A self-consistent calculation of nuclear matrix elements of the neutrinoless double-beta decays ($0\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}$) of $^{76}\mathrm{Ge}$, $^{82}\mathrm{Se}$, $^{96}\mathrm{Zr}$, $^{100}\mathrm{Mo}$, $^{116}\mathrm{Cd}$, $^{128}\mathrm{Te}$, $^{130}\mathrm{Te}$, and $^{136}\mathrm{Xe}$ is presented in the framework of the renormalized quasiparticle random phase approximation (RQRPA) and the standard QRPA. The pairing and residual interactions as well as the two-nucleon short-range correlations are for the first time derived from the same modern realistic nucleon-nucleon potentials, namely, from the charge-dependent Bonn potential (CD-Bonn) and the Argonne V18 potential. In a comparison with the traditional approach of using the Miller-Spencer Jastrow correlations, matrix elements for the $0\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay are obtained that are larger in magnitude. We analyze the differences among various two-nucleon correlations including those of the unitary correlation operator method (UCOM) and quantify the uncertainties in the calculated $0\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay matrix elements.