Bone Tissue In Animals Research Articles

Hydroxyapatite: An Eco-Friendly Material for Enzyme Immobilization.

Biocatalysis has emerged in the last decade as a valuable and eco-friendly tool in chemical synthesis, allowing in several instances to reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous reagents, environmentally dangerous solvents and harsh reaction conditions. Enzymes are indeed able to catalyse chemical transformations on non-natural substrates under mild reaction conditions, still maintaining their high chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity. Enzyme immobilization, i. e. the grafting of enzymes on solid supports, can be viewed as an enabling technology, as it allows a better control of the reaction and the recycling of the biocatalyst, thus rendering economically viable the use of expensive enzymes also on a large scale. To pursue a sustainable approach, the supports for enzyme immobilization should be eco-friendly and possibly renewable. This review highlights the use of hydroxyapatite (HAP), an inorganic biomaterial able to confer strength and stiffness to the bone tissue in animals, as carrier for enzyme immobilization. HAP is a cheap, non-toxic and biocompatible material, with high surface area and protein affinity. Different enzyme classes, immobilization strategies, and the use of diverse HAP-based supports will be discussed, underlining the immobilization conditions and the properties of the obtained biocatalysts.

Histological examination of biopsy material of animal bone tissue using osteoplastic biocomposite coating of implants accelerating consolidation

In modern veterinary and humane medicine, the issue of optimizing reparative osteogenesis, aimed at accelerating consolidation, preventing bacterial infection, a stabilization method, as well as activating osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties, is quite acute. This can be achieved using osteoplastic biocomposite coatings on implants. The significant role of such components as hydroxyapatite, methyluracil, amoxicillin in metabolic processes aimed at regenerative, antibacterial and metabolic processes of osteogenesis has been determined. The group of authors set the goal of the study: to study, using a histological method, the quantitative and qualitative aspects of fusion of a fracture of the middle third of the diaphysis of long tubular bones (radius), in an experiment, using the developed biocomposite coating. The material for this study was histotopographic preparations of bone regenerates obtained on day 35 using a needle for trephine biopsy of bone tissue, after consolidation of the simulated fracture was established using implants with the developed osteoplastic coating. As a result of the study of histotopographic materials using 3.5% and 5% biocomposite coating to accelerate consolidation, in the experimental groups there is no amount of the developed composite, which indicates biocompatibility with complete biointegration without allergenic and cytostatic effects.Throughout the experiment, no significant difference was found between the experimental groups; in each group, restored microcirculation was visualized with many physiological Haversian canals with blood vessels, the nervous system and adequate tissue trophism. Histological examination of the formed bone regenerate is necessary to confirm the completed accelerated process of osteogenesis in small non-productive animals.

Prophylactic efficiency of the administration of vitamin, mineral and sorbent complexes on bone tissue in female rats against the background of chronic alcohol consumption

Among the general effects of alcohol use, it has a negative effect on the bone system, so the development of prevention methods is becoming an increasingly urgent problem. The present study was aimed at evaluating the efficiency of the preventive complexes for the bone system in chronic alcohol intoxication. The study was conducted on 2-month-old female rats for 104 days. Chronic alcoholism in animals was simulated by replacing drinking water with an ethanol solution, the concentration of which was gradually increased from 8–25%. The prophylactic was administered by introducing into the diet a complex of vitamins (P, C, D) and minerals (Cu, Mg, Zn, Se, Mn), the main component of which was crushed oyster shells processed with citric acid. The second prophylactic complex was the clay mineral montmorillonite in combination with vitamins P, C, D. The biochemical markers of resorption (elastase and acid phosphatase activity), osteogenesis (calcium content, alkaline phosphatase activity) and the state of the antioxidant system (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase activity, malondialdehyde content) were determined in bones (jaws and femurs). Chronic alcohol consumption led to an increase in the degree of atrophy of the alveolar process, a decrease in femur bone density due to a decrease in the mineral component in bone tissue, and did not affect the state of the lumbar vertebrae. Chronic alcohol intoxication led to a decrease in the level of calcium in the blood serum of rats, and to a decrease in the alkaline phosphatase activity and the calcium content in the bone tissue of the jaws and femur against the background of increases in the activities of acid phosphatase and elastase. A significant decrease in the activity of the main antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase) in bone tissue of animals against the background of an increase in the malondialdehyde content under conditions of chronic alcoholization has been established. The use of the complex with crushed oyster shells effectively prevented atrophy ofthe alveolar process in the jaws, did not affect the morphometric parameters in the femur and vertebrae, but normalized the activities of serum alkaline phosphatase and catalase, bone elastase, acid phosphatase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase against the background of restoring the levels of calcium and malondialdehyde both in the serum and in the bone tissue of rats subjected to chronic alcoholization. Prophylactic administration of the vitamin complex with montmorillonite had a much weaker effect on the studied indicators. The obtained research results allow us to conclude that the osteoprotective and antioxidant efficiency of the complex with crushed oyster shells is more pronounced than that of montmorillonite under conditions of chronic alcohol intoxication.

Combining Bone Collagen Material with hUC-MSCs for Applicationto Spina Bifida in a Rabbit Model.

Spina bifida is one of the neural tube defects, with a high incidence in human birth defects, which seriously affects the health and quality of life of patients. In the treatment of bone defects, the source of autologous bone is limited and will cause secondary damage to the patient. At the same time, since the bone tissue in animals needs to play a variety of biological functions, its complex structure cannot be replaced by a single material. The combination of mechanical materials and biological materials has become a common choice. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) have the advantages of easy access, rapid proliferation, low immunogenicity, and no ethical issues. It is often used in the clinical research of tissue regeneration and repair. Therefore, in this study, we established a spina bifida model using Japanese white rabbits. This model was used to screen the best regenerative repair products for congenital spina bifida, and to evaluate the safety of regenerative repair products. The results showed that the combination of hUC-MSCs with collagen material had better regeneration effect than collagen material alone, and had no negative impact on the health of animals. This study provides a new idea for the clinical treatment of spina bifida, and also helps to speed up the research progress of regenerative repair products.

Active bone material containing modified recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 induces bone regeneration in rabbit spina bifida.

This study focuses on spina bifida, which is a high incidence among the current clinical manifestations of human birth defects. Because in the treatment of bone defects, the source of autologous bone is limited and it is easy to cause secondary injury to the patient. At the same time, since the bone tissue in animals needs to perform a variety of biological functions, its complex structure cannot be replaced by a single material. Therefore, in this study, we used Japanese white rabbits to establish an animal model similar to human congenital spina bifida. The established animal model is used to screen the best regenerative repair products for the treatment of congenital spondylolisthesis defects, and to evaluate the safety of regenerative repair products. The results show that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 combined with collagen material has a better regeneration effect than collagen material alone, and it did not negatively affect the health of animals. This study is not only suitable for the screening of large-scale biomaterials, accelerating the research progress of regenerative repair products, but also conducive to the research on the mechanism of regeneration and repair of various materials.

Lifetime electrophysiological assessment of the level of contaminants in the body of sheep

Purpose: the research was conducted to study the content of contaminants - arsenic As, cadmium Cd, copper Si, lead Pb, zinc Zn, in the body of sheep with different bioelectric activity of superficially localized biologically active centers and to study the meat productivity of experimental sheep.Materials and methods. Research was conducted at the number of sheep of the Romanov breed. As a result of the examination of the lamb, autumn oster, Romanovsky breed, 6 - 6.5 months of age, two experimental groups are formed by the level of biopotentials - high and low (control), seven heads in each. Based on the metamer and structural organization of centers, the segmental theory of the relationship of nervous centers with various organs and systems of the animal organism, superficially localized biologically active centers (plubs) of young sheep, located in the areas of the greatest number of plexus of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The dimension of the bioelectric potential Plbats was carried out in the morning (before feeding) for 3 days in a row using the ELAP device. Topographic search and measurement of bioelectric potential. At the end of the procedures for measuring the level of bioelectric potential in the Plbats, three heads of experienced animals from each group were slaughtered, on the basis of control slaughter, the quantitative characteristics of meat productivity were studied, and then they selected samples of organs and tissues for further research. On the day of slaughter, selected samples (liver, the longest back muscle and femoral bone) were transferred to the laboratory to determine the content of arsenic AS, cadmium CD, PB lead, and zinc zn on an atomic-emission spectrometer with an inductive ICAP 6300 Duo plasma .Results. The amount of contaminants in liver samples, the longest back muscle and femur bones of Romanov sheep aged 6-6.5 months with different levels of bioelectric potential of superficially localized biologically active centers was studied. In experiments, it was found that in animals with a higher concentration of heavy metals and arsenic in the organs, the average bioelectric potential of the centers is significantly higher than in animals with a low average bioelectric potential of the centers. The highest concentrations of contaminants were recorded in the bone tissue of animals with a lower bioelectric potential of centers that significantly differed in this indicator from sheep with a higher average bioelectric potential. As a result of the conducted studies, an inverse correlation was established between the average level of bioelectric potential of superficially localized biologically active centers and the content of contaminants in the body of Romanov sheep raised in the Livensky district of the Oryol region.Conclusion. The data obtained allow us to develop an inexpensive method for rapid assessment of the degree of accumulation of contaminants in the body of sheep at an early age, and timely take measures to adjust the concentration of contaminants in slaughter products.

Efficacy of using a complex of minerals and vitamins for prevention of complications in bone tissue and the digestive tract in rats with hypothyroidism

Significant consequences of hypothyroidism are impairments in all types of metabolism, including bone metabolism, pathological changes in the digestive tract and the development of deficiency of vitamins, macro-and micronutrients.The relevance of the study is due to the widespread occurrence of hypothyroidism and the feasibility of developing effective methods for the prevention of the pathology and its complications. The study was aimed at the condition of bone tissue and digestive tract in rats with hypothyroidism, as well as the effectiveness of preventive addition of a complex of vitamins and minerals. The studies were performed on rats with hypothyroidism that was caused using thyrostatic mercazolyl for 50 days, administered orally. Prophylaxis was performed by adding a prophylactic complex of vitamins P, C, D and minerals Ca, Mg, Cu, Se, Mn to the daily diet. In the bone tissue of rats, the indicators of destruction (elastase and acid phosphatase activity) and mineralization (alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium content) as well as the antioxidant state (activities of catalase, glutathione reductase, malonic dialdehyde content) were studied. In the gums and mucous membranes of the digestive tract of rats, we determined indicators of antioxidant status (catalase activity, malonic dialdehydecontent), inflammation (activities of elastase, acid phosphatase) and dysbiosis (activities of urease activity, lysozyme). In the bone tissue of rats with hypothyroidism, activation of destruction processes, reduction of calcium levels, activation of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes were found. Hypothyroidism also led to pathological disorders in the gums of rats and gastric mucosa, small and large intestine, namely – the development of inflammation, increased membrane permeability, activation of lipid peroxidation, increased contamination with opportunistic bacteria against the background of reduced antioxidant protection. In general, preventive use of the complex contributed to the normalization of the studied parameters in the gums, mucous membranes of the stomach, intestines, as well as remodeling processes and antioxidant-prooxidative state in the bone tissue of animals with hypothyroidism. In the conditions of hypothyroidism, the proposed complex of vitamins and minerals provided notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidysbiotic effects in the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract, thus overcoming the calcium deficiency in the blood and stopping the destructive and oxidative processes in the bone tissue of animals with hypothyroidism.

Морфометричні та метаболічні порушення у кістковій тканині лабораторних щурів з хронічним токсичним гепатитом

The development of osteodystrophy in diseases of the hepatobiliary system is a known fact, but the mechanism of the formation of metabolic disorders in bone tissue in liver pathology is not fully understood. The purpose of the study was to study morphological and biochemical changes in the bone tissue of female and male rats during the modeling of chronic toxic hepatitis. Materials and methods. Modeling of toxic hepatitis was carried out on 1 month old male and female Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of hydrazine sulfate 50 mg / kg twice a week for 3 months. The experiment was conducted in accordance with the norms and principles of the EU Council Directive on the protection of vertebrates used for scientific purposes. Morphometric measurements (density, content of mineral-organic, mineral and organic components) were carried out on the femurs and the last lumbar vertebra. Elastase activity, acidic phosphatase (indicators of bone resorption); alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium content (indicators of the synthesis of new bone tissue) were determined in homogenates of the bone tissue of the jaws and femur. The mineralizing index was calculated from the ratio of the activities of acidic phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. Results and discussion. A decrease in the quantities organic matrix with a preserved intensity savings of bone tissue mineral parts in females and a decrease intensity in bone tissue mineralization in males under the influence of toxic hepatitis were found. Biochemical studies of bone tissue showed the activation of the destruction of the protein matrix of the bone, the intensification of mineralization in females, as well as the activation of hydrolysis of hydroxyapatite, along with a decrease in the level of calcium in the bone tissue of animals of both sexes against the background of modeling of chronic toxic hepatitis. Conclusion. The studies carried out have established multidirectional disorders of the metabolism and structure of bone tissue in males and females, induced by prolonged administration of hydrazine sulfate: in females, suppression of the formation of an organic matrix with a preserved intensity of bone mineralization, and in males, a decrease in bone mineralization against the background of a slightly increased intensity of synthesis of the organic component. The established patterns made it possible to reduce the negative effect of Hydrazine Sulfate on the protein metabolism of rat bone tissue, indirectly through the metabolism of estrogens. The results of our study provided experimental justification for the development of a scheme for the Prevention of osteodystrophic conditions in conditions of chronic exposure to toxins or impaired liver function

НОВЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В ПЛАСТИКЕ ОСТАТОЧНЫХ КОСТНЫХ ПОЛОСТЕЙ

An experimental comparative study of regenerative processes of bone tissue in animals when filling bone cavities with titanium nickelide granules, and free bone grafting was carried out. It was shown, that when using finely granulated titanium nickelide, in comparison with bone chips, the formation of organotypic regenerate was accelerated by 3 months. The clinical study included 55 patients with dystrophic bone cysts, of which 30 patients underwent original plastic surgery of bone cavities with finely granulated titanium nickelide implant. The clinical and radiological effectiveness of these methods of treatment in the early rehabilitation period and in long-term follow-up, as well as a greater number of favorable results in comparison with traditional methods of treatment was demonstrated.

Feeding additive based on animal bone tissue

Feeding additive based on animal bone tissue

Study of the impact of the food biopolymer system on the clinical-biochemical status of white inbred mice in the invivo experiment

Studies have been conducted on the effect of the food biopolymer composition on the clinical-biochemical status of white inbred mice. The experiment showed that the development of laboratory animals was carried out without abnormalities with the complete safety of all individuals. Clinical-biochemical dynamics, glucose monitoring and the results of experiments in the exchange of macro and microelements of plasma of mouse blood indicated the normal flow of metabolic processes. In addition, the animals that consumed food additives had a higher rate of absorption of feed carbohydrates and a predominance of osteosynthesis processes in animal bone tissue. The studies conducted allow us to conclude that enrichment and trace elements increase the availability of trace elements, as well as activate the formation and strengthening of the bone tissue of the body.

The influence of environmental factors on the indicators of biological systems of dairy cows in anthropogenic zone conditions

The negative environmental situation in such a region of the Russian Federation as the Chelyabinsk region is due to the prolonged and intense impact of man on nature. The Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (MMK) and other large industrial enterprises operate in the region. MMK is one of the leading global steel producers. This is one of the largest Russian enterprises in the metallurgical industry. The article presents the results of the analysis of the chemical composition of objects related to the natural environment of the region. A significant level of toxic effects on biological objects was noted. These objects are lactating cows. Pathomorphological, radiological, and clinical-hematologic features inherent in osteodystrophy are characterized. Based on these factors, a characteristic of the necessary therapeutic effect is presented. The results of the study of the clinical condition, blood serum and blood of twenty-four cows, water, feed, soil are presented. The study was conducted in the Nagaybak district of the region, in the Znamensky agricultural enterprise. The results of the analysis of the composition of chemical elements, such as Cd, Fe, Pb, Ni, presented in the bone tissue of animals suffering from the disease, and in other objects of research are characterized. The dynamics of the hematological and clinical state of the cows in the initial state and after the therapeutic effect was carried out was analyzed. According to the results of the study, it was found that the main toxic substances that pollute the area are Cd, Fe, Pb, Ni salts. Revealed changes in the blood composition of cows. In cows, dystrophy of bone tissue is observed, all metabolic processes are disturbed. According to the results of oral administration of vitartil, which is a mineral enterosorbent, and therapy with a drug, which contain calcium, positive changes in blood parameters have been established. Significantly increased milk productivity, the clinical condition of animals has become more favorable.

Osseointegration of Titanium and Steel Additive Manufactured Implant in Rabbit Tibia under External Fixation: Comparative Study

Relevance. The main goals of successful prosthesis remain ensuring the osseointegration and infectious safety of implants.The purpose of the study — the comparative analysis of osseointegration of titanium and steel additive manufactured implants in the rabbit tibia under additional fixation by Ilizarov apparatus.Materials and Methods. The study was performed on 20 chinchilla male rabbits. The animals of the first group (n = 8 ) were implanted a stainless steel product EOS PH1 (EOS, Germany), the animals of the second group (n = 12) — a titanium alloy Ti6Al4V product. The implant was additionally fixed by Ilizarov apparatus. The implants were processed with additive technology by selective laser fusion at the EOSINT M 280 installation (EOS, Germany). The survival and safety of the implants were assessed using clinical, histological, laboratory and statistical methods.Results. The implant fall due to chronic inflammation was found in 2 animals of group 1 and none in group 2. The formation of weakly mineralized bone tissue on the surface of the implant was noted in 3 weeks in all cases. The bone became more mineralized by the 12th week of the experiment. However, in group 2, the calcium content and Ca / P ratio of the newly formed bone tissue at the 3rd and 12th week after implantation were significantly higher than in the animals of group 1. This indicated the greater maturity of the bone tissue in animals of group 2 at all stages of the experiment. In group 1, the compact plate osteoporosis and calcium-phosphorus balance disturbance were greater.Conclusion. The results of the study indicate that the survival rate (osseointegration) and safety of the product made of the titanium alloy were higher compared with the stainless steel product.

Morphological Characteristics and Correction of Long Tubular Bone Regeneration under Chronic Hyperglycemia Influence.

Introduction Unsatisfactory consequences of bone regeneration disorders in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients, their high prevalence, complication number, and difficulties in treatment require further study and deeper understanding of reparative osteogenesis mechanisms under chronic hyperglycemia and finding new effective and affordable approaches to their treatment. Therefore, the aim of our work was to study the histological, ultramicroscopic, and histomorphometric features of reparative osteogenesis in rats with chronic hyperglycemia (CH), as well as to investigate the possibility of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) use in a fracture area in order to correct the negative effects of CH on reparative osteogenesis processes. Study Object and Methods. The studies were performed on 70 white laboratory rats, mature males, which were divided into the following groups: control group, animals with posttraumatic tibial defect under conditions of CH exposure, rats with experimental CH that were administered with PRP into the bone defect, and animals for the assessment of glucose homeostasis and confirmation of simulated CH. Light microscopy was performed using an Olympus BH-2 microscope (Japan). Ultramicroscopic examination was performed using REM-102 scanning electron microscope. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS-17 software package. Results The formation of new bone tissue in animals with CH did not occur after two weeks. Only on the 30th day of reparative osteogenesis the newly formed woven bone tissue was 61.54% of the total regenerated area. It was less than the reference value by 22.89% (P < 0.001). On the 14th day of reparative osteogenesis, the regenerated area in a group of animals with CH and PRP injection consisted of connective tissue by 68.94% (4.94% less than in animals with CH (P < 0.001)) and woven bone tissue by 31.06%, (13.51% less than in the control group (P < 0.001)). On the 30th day, the area of woven bone tissue in a regenerate of this group was less than that of the control group by 12.41% (P < 0.001). Conclusion Thus, chronic hyperglycemia contributes to inflammation delay within the bone defect site, which makes the process of reparative osteogenesis more prolonged. The results of chronic hyperglycemia effect on bone regeneration are also impairment of osteogenic cell proliferation and shift of their differentiation towards the fibrocartilage regenerate formation. The PRP corrects the negative impact of chronic hyperglycemia on reparative osteogenesis, promoting more rapid inflammatory infiltrate removal from the bone defect site and osteogenic beam formation and remodeling of woven bone into lamellar membranous bone tissue.

Influence of thyroid status on the content of essential chemical elements in the body of laboratory animals

The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of the redistribution of chemical elements in various biosubstrates when modeling thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism in animals. Male Wistar rats were the object of the study. Animals of the first experimental group were intraperitoneally injected with L-thyroxine to simulate the state of experimental thyrotoxicosis. Animals of the second experimental group were injected merkazolila to simulate the status of experimental hypothyroidism. The third group was the control group. The obtained data demonstrated the effect of thyroid status on mineral metabolism. The greatest changes in the elemental status were found in the thyroid gland: a high content was found in hypothyroidism Cr (p<0,05), V (p<0,05), Co, Fe, As, Ni, Mn, Se, Zn and lower values I (p<0,05) and Si (p<0,05); with hyperthyroidism – a higher content of Co (p<0,01), Ni (p<0,05), Cu (p<0,05), Zn (p<0,05), Cr (p<0,05), Li, V, Mn and lower content of Si (p<0,05). When comparing the experimental groups, statistically significant differences were revealed: hyperthyroidism was accompanied by accumulation of Cu, Zn, I in the thyroid gland; hypothyroidism - As, Se and V. Statistically significant lower values of Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Si, V, Zn and a tendency to lower As, I, Fe and Mn values were recorded in the bone tissue of animals from the experimental group I, in animals of experimental group II a higher content of almost all the studied microelements was observed, however, statistically significant differences were obtained only in terms of As (p<0.05) and Ni (p<0.05). In the hair of animals, when modeling hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, higher values of Fe, Se, Si, V, Cr were observed as compared to the control.

Spectral Analysis of Spongy Bone Tissue after Ovariectomy and the Efficacy of Recovery Using Allogeneic Hydroxyapatite

During the work, experimental studies of spongy bone tissue of animals after ovariectomy and evaluation of its regeneration by allogeneic hydroxyapatite (HAP) by Raman spectroscopy were carried out. Also deconvolution of Raman spectra of the studied samples was carried out. Coefficients allow to evaluate the efficiency of HAP for the correction of osteoresorption in modeling osteoporosis with ovariectomy were entered. HAP suspension treatment leads to partial compensation of ovariectomy effect in the spongy bone tissue.

The method of cleaning and modification of the material for bone xenografts in bi-phase media containing high pressure CO2

In the present work, a promising method was proposed for purification of fragments of animal bone tissue from high-molecular weight compounds in bi-phase media containing high-pressure CO2 for the first time, namely, in solutions of carbonic and peroxycarbonic acids. The effectiveness of this purification was confirmed by SEM and IR spectroscopy. It turned out that during the exposure of bone fragments in solutions of carbonic and peroxycarbonic acids under high pressure of CO2, the components of the mineral phase of bone tissue are also extracted, which allows to obtain highly dispersed particles of hydroxyapatite during the deposition of the extract. The structure and composition of the extracts were investigated by XRD analysis and SEM.

A Method for Purification and Modification of a Bone Xenotransplant Material in Biphase Media Containing High-Pressure CO2

A promising method was proposed for the first time for purification of animal bone tissue fragments from high-molecular weight compounds in biphase media containing high-pressure CO2 (solutions of carbonic and peroxycarbonic acids). The efficiency of this purification was confirmed by SEM and IR spectroscopy. It turned out that, during the exposure of bone fragments in solutions of carbonic and peroxycarbonic acids at high CO2 pressure, mineral phase components of bone tissue are also extracted, which can be used to obtain highly dispersed hydroxyapatite particles upon extract reprecipitation. The structure and composition of the extracts were investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

The use of fine - grained nickelide titanium, in the experiment, for the pathology of the musculoskeletal system.

The aim is to study and compare the processes of regeneration of bone tissue in animals while grafting titanium nickelide granules in bone cavities and free plastics in experiment.&#x0D; Methods. Two methods of bone grafting were experimentally reproduced to assess the speed of regeneration of bone tissue of dogs’. The first is traditional method with bone crumbs, and the second one of filling the bone cavity with fine-grain titanium nickelide. The last-named has been developed lately. In the first group consisting of 25 dogs, granules of porous titanium nickelide were placed in the formed cavity of shin bone epiphysis. In the second (control) group (consisting of 10 dogs), bone crumbs were introduced into the cavity of the shin bone.&#x0D; Results. The experiment showed that fine-grain titanium nickelide use for grafting bone cavity in comparison with bone crumbs demonstrated the formation of bone organo-typical regenerate 3 months faster.&#x0D; Conclusions. Fine-grain titanium nickelide is a promising material and can be used in the pathology of the skeleton.

Metabolic changes in the bone tissue of animals in conditions of experimental cadmium intoxication

Objective: to investigate the features of metabolic processes, bioelement composition and mineral density of the bone tissue of white rats (sexually mature males) in conditions of defeat by cadmium ions.Materials and methods. The toxicant (Сadmium chloride, CdCl2, 1,2 mg/kg) was administered to animals for 10 days, and then removed from the experiment on days 1, 14 and 28. The blood and femurs were investigated. Blood levels of calcium-phosphorus metabolism, acidi and alkaline phosphatases, magnesium, Нydroxyproline concentrations were studied by standardized methods using reagent kits, as well as the level of Рarathyroid hormone and Сalcitonin in the development of intoxication. In the ash of the femurs, the content of osteotropic bioelements and toxic cadmium was determined. The bone mineral density (BMD)was investigated using standard x-ray densitometry.Results. An increase in the concentration of total and ionized calcium on the background of increased secretion of Рarathyroid hormone and reduced Сalcitonin has been established; decreased activity of alkaline phosphatase, increased acidi phosphatase, especially on the 14-th day. In animals, an increase in the concentration of Нydroxyproline was observed in the blood (2,5–3,5 times) and a decrease in magnesium. When determining the content of osteotropic bioelements in the ash of the femoral bones of rats under conditions of CdCl2 exposure, a decrease in the content of Сalcium, Мagnesium, Сopper and Zinc in the femoral bones (by 13–45 %) against the background of a significant increase in the content of Cadmium (9,8 times) was found. Also, there is a decrease in BMD, especially low values recorded on the 14th day.Conclusions. The results of complex studies show that under conditions of introduction of CdCl2 into animals, metabolic processes in bone tissue are disturbed, dismicroelementosis develops, the mineral phase of the bone is demineralized, its collagen matrix is destroyed, and resorption dominates over osteosynthesis