Tibia Research Articles

The Effect of Local Melatonin Application on Bone Fracture Healing in Rat Tibias

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to histologically evaluate the effects of local melatonin application at different doses on bone fracture healing. Materials and Methods: Thirty rats were divided into three groups, with ten rats in each group. In the control group (n = 10), a fracture line was created in the tibial bones, and fracture osteosynthesis was performed without any additional procedure. In the local melatonin dose 1 (MLT D-1) group (n = 10), a fracture line was created in the tibial bones, and 1.2 mg of lyophilized powder melatonin was applied locally before fracture osteosynthesis. In the local melatonin dose 2 (MLT D-2) group (n = 10), a fracture line was created in the tibial bones, and 3 mg of lyophilized powder melatonin was applied locally before fracture osteosynthesis. After a 12-week healing period, all subjects were sacrificed, and tibial bones were collected for histomorphometric analysis. Results: The percentage of bone formation was significantly higher in the MLT D-1 and MLT D-2 groups than in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between the MLT D-1 and MLT D-2 groups. Conclusions: In conclusion, the study demonstrated that local melatonin application supports bone fracture by increasing bone formation, although different doses of melatonin did not lead to significant variations in fracture healing.

Floating-embedded stems reduce tibial stress shielding in total knee revision arthroplasty

BackgroundTotal knee arthroplasty (TKA) is one of the most common orthopaedic procedures and the number of patients which undergo TKA will continue to rise in the coming years. Consecutively, the number of necessary revision surgeries will increase. One of the main reasons for revision surgery is aseptic loosening because of a so-called stress-shielding effect. Typically, revision of a primary TKA is done from a bicondylar surface replacement to a stem-anchored prosthesis, which, due to higher stress-shielding, have a shorter survival time than non-stem-anchored systems. Similar to endoprosthetic treatment in pediatric tumor orthopedics, non-ingrown cementless stems can be used. The study aim was to investigate whether this concept can also be applied to reduce stress-shielding in the tibial metaphysis after revision TKA in adults.MethodsSix tibial biomechanical bone with stemmed tibial TKA components were implanted using surface cementing and a floating-embedded stem or classic full cementing. After implantation, axial force was applied in such a way that the same load was generated as during walking. Two high-resolution cameras and illumination spots were used to record changes on the bone surface circumferentially in three regions of interest and from three different views.ResultsWith regard to the fixation method, a significant difference could be demonstrated in the metaphyseal and in the middle region around the stem (p < 0.001). At the tip of the stems, the reduction of strain energy density showed a stress shielding reduction for the floating-stemmed models in two of three views (ventromedial p = 0.002, lateral p = 0.398, and dorsal: p = 0.027).ConclusionsIn revision surgery after TKA, the use of floating-embedded, uncemented stems without bony ingrowth shows significant reduction of metaphyseal stress-shielding within the proximal tibia. This technique could be a viable alternative to prevent early aseptic loosening and should be examined in future in-vivo studies.

Tibial Skeletal Adaptations in Male and Female Marine Corps Officer Candidates Undergoing 10 Weeks of Military Training.

Military training improves tibial density, structure, and estimated strength; however, men and women may adapt differently. Most work performed in military populations has assessed changes in bone health during initial entry programs, a timeframe at the beginning of a service member's career when bones may be more adaptable to a novel mechanical stimulus. The purpose of this investigation was to examine changes in tibial volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), structure, and estimated strength, and biomarkers of bone metabolism (P1NP, osteocalcin, TRAP5b, sclerostin) between male and female candidates measured at the start and end of United States Marine Corps Officer Candidates School (OCS), a 10-week military training program attended by older service members (~ 25 y/o) who may have previous military experience. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) of the tibia (n = 375) and blood draws (n = 385) were performed. Generalized linear mixed effects modeling compared changes between sexes over time. Increases in total and trabecular vBMD were observed at the 4% site in the total sample, but total and cortical vBMD decreased in female candidates at the 66% site. Periosteal circumference at the 38% and 66% sites increased in the total sample. Estimated strength increased similarly in male and female candidates at the 4% and 38% sites but only increased in male candidates at the 66% site. Concentrations of P1NP and osteocalcin increased similarly in both sexes, although sclerostin and TRAP5b decreased only in male candidates. Measures of tibial vBMD, width, and estimated strength increased following OCS consistent with adaptive bone formation.

A finite element analysis to assess tibial bone fracture in malleolar regions following total ankle replacement: Influences of implant designs and implant-bone interfacial conditions.

Tibial bone fractures in the malleolar regions are a major concern during the early postoperative period of total ankle replacement (TAR), affecting patient outcomes such as stability and recovery. Design, placement, and anatomic misalignment of implant components can contribute to malleolar fractures. The aim of this study is to understand the influence of implant design features, including keel, peg, stem, and bar type design, and bone-implant interfacial conditions on malleolar fracture following TAR. Three-dimensional finite element (FE) models were generated for the intact and implanted tibia bone using computer tomography (CT) scan data. In the present study, both bonded (fully osseointegration) and debonded (non-osseointegration) implant-bone interface conditions were considered. The proximal part of the tibia was fixed. Finite element models of the intact and implanted tibia were solved for three distinct loading situations that correspond to three ankle positions throughout the gait cycle (GC). The influences of implant design and implant-bone interface conditions on malleolar fracture were examined by evaluating stress distribution in tibia bone post-implantation. Finite element (FE) analysis revealed that for the medial region, the tibia bone stress elevated to 10 MPa for the medial keel type design, indicating a possible fracture along the medial region. The risk of a medial malleolar fracture is highest for the medial keel type implant design compared to other designs. The bars, central keel, and stem type TAR implant designs also elevate stress on both the medial and lateral regions of the tibia bone. In the case of fully osseointegrated implant-bone interface conditions, the stress is slightly higher than in the case of non-osseointegrated implant-bone interfacial conditions. The study highlights the potential influence of specific implant designs on malleolar fracture. The current findings are crucial for designing new implants to mitigate tibial bone fracture risks and improve TAR outcomes.

Clinical experience in a 28-year-old male patient with mandibular osteosarcoma. Case Report

Introduction: osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor in adolescents and young adults. Osteosarcoma is a malignant tumor in which cancer cells produce osteoid matrix or mineralized bone. Six percent of osteosarcomas involve the mandible, making it the fourth most common site after the femur, tibia and thigh bone. Overall, mandibular OS is a high-grade and relatively rare lesion. This suggests that osteosarcoma of the mandible behaves differently than osteosarcoma of the long bones. The location of the tumor also presents a different set of resection and reconstruction difficulties than long bone tumors. The aim of the present study is to learn about the clinical and diagnostic presentation of this pathology. Clinical Case: We present a 28-year-old male patient who reports a painful tumor in the left mandibular region, which has evolved over the last 1 year. The patient refers pain on mobilization and makes it difficult to consume food, which is the reason for his visit. Patient with a reserved prognosis, complementary examinations were performed and tumor recension of the same with a diagnosis of malignant osteosarcoma. Conclusion: osteosarcoma is a very rare malignant tumor of the oral cavity. The best prognostic results are obtained with technically feasible radical tumor resection. To achieve this, diagnosis or at least suspicion should be established as early as possible.

Radiographic Assessment of the Hind Limb Bone Development in Maned Wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus).

This study aimed to analyse the growth plate fusion and secondary ossification centres of the hind limbs in maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) using radiographs. Data from three maned wolves estimated to be 3-4 months old were utilised. The right and left hind limbs were radiographed in the mediolateral and craniocaudal views once a month until 11-12 months of age and then every 2-3 months until 18-19 months of age. The growth plates identified in the hind limbs and their closure times were as follows: proximal femur (13-15 months), distal femur (13-15 months), proximal tibia (17-19 months), tibial tuberosity (17-19 months), distal tibia (11-13 months), proximal fibula (13-15 months) and calcaneal tuber (8-9 months). Measurements of the areas of the secondary ossification centres of the proximal epiphysis of the femur, distal epiphysis of the tibia, patella and fibular tarsal bone epiphysis showed a significant difference between the first assessment and 6-7 months. The distal femoral epiphysis, proximal tibial epiphysis and tibial tuberosity showed a statistically significant difference between the first assessment and 7-8 months. The difference in the proximal epiphysis of the fibula was observed between 4 to 5 months and 7 to 8 months. In conclusion, the information obtained regarding the growth plates and secondary ossification centres of the maned wolves may support other studies and help understand the normal patterns of the species.

Osteogenic potential of esculetin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles in microporous alginate/polyvinyl alcohol scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is an emerging strategy for the treatment of critical bone defects using biomaterials and cells. Esculetin (ES), a coumarin phytocompound, has demonstrated therapeutic potential, although its osteogenic effects remain insufficiently explored. Owing to its hydrophobic nature, which limits its bioavailability, this study developed a drug delivery system using chitosan nanoparticles (nCS) to achieve sustained release of ES. These ES-loaded nCS nanoparticles were incorporated into biocomposite scaffolds composed of alginate (Alg) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) using freeze-drying. The synthesized nCS-ES nanoparticles exhibited spherical morphology with a uniform size distribution, ranging from 105 to 117nm, and demonstrated excellent entrapment efficiencies (94.07 to 97.61%). The nanoparticles displayed high zeta potential values (+27.8 to +33.2mV), ensuring stable dispersion. The biocomposite scaffolds exhibited a uniform distribution of pores, with pore diameters ranging from 106±14μm to 112±14μm. The biocomposite scaffolds exhibited excellent swelling, protein adsorption, biodegradation, and biomineralization properties. The ES-loaded scaffolds showed sustained ES release, promoting osteogenesis in vitro, with the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In vivo studies using a rat tibial bone defect model further confirmed that these scaffolds stimulated new bone formation, highlighting the ES's potential for BTE applications.

Effectiveness of dynamic cupping therapy versus IASTM with eccentric training for shin splint syndrome among football players

Background. Shin splints result from repetitive stress on the shin bone, causing strain in the muscles and connective tissues of the lower leg. Among athletes, females (55.3%) experience shin splints more frequently than males (44.7%). Dynamic cupping combines negative pressure, massage movements, and joint motions, while instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) involves repeated strokes to stimulate muscles, tendons, and fascia. Eccentric exercises enhance muscle activation through lengthening. Purpose. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of dynamic cupping therapy with eccentric exercise and IASTM with eccentric exercise in managing shin splints among football players. Method. Forty football players were divided into two groups: Group A (dynamic cupping + eccentric exercise) and Group B (IASTM + eccentric exercise). Pain (VAS), medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) questionnaire, and range of motion (ROM) were assessed weekly to evaluate outcomes. Results. Dynamic cupping therapy with eccentric training showed significant improvements in pain reduction and ROM compared to IASTM with eccentric training. Conclusion. Dynamic cupping therapy combined with eccentric exercise was more effective than IASTM with eccentric exercise in treating shin splints in football players.

Application of 3D-printed porous prosthesis for the reconstruction of infectious bone defect with concomitant severe soft tissue lesion: a case series of 13 cases

Abstract Background Treating infectious bone defects combined with large soft-tissue lesions poses significant clinical challenges. Herein, we introduced a modified two-stage treatment approach involving the implantation of 3D-printed prostheses and flap repair to treat large segmental infectious tibial bone defects. Method We conducted a retrospective study of 13 patients treated at our center between April 2018 and March 2022 for tibial infections owing to posttraumatic infection and chronic osteomyelitis combined with soft tissue defects. The average defect length was 14.0 cm (range, 5.7–22.9 cm). The flap area ranged from 14 × 5 to 15 × 8 + 25 × 15 cm. Sural neurocutaneous, lesser saphenous neurocutaneous, and local fasciocutaneous flaps were used to repair the skin defects. In the second stage, 3D-printed prostheses were designed and implanted. Union rate, complications, and functional outcomes were assessed at the final follow-up. Result The average follow-up period was 31.1 months (range, 17–47 months), with an average interval of 208.1 days (range, 139–359 days) between the two stages. According to our criteria, 7 of the 13 patients achieved radiographic healing without intervention. Two patients developed prosthesis-related complications and underwent revision surgery. Two patients experienced recurrent infections leading to prosthesis removal and debridement surgery, with the infection ultimately eradicated in one and the other undergoing amputation. Three patients experienced noninfectious flap-related complications, however, all eventually healed through surgical intervention. Conclusion The use of 3D-printed porous titanium prostheses combined with flap soft-tissue repair for the treatment of infectious tibial bone defects did not increase the rate of infection recurrence and provided good functional recovery, offering more options for the treatment of infectious bone defects.

Сhanges in the donor site following bone-patellar tendon-bone graft harvesting with open or closed defects

Background. The patellar tendon is frequently used as a graft source for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The search of the factors that enhance the healing process of the donor site may contribute to improved anatomical and functional outcomes. The aim of the study — to determine the features of the harvesting techniques for better donor site healing by examining postoperative changes in the patellar tendon following two different graft harvesting methods. Methods. This study examined the condition of the patellar tendon after two methods of graft harvesting under the same early mobilization protocols. Group 1 (retrospective) enrolled 30 patients who underwent follow-up MRI at different times after surgery, during which ligamentous and bony defects were not closed. Group 2 (prospective) included 30 patients who received full-layer suturing of the patellar tendon and patellar and tibial bone defects plasty. Postoperatively, all patients underwent radiography and the Insall-Salvati ratio of their patellar position was evaluated. In Group 2, MRI was performed preoperatively and 12 months post-surgery, while CT scans were taken 1 day and 6 months post-surgery. MRI was utilized to measure the size and qualitatively assess the condition of the tendon, whereas bone defects were evaluated on CT scans. Results. The Insall-Salvati ratio of patellar position was within the physiological norm and did not differ between the groups (M1 = 1.11; SD1 = 0.13 and M2 = 1.12; SD2 = 0.15; p = 0.955). In Group 2, after 12 months, the length of the tendon was 3.1% shorter (M = -1.4 mm; SD = 2.4 mm; p = 0.003). The width of the tendon in the upper third and middle third was slightly increased (M = 0.3 mm; SD = 2.4 mm; p = 0.502 and M = 0.5 mm; SD = 2.1 mm; p = 0.205), while in the lower third it was 2.7% larger (M = 0.7 mm; SD = 1.7 mm; p = 0.034). The thickness of the tendon increased by 55% (M = 2.4 mm; SD = 1.6 mm; p = 0.001). All patients in Group 1 exhibited persistent bony and ligamentous defects. In Group 2, six months after surgery, cancellous bone filled the defects and integrated with the bone bed; 12 months later, the tendon was healed, and its shape and size approximated preoperative parameters. Conclusion. Full-layer suturing of the patellar tendon, reconstruction of defects using cancellous bone autograft, and early mobilization promote the healing of bone defects and restore the integrity, shape, and size of the tendon.

The Effect of Carnosine Supplementation on Musculoskeletal Health in Adults with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with an increased risk of adverse musculoskeletal outcomes likely due to heightened chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and advanced glycation end-products (AGE). Carnosine has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-AGE properties. However, no clinical trials have examined the impact of carnosine on musculoskeletal health in adults with prediabetes or T2D. In a randomized, double-blind clinical trial, 49 participants with prediabetes or T2D and without existing musculoskeletal conditions were assigned to receive either 2 g/day carnosine or matching placebo for 14 weeks. Whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to assess body composition, and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) was used to assess bone health at the distal and proximal tibia. Forty-three participants completed this study. Carnosine supplementation had no effect on change in hand grip strength (HGS) or upper-limb relative strength (HGS/lean mass) versus placebo. Change in appendicular lean mass, percentage of body fat, visceral fat area, proximal tibial cortical volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), distal tibial trabecular vBMD, and stress-strain index did not differ with carnosine compared to placebo. Fourteen weeks of carnosine supplementation did not improve muscle strength, body composition, or bone health in adults with prediabetes or T2D. Carnosine supplementation may not be an effective approach for improving musculoskeletal health in adults with prediabetes and T2D without musculoskeletal conditions. However, appropriately powered trials with longer duration are warranted to confirm our findings. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02917928).

Short and proximalized interference screw fixation leads to tibial tunnel bone re-growth and better hamstring graft integration in ACL reconstruction.

The stability of the graft in the bony tunnels is of utmost importance in the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) since it ensures safe healing at the tendon-bone interface. The hypothesis was that when a double tibial fixation was used in ACLR with a short graft of autologous hamstrings, tibial tunnel bone re-growth and better graft integration would be observed at short-term follow-up. The analysis included a cohort of 112 patients after a primary ACLR with hamstring tendons who underwent postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 3.0-Tesla (3.0-T) 6 months after the surgery. The patients were divided into three groups based on the tibial fixation technique: 40 had a screw (group S), 35 had a screw and cortical button (group S + B) and 37 had a screw and anchor (group S + A). Two orthopaedic specialists independently evaluated the images, who measured the screw-free tunnel space, and assessed the presence of bone filling in the free tunnel. Furthermore, Ge's protocol was used to determine the graft healing in the tunnel. In 94 patients a screw-free tunnel space was detected, and a filling of the tunnel was reported in 80.85% of the cases (76 patients), being partial in 15.79% (12 patients) and complete in 84.21% (64 patients). Patients who presented better graft integration (Ge1) had significantly higher values of screw-free tunnel length compared to the other ones who had lower graft integration (Ge3)(p < 0.05). At 6 months postoperative MRI, tibial tunnel bone re-growth and graft-tunnel tibial integration after hamstring ACLR is significantly associated with the presence of free space between the anterior tibial cortex and the most distal portion of the interference screw, hence the use of a short and proximalized interference screw is suggested to restore bone stock after hamstring ACLR. Level IV retrospective comparative cohort study.

Postoperative Assessment of Secondary Alveolar Bone Grafting Using a Combination of β-Tricalcium Phosphate and Chin Bone for Patients With Unilateral Cleft Alveolus.

Secondary alveolar bone grafting (sABG) is crucial for the treatment of alveolar clefts. However, postoperative bone formation using a graft material comprising a mixture of beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and chin bone has been previously evaluated only 2-dimensionally, using plain radiographic images. In this study, the authors aimed to retrospectively and 3-dimensionally assess bone formation following sABG in patients with an alveolar cleft, using a mixture of β-TCP and chin bone. Thirty-eight patients with unilateral cleft lip and alveolus (CLA, n=13) or unilateral cleft lip and palate (CLP, n=25) who underwent sABG at our hospital were recruited. The grafted material was replaced with normal bone structure within 6 months postsurgery. The authors conducted a 3-dimensional evaluation utilizing cone-beam computed tomography images taken before surgery and at 1 week, 6 months, and 12 months postsurgery. Bone survival rates inside and outside the dental arch were 56.3% and 4.6%, respectively. No patients exhibited complete resorption of the material. This combination of β-TCP and chin bone demonstrated favorable bone formation following sABG in patients with unilateral CLA and CLP.

Enhanced fatty acid oxidation in osteoprogenitor cells provides protection from high-fat diet induced bone dysfunction.

Bone homeostasis within the skeletal system is predominantly maintained by bone formation and resorption. Where formation of new bone involves maturation of stromal cells to mineral and matrix secreting mature osteoblasts, which requires cellular energy or adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Alterations in systemic metabolism can influence osteoblast functioning. In line with this, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a common metabolic disorder is also associated with reduced bone formation and increased risk of fracture. Impairment in lipid metabolism is one of the key features associated with T2DM-related pathologies in multiple tissues. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that the reduced bone formation reported in obese murine models of impaired glucose tolerance is a function of disrupted lipid metabolism in osteoblasts. We first confirmed that mice fed a high fat diet have reduced bone microarchitecture along with lower bone formation rates. Interestingly, osteoblasts from obese mice harbor higher numbers of cytosolic lipid droplets along with decreased bioenergetic profiles compared to control cells. Further supporting this observation, bone tibia cortex demonstrated higher total lipid content in high fat diet fed mice compared to control-fed mice. As a further proof of principle, we generated a novel murine model to conditionally delete Plin2 in osteoblast-progenitor cells using Prrx1-Cre, to enhance lipid droplet breakdown. Our data demonstrate that knocking down Plin2 in an osteoprogenitor specific manner protects from high-fat diet induced osteoblast dysfunction. Furthermore, the mechanism of action involves enhanced osteoblast fatty acid oxidation. In conclusion, the current studies establish that high fat diet induced glucose intolerance leads to perturbations in osteoblast lipid metabolism, thus causing lower bone formation, which can be protected against by increasing fatty acid oxidation.

Posterior Meniscal Root Repair with Epidural Needle through the Combination of Arthroscopic Portals and Transtibial Tunnel.

Posterior meniscal root repair is an expensive procedure because its performance often requires the use of specific devices. This issue is a limiting factor, especially in the public health system. Given this context, the development of alternative methods to treat these injuries became necessary. Among the available options, the technique combining the use of anterior portals and a tibial bone tunnel with an epidural needle has been proven to be effective and relevant due to its low cost. The present study aimed to provide technical guidance and suggestions to increase the success rate of this procedure, to enable its performance by knee surgeons in low-resource settings.

Effect of morphology and cortical thickness variations on tibial strains in different movements.

Morphology and cortical thickness of tibia bone influence the strength and strain distribution of bone and also influence fatigue fracture risk. However, current studies have not extensively explored the effect of morphology and cortical thickness on tibial strain distribution during different activities. This study aims to assess the effect of tibial morphology and cortical thickness on tibial strain during six different sports movements. The tibial surfaces were reconstructed from 40 males' CT data, with cortical thickness assessed at the outer surface. A statistical shape model captured main variations in tibial morphology and cortical thickness. Finite Element models were created by scaling the mean shape along the first four principal components. Muscle and joint forces from different activities were calculated using static optimization and joint reaction analysis and applied to the models, assessing strained volume and peak strain at middle and distal tibia. The first four principal components accounted for 87% of the total cumulative variance. Perturbations in the second principal components resulted in the greatest relative differences in peak mid-tibia tensile (128%) and distal-tibia compressive (160%) strain during sidestep cutting, but perturbations in the first principal components resulted in the greatest relative differences during other activities (70%∼118%, 107%∼129%). Perturbations in the first four principal components resulted in the small relative differences in strained volume during walking (-9%∼5%). For runners, tibial size and cortical thickness are more related to tibial fatigue fracture risk, whereas for athletes with frequent directional changes, like basketball players, the tibial shaft size is more relevant.

Influence of LED light spectra and photoperiods on performance, bone characteristics and related genes expression in broiler breeders

ABSTRACT 1. Lighting is a crucial environmental factor in poultry production. This study evaluated the effects of light-emitting diodes (LED) on performance and several bone characteristics, including bone mineralisation, morphometry, histology and selected gene expression in broiler breeders. 2. A total of 800 one-d-old female broiler breeder chickens (Ross 308) were randomly allocated to one of 20 light-proof pens and reared under green (GL) or white (WL) LED light for two photophases (8 or 12 h) in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment and compared to a control group (incandescent lamp at 8 L:16D duration; CON). Weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. Femoral and tibial characteristics were measured. 3. The LED colour affected feed intake during the rearing period, being higher for birds under white compared to green light. Tibial calcium (Ca) concentration in WL birds was lower than for green LED lighting regimens but not different from the CON group (p ≤ 0.05). Birds under 12 h lighting had greater tibia bone dry matter and trabecular separation (mm) than those in the 8 h groups. However, bone volume fraction and trabecular number per mm in 8 h birds were higher than in 12 h groups (p ≤ 0.01). There was greater expression of the osteocalcin gene under WL compared with CON. Osteopontin expression in WL8 was 4.63 times greater than in the CON group (p ≤ 0.05). The alkaline phosphatase gene expression in WL12 was higher than in the CON group (p ≤ 0.05). 4. Exposure to white and green LED spectra enhanced bone gene expression and mineralisation, respectively, without adverse effects on bird performance. Thus, LED light may be beneficial to broiler breeder bone traits.

Primary components of MCT ketogenic diet are detrimental to bone loss associated with accelerated aging and age-related neurotoxicity in mice.

Medium chained triglycerides (MCT) ketogenic diet is being extensively investigated for its neuroprotective effects against adverse effects associated with aging and neurodegenerative disorders. Aging is a common risk factor for the development of both osteoporosis and neurological disorders. Hence, suppression of aging and age-related neurodegeneration might contribute to delaying skeletal aging. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of the primary components of the MCT diet, against bone resorption associated with D-gal-induced accelerated aging and D-gal /AlCl3-induced age-related toxicity. We report bone loss in accelerated aged mice and age-related neurotoxic mice through declined Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) expression, depleted bone turnover markers, (P1NP and β-CTX-1), low bone mineral density (BMD), and deterioration of trabecular bone microarchitecture in both the distal femur and proximal tibia bones. Administration of MCT dietary components decanoic acid and octanoic acid, led to a decrease in body weight and only octanoic acid increased serum levels of ketone body, β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB), but both of them failed to reverse the diminishing effects on bone health associated with aging and age-related neurotoxicity. Surprisingly, decanoic acid, octanoic acid, and their combination also exhibited negative effects on trabecular bone microarchitecture and BMD in the distal femur and proximal tibia bones of healthy mice. The findings from this study provide supporting evidence on the deterioration of bone health associated with aging and age-related neurotoxicity, and the bone resorption potential of MCT dietary supplements that are being prescribed in healthy older populations and elderly persons diagnosed with neurological disorders.

The functional outcomes of tibia fractures treated with intramedullary tibia nail: A retrospective study

Background: The tibia nailing system is a type of implant used to stabilize a broken tibia bone. It is intended for long bone fracture fixation of tibia fractures, which include transverse, oblique, spiral, segmental, comminuted fractures, open and closed fractures etc. There is different nailing system available each with its own advantages and limitation. The type of system that is used will depends on the severity of the fracture, location of the fracture and the patient individual anatomy. In this study the Tibia Nail was to treat the fracture. Materials and Methods: Total 14 patients having age ranging from 26-57 years were treated by Tibia nails. Retrospective analysis of patients who underwent Tibia nail fixation having tibial shaft fractures was performed. Clinical evaluation was done for all patients with a mean follow-up of 1.5 years. Radiological images taken at the follow up after surgery were utilised to assess the outcome. VAS Score was used for analysis. Results: The patients that are included in the current study were available for evaluation after a mean of 12 months of follow-up. Radiological union in all patients were achieved in 6.1-7.2 weeks. Apart from this, the patients stay in clinical hospital for the 12.2 days of mean duration. The result reveals that overall, VAS Score at the final follow up was satisfactory. In addition, the full weight-bearing with low level of pain was reported after 9-12 month of surgery. Conclusion: The tibia nail is an effective treatment of fractures of the tibia bone.

3D-Printed Poly(ester urethane)/Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)/Bioglass Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications.

Biodegradable polymers and bioceramics give rise to composite structures that serve as scaffolds to promote tissue regeneration. The current research explores the preparation of biodegradable filaments for additive manufacturing. Bioresorbable segmented poly(ester urethanes) (SPEUs) are easily printable elastomers but lack bioactivity and present low elastic modulus, making them unsuitable for applications such as bone tissue engineering. Strategies such as blending and composite filament production still constitute an important challenge in addressing SPEU limitations. In this work, SPEU-poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) blends and SPEU-PHBV-Bioglass 45S5® (BG) composite materials were processed into filaments and 3D structures. A comprehensive characterization of their morphology and thermal and mechanical properties is presented. The production of 3D structures based on SPEU-PHBV with excellent dimensional precision was achieved. Although SPEU-PHBV-BG printed structures showed some defects associated with the printing process, the physicochemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of these materials hold promise. The blend composition, BG content and particle size, processing parameters, and blending techniques were carefully managed to ensure that the mechanical behavior of the material remained under control. The incorporation of PHBV in SPEU-PHBV at 70:30 w/w and BG (5 wt%) acted as reinforcement, enhancing both the elastic modulus of the filaments and the compressive mechanical behavior of the 3D matrices. The compressive stress of the printed scaffold was found to be 1.48 ± 0.13 MPa, which is optimal for tissues such as human proximal tibial trabecular bone. Therefore, these materials show potential for use in the design and manufacture of customized structures for bone tissue engineering.