d)-CMSD$ of $K_{n+1}$ and $G_{0,n}$ into families of triangular books, triangular books with book mark and Fans with handle.

Efficiency Calculation of Mined Web Navigational Patterns

The proposed work does a web utility mining process for identifying the useful web navigation patterns. An optimal prefix tree is generated from the log file details and the mining is performed. From the set of mined web navigational patterns the efficiency is found by considering certain parameters. The parameters like frequency, utility, downloads, book mark, selection are considered for each web page and efficiency for the web navigation pattern is found. The work is done by using real data set extracted from an e-commerce web site and with synthetic data set. This provides a better analysis of the web site. The result provided by this proposed work can be used or various application in developing the web site contents.

English

The objective of this paper is to provide information of web 2.0 technology in context of academic libraries. Web 2.0 technologies have seen the sudden increase of social networking sites or tools, which provide a medium to connect with commonplace people. There are some social software applications are recent time are the most up-to-date properties of the internet users. In libraries the key ones include Social networking sites, wikis, IM, RSS, Blogs, Book marking etc. web 2.0 or Library 2.0 has changed the usual way of thinking regarding the occupation wherever academic library merely fit into place in creating the content as well as services in favor of user shifted to the area of user where librarian determination facilitate user to create them on behalf of themselves. The changes in web technologies have enabled libraries to produce novel interactive services such as virtual reference services, personalized interfaces and audio-visual media with the intention of be able to be downloaded by the user (group of people) irrespective of their substantial locations. In consequence these up-and-coming web based i.e. web 2.0 features are opportunity innovative avenues and giving libraries the facility to propose the enhanced customer services to the user communities.

Health care social media: expectations of users in a developing country.

BackgroundAffordability, acceptability, accommodation, availability, and accessibility are the five most important dimensions of access to health services. Seventy two percent of the Indian population lives in semi-urban and rural areas. The strong mismatched ratio of hospitals to patients, rising costs of health care, rapidly changing demographics, increasing population, and heightened demands in pricing for technological health care usage in emerging economies necessitate a unique health delivery solution model using social media. A greater disease burden lies in the health care delivery in developing country like India. This is due to the lack of health care infrastructure in the majority of semi-urban and rural regions. New techniques need to be introduced in these regions to overcome these issues. In the present scenario, people use social media from business, automobiles, arts, book marking, cooking, entertainment, and general networking. Developed and advanced countries like the United States have developed their communication system for many years now. They have already established social media in a number of domains including health care. Similar practice incidences can be used to provide a new dimension to health care in the semi-urban regions of India.ObjectiveThis paper describes an extended study of a previous empirical study on the expectations of social media users for health care. The paper discusses what the users of social media expect from a health care social media site.MethodsMultiple regression analysis was used to determine the significance of the affect of four factors (privacy, immediacy, usability, and communication) on the usage of health care social media. Privacy, immediacy, usability, and communication were the independent variables and health care social media was the dependant variable.ResultsThere were 103 respondents who used the online questionnaire tool to generate their responses. The results from the multiple regression analysis using SPSS 20 showed that the model is acceptable, with P=.011, which is statistically significant on a P<.05 level. The observed F value (2.082) in ANOVA was less than the given value in the F table (2.61), which allowed us to accept the hypothesis that the independent variables influence the dependant variable. The users of social media in India expect that they can best utilize social media through emergency service information. They want to be able to learn the operations of the social media site quickly and expect to know about health camps and insurance collaborations. However, people like to become friends with people with similar interests based on their interests identified.ConclusionsHealth care social media requires intelligent implementation in developing economies. It needs to cater to the expectations of the users. The people in India, especially those in urban and semi-urban regions, are very interested in accepting the system.

Librarians’ Use of Social Media for Professional Development in Nigeria

This paper examined the use of social media for professional development by librarians in Nigeria. The study was carried out using the survey research method. The study population was made up of 1294 registered members of Nigerian Library Association Online Forum. Random sampling technique was used in selecting 297 respondents for the study. Data was collected by means of questionnaire. Findings from the study revealed that online discussion forums such as NLA online forum, online social networks such as Facebook and Wikis were mostly used for professional development, while others such as podcast and book marking tools were used minimally. Librarians were also found to learn mostly by reading through the conversations of others and joining discussion groups. Based on the findings, the study concluded that librarians in Nigeria actively seek means of professional development using social media and recommends among others, that the use of social media applications such as podcast and bookmarking tools be explored as they could also contribute to professional learning/development.

Thanks for Your Book

Thanks for Your Book Mark Halliday (bio) Thanks for your new book, the cover is nice,quite striking really, and the title is kind of catchyand I will read it when I get a chance—well, I mean I'll read in it—the days of "reading every page" seem so ancient now but anyway yeah thanks for the book, and congratulationsof course, but I assume you have some perspectiveon what isn't happening? I mean you do realizehow the world changed around 1989, right?Up until 1989 there was still at least the dreamof "contribution to the great discussion"and the Individual Talent revising the entire Traditionand all that sweet marshmallow belief but then in 1989 approximately that whole dream fracturedin a thousand directions like an Empire State Building(oh funny quaint name) made of icebeing whacked on a hot city day whacked over and overby the innumerable sledgehammers of LICSE(Late Imperial-Capitalist Self-Expression) each sledge wieldedby a bright-eyed enfranchised citizen-dreamer hallucinatingthat he or she was bolting a new steel block into the soaring edificewhich instead was getting riddled with innumerable busy cracks WHACK WHACK every day since 1989 the shards of melting icecascade across the avenues glittery and shrinkingin the blaze of cacophonous plurality WHACKand the sledging dreamers stagger puzzled and quiveryamid the deepening slushgushing unreadable rivulets that find a thousand paths to the great sewer called How We Felt which I mention just to make sure you have a clear perspectiveand in that context, hey, thanks so much for your book. [End Page 573] Mark Halliday Mark Halliday teaches at Ohio University. His fifth book of poems, Keep This Forever, was published in 2008 by Tupelo Press. Copyright © 2011 Mark Halliday

Behavior Analysis in a learning Environment to Identify the Suitable Learning Style

Personalized adaptive systems rely heavily on the learning style and the learner's behavior. Due to traditional teaching methods and high learner/teacher ratios, a teacher faces great obstacles in the classroom. In these methods, teachers deliver the content and learners just receive it. Moreover, teachers can’t cope with the individual differences among learners. This weakness may be attributed to various reasons such as the high number of learners accommodated in each classroom and the low teaching skills of the teacher himself/herself, Therefore, identifying learning styles is a critical step in understanding how to improve the learning process. This paper presented an automatic tool for identifying learning styles based on the Felder-Silverman learning style model in a learning environment using a social book marking website such as www.tagme1.com . The proposed tool used the learners’ behaviour while they are browsing / exploring their favorite web pages in order to gather hints about their learning styles. Then the learning styles were calculated based on the gathered indications from the learners' database. The results showed that the proposed tool recognition accuracy was 72% when we applied it on 25 learners with low number of links per learner. Recognition accuracy increased to 86.66% when we applied it on 15 learners with high number of links per learner.

Bridging the Gap from Wikipedia to Scholarly Sources: A Simple Discovery Tool

This article discusses the creation and unique implementation of a browser-based search tool at Stevens Institute of Technology. A oneSearch bookmarklet was created to allow users to execute a search of library resources directly from their Internet browser via a JavaScript book mark applet. The article also provides a brief history of similar discovery tools, as well as a look at recent literature highlighting the importance of convenience and innovation for academic researchers.

Catholicity and Heresy in the Early Church (review)

Reviewed by: Catholicity and Heresy in the Early Church Alastair H. B. Logan Catholicity and Heresy in the Early Church. By Mark Edwards. (Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing. 2009. Pp. vi, 201. $114.95 cloth, ISBN 978-0-754- 66291-4; $29.95 paperback, ISBN 978-0-754-66297-6.) In this typically combative and stimulating book Mark Edwards argues for the constructive and not merely catalytic role of so-called heresy in the formation of early Christian orthodoxy. Taking issue with the contemporary consensus that would speak of various competing Christianities, Edwards in [End Page 340] his introduction argues for the existence of a right-versus-wrong interpretation from the beginning, defining orthodoxy in terms of what in any epoch was taught by the majority of bishops, and Catholic not simply as worldwide, representative, and tolerant but as willing to incorporate ideas once deemed heretical. Thus in chapter 1, “The Gnostic Beginnings of Orthodoxy,” he notes the pioneering views of Gnostics (always self-designated in the evidence, he insists) on the image of God; Basilides on sonship, divine and human; Valentinus on the mythical fall and redemption of wisdom; and Marcion on the end of the law. In chapter 2,“The Catholicity of Irenaeus,” he argues that the system of the Gnostics’ principal critic not only derives its shape but also some of its ideas from their views, such as his understanding of the Trinity and man in the image of God, while some of their views that he rejected became orthodox later. In chapter 3, “The Foundation of Catholic Teaching in the Third Century,” he argues both that the great Alexandrians, Clement and Origen, derived a good deal from their Valentinian opponents and that the trinitarian assault on the Monarchian heresy led by their Western counterparts, Hippolytus and Tertullian, may have been occasioned by a terminological misunderstanding. In chapter 4, “Origen and Orthodoxy,” Edwards seeks to defend Origen against later charges of heresy and show how his views on God, Christ, and the Resurrection, once condemned, became the basis of later orthodoxy. In chapter 5,“The Nicene Council and Its Aftermath,” he argues for Eusebius as one of the architects of the homoousian victory, suggests the contributions of Origen to the ultimate definition, and represents the key role of the homoiousians as an augmentation of the Nicene teaching on the divinity of Jesus rather than a compromise. In the final chapter, “Apollinarius and the Chalcedonian Definition,” Edwards argues that the definition was not, as usually presented, a compromise between the so-called Alexandrian and Antiochene schools of Christology, but rather was a vindication of Cyril’s position, utilizing terms and ideas supposedly Antiochene but actually pioneered by Apollinarius of Laodicea. In the epilogue Edwards argues for the early Church as a single phenomenon in which disputes occurred more often between individuals than between the movements largely invented by modern scholarship (Origenists, and so forth), and which developed its doctrines by the absorption of ideas it had once found indigestible. Edwards’s argument is dense, allusive, and sometimes rendered incomprehensible by uncorrected errors, but often makes a plausible and illuminating case, as, for example, in discussing the contributions of Gnostics and Valentinians of Origen, Eusebius, and Apollinarius. Indeed, his overall thesis about the creative role of heresy and of how what once seemed heretical later became orthodox through assimilation by Catholic bishops is generally convincing and convincingly demonstrated. But at times, his argument is less clear and persuasive, as in chapter 3’s discussion of Hippolytus, Tertullian, and the Monarchians. However, the main problem with the book is the very poor standard of editing. The text is riddled with misprints (for example, “there” [End Page 341] instead of “three” in trinitarian discussions), misspellings, and omissions; several works are cited that are missing from the bibliography. Overall, the author has been very poorly served by his publisher. Alastair H. B. Logan University of Exeter Copyright © 2011 The Catholic University of America Press

Reading Graffiti in the Early Modern Book

In the early modern period, writing on walls and writing in books had yet to become proscribed practices. In this article Jason Scott-Warren explores what might be gained by thinking about a variety of marks in books as forms of graffiti. His examples range from signatures and other marks of ownership to substantial annotations of many kinds; several of the phenomena that he identifies have hitherto been overlooked by historians of reading.