Bones Of Shoulder Girdle Research Articles

Maxillary Brown Tumor as a Rare Complication of Hyperparathyroidism

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a common complication of end stage renal disease (ESRD). The inherent impaired phosphorus and calcium metabolism result in altered bone metabolism, which rarely may manifest as osteitis fibrosa cystica with approximately 2% presenting as brown tumors. Brown tumors are areas of excessive bone resorption replaced by giant cells and fibrovascular tissue. Maxillofacial brown tumors are rare and result in increased patient morbidity due to associated nasal bleeding, diffuse pain and focal deformities. Nonetheless, these tumors are treatable and may regress following reduced parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. Case of a 64-years-old Hispanic male with history of ESRD on hemodialysis for more than 20 years, secondary hyperparathyroidism with fragility fractures of femur status post parathyroidectomy on years 1999 and 2010, coronary artery disease and hypertension, who was consulted to our service for evaluation of a bleeding nasal septum mass suspected of a brown tumor. The patient presented to the emergency room with a massive spontaneous nasal bleeding which was subsequently controlled and evaluated by imaging. Maxillofacial CT scan without contrast showed an expansile soft tissue mass at the right maxillary sinus measuring 3.4 x 3.5 x 3.7 cm with innumerable, similar lesions distributed throughout the cranial, cervical and visualized portions of the shoulder girdle bones. Biochemical evaluation was remarkable for PTH levels 1,229 pg/ml (nl, 18.5 – 88.0 pg/ml), corrected serum calcium 9.0 mg/dl (nl, 8.3 – 10.6 mg/dl), alkaline phosphate levels 391 U/L (nl, 46 – 116 U/L), serum phosphoros 5.5 mg/dl (nl, 2.5 – 4.5 mg/dl), calciferol levels 32.2 ng/ml (nl, 30 – 100 ng/ml) and an estimated glomerular filtration rate at 21 ml/min/1.73 m2 (nl, > 60 ml/min/1.73 m2). An excisional tissue biopsy showed osteoclastic-like multinucleated cells consistent with a brown tumor. These findings are consistent with secondary hyperparathyroidism complicated with osteitis fibrosa cystica. Following histologic diagnosis, a 99mTc-Sestamibi parathyroid scan showed two focal lesions of increased radiotracer uptake in the lower poles of the thyroid confirming parathyroid hyperplasia. Patient’s medical therapy was optimized by increasing cinacalcet dose and adding calcitriol, while continuing Sevelamer. Serum calcium, PTH, and phosphorous levels were closely monitored. Finally, patient was referred for parathyroidectomy. Patients with ESRD are at high risk of developing secondary hyperparathyroidism. Even with prior parathyroidectomy, these patients can develop disease recurrence. Early recognition and management of secondary hyperparathyroidism is crucial to decrease disease complications such as Brown tumors.

Comparative gross anatomical studies on the shoulder girdle of crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela) and brown wood owl (Strix leptogrammica)

The shoulder girdle gives strength and range of motion to the wings of birds and plays a functional role in flight mechanism of birds. The present study was designed to compare the morphological features of shoulder girdle bones in crested serpent eagle and brown wood owl. The shoulder girdle comprised of the scapula, coracoid and fused clavicle i.e. furculum in both species. The proximal extremities of bones of shoulder girdle formed a foramen triosseum in both the species for tendon of supracoracoideus muscle. The proximal end of the scapula of crested serpent eagle presents a pneumatic foramen which was absent in the brown wood owl. The coracoid of crested serpent eagle presents a large pneumatic foramen at the medial surface of the acrocoracoid process. A piercing type of foramen was characteristic in the coracoid of both species. Procoracoid process was triangular in shape with a broad base in both the species with pointed apex in brown wood owl and short apex in crested serpent eagle. The clavicle was thin, slender and highly curved in crested serpent eagle, whereas it was slender and rod-like in brown wood owl. Numerous pneumatic foramina were present in the proximal extremity of the clavicle of the crested serpent eagle, which were few in brown wood owl. The distal extremity of both clavicle fused to form a hypocleideum in crested serpent eagle, which was absent in brown wood owl.

Genotoxic and Teratogenic Effects of Mycophenolate Mofetil in Mice

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or cellcept is an immunosuppressive drug which used to suppress immune system activity and reduce the risk of organ rejection in transplant patients. The present study investigates the cytotoxic, genotoxic and teratogenic potential of MMF in white mice. Genotoxic effects of this agent were evaluated using micronucleus test, and skeletal malformations were investigated according to dose concentration as treatment was with 16.6 mg. kg−1 and 33.3 mg. kg−1 MMF. A significant difference was observed in MNiPCEs in both treated groups than negative control, and 33.3 mg. kg−1 concentration showed significant differences in MNi than negative control. A significant malformation was found in abnormal bones of cranial, ribs, pelvic girdle and shoulder girdle bones in 16.6 mg. kg−1 cellcept group, while there were no significant differences in bone total number. There was a high difference in bones total number of thoracic and neck vertebrae of 33.3 mg. kg−1 treatment, while a high significant show in abnormal bones of thoracic, neck, tail, sacral and lumbar vertebrae in 16.6 mg. kg−1 group. In conclusion, MMF has cytotoxicity and/or genotoxicity action it possesses a high teratogenic potential, these effects increase with increasing dose.

БІОМОРФОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СКЕЛЕТНИХ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ ПЛЕЧОВОГО СУГЛОБА ПІНГВІНА ГУМБАЛЬТА

The article presents the results and analysis of osteometric research of skeletal structures of the shoulder joint of Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti). Statistical analysis of the obtained results was made and the percentage ratio of the skeletal structures of the shoulder joint of Humboldt penguin was determined. Certain species features and natural laws were established that point out specific biomorphological adaptations to the «underwater flight». In particular clavicles that accrete into a «fork» are not attached to the sternum. This allowed us to understand certain patterns of their development.The shoulder joint of birds is a complex joint that is formed by bones of shoulder girdle and humerus. A coracoid is the most developed bone of the shoulder girdle. It should be noted that coracoid of birds is characterized by a high degree of development, which is caused by the development of muscles of wing that are fixed to it. The proximal end of coracoid forms a so-called acro-coracoidal process, to which a collarbone is fixed. The distal end of coracoid is connected to sternum, thus forming a coraco-sternal joint that is characterized by low motility.It was found that flipper form of thoracic limb and certain structural features of skeletal structures of the shoulder joint of Sphenisciformes, in particular flattened humerus, caudaly extended scapula, powerful coracoid and furcula are apparently caused by the influence of increased functional loads that have arisen as a result of adaptation to perform rowing functions by wing during rapid and deep swimming under water, because movement under water requires more physical activity.Penguins (Humboldt penguin) are characterized by greatly elongated and expanded in its caudal part scapula (Annex A-3, Fig. 3.5). Its length relatively to the length of the humerus is 150%, and in the widest part - more than 20% of the scapula length. It should be noted that in caudal part of scapula is small, not ossified area that is covered with connective tissue membrane. In studied species acromion of scapula is directed upwards. Furcula in penguin is much expanded in its proximal part. Coracoid is like a column and elongated. Its length relatively to the length of the humerus is 111.1%. Underlying of coracoid is relatively narrow. Width of the coracoid base relatively to the lengths is 29.1%. On the lateral edge of coracoid base is a small appendage, directed proximally. In addition, the lateral edges of coracoid in studied bird species has so-called coracoid window. This window is formed as a result of coracoid ligament ossification. The proximal end of coracoid is bended laterally. Humerus in Humboldt penguin has a flattened shape. Its length relatively to the total length of the wing is 33.5%. Pneumatic fossa is large enough.

GYRACANTHIDES HAWKINSI SP. NOV. (ACANTHODII, GYRACANTHIDAE) FROM THE LOWER CARBONIFEROUS OF QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA, WITH A REVIEW OF GYRACANTHID TAXA

Abstract: A new species of Gyracanthides from the mid-Viséan Ducabrook Formation of Middle Paddock site, near Springsure in the Drummond Basin, central Queensland, is based on isolated three-dimensionally preserved elements. The specimens comprise paired and unpaired spines and pectoral girdle elements, procoracoids and scapulocoracoids, and include growth series. The morphology, especially of the shoulder girdle bones and the form and tubercular ornamentation of the paired fin spines, is used to distinguish the new taxon. These characters also help differentiate the numerous described gyracanthid species. Aspects of palaeobiology including possible sexual dimorphism are explored. A hypothetical reconstruction of the fish is based on our interpretation of the articulation of isolated elements combined with examination of wear patterns on fin spines. Gyracanthides hawkinsi sp. nov. is compared with other Australian taxa as well as with gyracanthids from North America, Europe, Russia, Iran, Africa and Antarctica, some of which are tentatively reassigned here to the Gondwanan genus Gyracanthides.

A new coelacanth from the Middle Devonian of Latvia

ABSTRACT We describe a new species of coelacanth, Miguashaia grossi sp. nov., recognized from isolated cranial, shoulder girdle bones and scales from the Upper Givetian Gauja and Lode Formations of two Latvian localities. This coelacanth, together with comparisons with other Devonian coelacanths, allows a more precise description of the plesiomorphic condition of the lower jaw, shoulder girdle, and palate. These plesiomorphic conditions are as follows. The dentary is shallow throughout, the articular-retroarticular is deep posteriorly where it is developed as two processes—one for the symplectic articulation and the other demarcating the posteroventral angle of the jaw. In the shoulder girdle plesiomorphic attributes include the large triangular clavicle, a cleithrum which is directed anterodorsally and possibly a large and polygonal extracleithrum. In the palate the pterygoid shows a dorsal process of unknown function mid-way along the dorsal margin and this is also a plesiomorphic feature of coelacanths.

Magnetic resonance-based motion analysis of the shoulder during elevation.

Changes in shoulder motion patterns are relevant in various shoulder diseases, but no in vivo information exists about the relative positions in vivo of the shoulder girdle bones and the supraspinatus muscle in three-dimensional space. Thus, the objective of this study was to perform a motion analysis of these structures during passive arm elevation using open magnetic resonance imaging and three-dimensional image processing. Fourteen volunteers were examined in five positions of abduction (30 degrees-150 degrees) with an open magnetic resonance system. After segmentation and three-dimensional reconstruction, the axis of the supraspinatus, humerus, clavicle, and the plane of the glenoid were determined, and the relative movements were calculated. The ratio for glenohumeral to scapulothoracic motion was 1.5:1 at 60 degrees and 2.4:1 at 120 degrees abduction. At 30 degrees, the axis of the supraspinatus was nearly horizontal, and during abduction a continuous elevation (+123 degrees at 150 degrees abduction) was measured. In the transverse plane, the angle between the supraspinatus and the clavicle axes became larger during abduction because of an increasing retroversion of the clavicle. The study shows specific three-dimensional motion patterns for each bone of the shoulder girdle and the supraspinatus muscle during passive elevation. The technique and results can be used for future studies in patients with pathologic changes of shoulder girdle motion.

The palpator: an instrument for measuring the positions of bones in three dimensions

In order to measure the three-dimensional (3D) position of the shoulder girdle bones, as well as the 3D positions of muscle attachments and joint surfaces in cadaver experiments, a measurement instrument, called the palpator, was developed. The palpator is composed of an open chain of four links connected by four hinges. By recording the rotation of the hinges using potentiometers, the position of the end-point of the palpator can be calculated. After the identification of 23 parameters of the palpator, a measurement accuracy of 1.43 mm is obtained.