Bone Morphology Research Articles

Mineralization and morphology of peri-implant bone around loaded and unloaded dental implants retrieved from the human mandible

PurposeLimited data is reported regarding the bone mineralization around dental implants in the first months from insertion. The study analyzed the peri-implant bone around loaded and unloaded implants retrieved from human mandible after 4 months from placement.MethodThe composition and mineralization of human bone were analyzed through an innovative protocol technique using Environmental-Scanning-Electron-Microscopy connected with Energy-Dispersive-X-Ray-Spectroscopy (ESEM/EDX). Two regions of interest (ROIs, approximately 750×500 μm) for each bone implant sample were analyzed at the cortical (Cortical ROI) and apical (Apical ROI) implant threads. Calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen (atomic%) were determined using EDX, and the specific ratios (Ca/N, P/N, and Ca/P) were calculated as mineralization indices.ResultsEighteen implant biopsies from ten patients were analyzed (unloaded implants, n=10; loaded implants, n=8). For each ROI, four bone areas (defined bones 1–4) were detected. These areas were characterized by different mineralization degree, varied Ca, P and N content, and different ratios, and by specific grayscale intensity detectable by ESEM images. Bony tissue in contact with loaded implants at the cortical ROI showed a higher percentage of low mineralized bone (bone 1) and a lower percentage of remodeling bone (bone 2) when compared to unloaded implants. The percentage of highly mineralized bone (bone 3) was similar in all groups.ConclusionCortical and apical ROIs resulted in a puzzle of different bone “islands” characterized by various rates of mineralization. Only the loaded implants showed a high rate of mineralization in the cortical ROI.

Experimental inoculation of the Botox perineurally of facial nerve and followed by histological assessment for its effect on the zygomatic bone of rabbits

Background: Botox, derived from the toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, is an attenuated toxin employed as a treatment for cervical dystonia, overactive bladder, strabismus, cerebral palsy, and non-surgical cosmetic procedures. This study aimed to explore the impact of injecting Botox around the facial nerve on the left side of rabbits, specifically focusing on the histological changes in the zygomatic bone. Methods: Twenty-five adult rabbits of a local breed, weighing 1500-1800 gm and of both sexes, underwent a 15-day acclimation period prior to the experiment. The rabbits were randomly assigned to four groups (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th). A singular intramuscular injection of Botox at a dose of 3.5 U/kg was administered to the left facial muscles. The rabbits in each group were then sacrificed at distinct time points after injection: day 10, day 15, day 30, and day 45. All rabbits survived until the end of the experiment, at which point they were euthanized with chloroform. Post-euthanasia, the rabbits' facial zygomatic bones were dissected and subjected to histological assessment. Results: The results indicated notable changes in the zygomatic bone, including prominent vacuoles within the bony matrix, cracks with cellular debris, limited osteocytes, and collagen bundles resembling woven bone. Additionally, in the day 30 group (T3), irregular bone borders and atrophied osteogenic cells were observed, while the day 45 group (T4) exhibited necrotic areas and bone fragments within the bone matrix. Conclusion: In conclusion, Botox, derived from Clostridium botulinum, serves various medical purposes. The study focused on injecting Botox around rabbits' facial nerves to assess its impact on zygomatic bones histologically. Following a controlled injection and specific time intervals, the examined bone samples exhibited distinct changes, providing insights into Botox's effects on bone morphology.

Effects of L-arginine, guanidinoacetic acid and L-citrulline supplementation in reduced-protein diets on bone morphology and mineralization of laying hens.

The alterations in feed ingredients and the nutrient matrix to produce reduced-protein diets may affect bone morphology and mineralization in laying hens. This study was implemented to determine the effects of L-arginine (Arg), guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), and L-citrulline (Cit) supplementation to Arg-deficient reduced-protein diets on bone morphology, strength, and mineralization status of laying hens. Individually housed Hy-Line Brown laying hens were evenly distributed to five dietary treatments with 25 replicates per treatment from 20 to 40wk of age. Treatments consisted of a standard protein diet (17% crude protein, SP), a reduced-protein diet deficient in Arg (13% crude protein, RP), and RP supplemented with Arg (0.35% Arg, RP-Arg), GAA (0.46% GAA equivalent to 0.35% Arg, RP-GAA), or Cit (0.35% Cit equivalent to 0.35% Arg, RP-Cit) to reach the Arg level of SP diets. Birds fed the SP diet had similar bone weight, ash, length, width, Seedor index, breaking strength, and serum mineral concentration, but higher toe B level (P<0.001) compared to those fed the RP diet at wk 40. Birds fed the SP diet consumed more but also excreted more K and B compared to those fed the RP diet (P<0.01). Birds fed the SP diet had lower Cu digestibility (P=0.01) and higher B retention (P<0.01) compared to those offered the RP diet. Supplementation of Arg, GAA, and Cit to the RP diet increased relative femur weight and length (P<0.001). Citrulline supplementation also increased relative tibia and femur ash, and Zn digestibility (P<0.05). Supplementation of GAA to the RP diet decreased serum Ca, P, and Mg levels, decreased tibia Fe and Mg levels and toe Mg level, but increased Al, Fe, Zn, and Mn digestibility (P<0.05). The current findings demonstrated the capacity of laying hens to adapt to low mineral intake by increasing mineral utilization. Overall, bone morphology and breaking strength, and serum mineral level in laying hens were not influenced by dietary CP levels. Dietary Arg, GAA, or Cit supplementation were effective in improving bone morphology and mineralization in laying hens fed Arg-deficient RP diets.

Effects of Different Intensity Exercises On Bone Structure of Young Male Wistar Rats

Many adolescents have insufficient physical activity. Regular physical activity from young age can improve health and fitness. Getting regular exercise and eating healthy diet should be encouraged among kids and teenagers to prevent various diseases in adulthood and old age, such as osteoporosis and fractures. When exercising, a prescription is needed that is tailored to each individual abilities. The intensity of exercise will be different for each individual in accordance with their age, physiological function, genetics, economic status, and previous comorbid diseases. There is no standardised exercise prescription proven to increase bone mineral density in adolescents. Based on the above description, a study was conducted on the provision of different intensity exercise and its effect on bone morphology and density. In this study, male Wistar rats, aged 15–16 weeks (body weight ± 250-350 grams; n = 20), were split into 4 groups, namely control group, low intensity exercise group, moderate intensity exercise group, and high intensity exercise group. All groups were receiving intervention for 8 weeks. Then, the rats were sacrificed and the femoral bones were isolated. Femur weight and femur length was checked. Bone density was examined using X-Ray and calculated by statistical tests. Research was conducted in the Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran. There were significant differences of femur weight between high intensity exercise group and control and low intensity exercise groups (p 0.05). Moderate and high intensity exercises significantly increased femur length as opposed to control and low intensity exercise groups (p 0.05). Bone density was higher in moderate and high intensity exercise groups (p 0.05). Moderate to high intensity exercise can increase bone health, seen from significances of bone morphology analysis and a higher density compared to low intensity exercise.

Identifying the unidentified fauna enhances insights into hominin subsistence strategies during the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition

Understanding Palaeolithic hominin subsistence strategies requires the comprehensive taxonomic identification of faunal remains. The high fragmentation of Late Pleistocene faunal assemblages often prevents proper taxonomic identification based on bone morphology. It has been assumed that the morphologically unidentifiable component of the faunal assemblage would reflect the taxonomic abundances of the morphologically identified portion. In this study, we analyse three faunal datasets covering the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition (MUPT) at Bacho Kiro Cave (Bulgaria) and Les Cottés and La Ferrassie (France) with the application of collagen type I peptide mass fingerprinting (ZooMS). Our results emphasise that the fragmented component of Palaeolithic bone assemblages can differ significantly from the morphologically identifiable component. We obtain contrasting identification rates between taxa resulting in an overrepresentation of morphologically identified reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and an underrepresentation of aurochs/bison (Bos/Bison) and horse/European ass (Equus) at Les Cottés and La Ferrassie. Together with an increase in the relative diversity of the faunal composition, these results have implications for the interpretation of subsistence strategies during a period of possible interaction between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens in Europe. Furthermore, shifts in faunal community composition and in carnivore activity suggest a change in the interaction between humans and carnivores across the MUPT and indicate a possible difference in site use between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. The combined use of traditional and biomolecular methods allows (zoo)archaeologists to tackle some of the methodological limits commonly faced during the morphological assessment of Palaeolithic bone assemblages.

A comparative analysis of osteocranium morphology in Lutjanus johnii (Bloch, 1792) and Lutjanus gibbus (Forsskal, 1775) inhabiting different habitats

The snapper species Lutjanus gibbus (L. gibbus) is commonly found in coastal areas characterized by coral reefs and clear water, while Lutjanus johnii (L. johnii) resides in mangrove waters with murky conditions and strong currents. The habitat plays a crucial role in influencing body shape and ossification patterns in fish. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the differences in the cranial bone morphology between the two Lutjanus fish species that resided in contrasting habitats. The fish samples were collected from local fishermen operating in the waters of Pulo Aceh, Aceh Besar, Indonesia. Following capture, the fish were transported and landed at Lampulo Fishing Port in Banda Aceh for further analysis. For each species, a total of 5 fish samples were randomly selected, and thorough cleaning of scales and muscles was performed before the drying of the bones. These dried cranial bones were then photographed, edited, and subjected to detailed analysis. The study showed that, of the 23 observed skull bone characters, 15 characters showed the differences in the cranial bones of the two snapper species, including the pre-ethmoidal, ethmoidal lateralis, prefrontal, supraorbital, nasal, ethmoidal, sphenoticum, crista occipital, lacrimal, inter-opercular, opercular, preopercular premaxilla, endopterygoideum, and hyomandibular. Significant differences were observed in the bones composing the eyes, nose, jaws, and ventral region of the head. In the mangrove snapper (L. johnii), the bones associated with the eyes (orbitospenoidal, supraorbital, and prefrontal) were less developed, while those related to the nose (nasal, ethmoidal, ethmoidal lateralis, pre-ethmoidal) showed well-developed characteristics. The coral snapper L. gibbus displayed a relatively small but thicker premaxilla bone in the jaw region, along with smaller bones in the ventral head area.Keywords:OsteologyMorphologyEcomorphologyOsteocraniumMaxillare

Comparison of the 3D-microstructure of human alveolar and fibula bone in microvascular autologous bone transplantation: a synchrotron radiation μ-CT study.

Introduction: Autologous bone transplantation is successfully used in reconstructive surgery of large/critical-sized bone defects, whereby the microvascular free fibula flap is still regarded as the gold standard for the reconstruction of such defects in the head and neck region. Here, we report the morphological and lacunar properties of patient-paired bone samples from eight patients from the jaw (AB; recipient site) and the fibula (FB; donor site) on the micron length-scale using Synchrotron µ-CT. Insights into differences and similarities between these bone structures could offer a better understanding of the underlying mechanism for successful surgical outcomes and might clear the path for optimized, nature-inspired bone scaffold designs. Methods: Spatial vessel-pore arrangements, bone morphology, fluid-simulation derived permeability tensor, osteocyte lacunar density, and lacunar morphology are compared. Results: The orientation of the vessel system indicates a homogenous vessel orientation for AB and FB. The average mineral distance (50%) to the closest vessel boundary is higher in AB than in FB (the mean is 96μm for AB vs. 76μm for FB; p = 0.021). Average osteocyte lacunar density is found to be higher in AB than in FB (mean 22,874mm3 vs. 19,376mm3 for FB; p = 0.038), which might compensate for the high distance from the mineral to the nearest vessel. No significant differences in lacunar volume are found between paired AB and FB. Discussion: A comparable vessel network and similar distribution of vessel porosity between AB and FB may allow the FB graft to exhibit a high regeneration potential when connected to AB, and this might correlate with a high osteoinductive and osteoconductive potential of FB when connected to AB. Since widely used and potent synthetic bone grafts exist, new insight into the bone structure of well-established autologous bone grafts, such as the free fibula flap, could help to improve the performance of such materials and therefore the design of 3D scaffolds.

Morphometric analysis of adult Hippopotamus forelimb bones

Background: Understanding the adaptative changes in bone shapes among animals involves studying bone morphology. We examined adult hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius)forelimb bones at the anatomy laboratory of Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh. Samples were collected from Rangpur Recreation Park and Zoo between September 2021 and July 2022. Methods: Bones were processed by removing mud and boiled with water. Subsequently, hydrogen peroxide was used for one and a half hours to remove any remaining muscular tissues from the bones. Following this, the bones were air-dried under sunlight for a month. Measurements of key parameters including length, height, width, circumference, and weight were obtained using calibrated instruments, thereby ensuring precision. Results:The scapula displayed a pronounced and elongated spine – the spina scapulae – that demarcated the lateral surface into two distinct fossae: the supraspinous fossa and the infraspinous fossa. The distal expansion of the spine, known as the acromion process, consisted of the fused hamate process and suprahamate process. The head of humerus was round and featured two undivided tubercles: the greater or major and the lesser tubercle. On the medial surface, a small and shallow radial fossa was observed, while on the opposite side, a large and deep olecranon fossa was present. The proximal surface of the radius head exhibited concave fovea capitis radii, which articulated with the lateral condyle of the humerus. The shaft of the radius was slightly expanded in the cranio-caudal direction. Similarly, the shaft of the ulnahad a somewhat triangular shape, resembling the shape of the radius shaft. Medially, it had a convex facet that articulated with the radius, and cranially, the interosseous space between the radius and ulna was longer than the caudal view. Conclusions: The unique anatomical features and morphometric measurements of the forelimb bones in hippos can be beneficial for identification, radiographic interpretation, and forensic investigation. Furthermore, this study provides essential guidelines and insights for understanding appropriate anatomical parameters.

A comparative study of muscle nutrition and intermuscular bone number in improved diploid carp

The common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., COC, 2n = 100) is one of the most widely consumed and distributed freshwater fish in the world. It ranks fourth in total freshwater aquaculture volume in various regions of China, behind Ctenopharyngodon idella, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, and Aristichthys nobilis. However, in recent years, environmental degradation, inbreeding, disordered breeding, and other adverse effects have caused problems such as low seed quality and poor disease and stress resistance of the carp. In our laboratory, we developed two types of improved diploid carp the hybrid F1 of common carp (♀) × blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala, BSB, 2n = 48) (♂). To investigate the differences between IDC and IDMC compared to COC, in this study we compared the relevant characteristics of these two types of improved carp with those of COC in terms of muscle nutrient composition, intermuscular bone type, and number. The results showed that among the muscle nutrients, IDC had a higher protein content (18.50%) and lower carbohydrate content (0.70%). In addition, the unsaturated fatty acid content of IDC (3.45%) and IDMC (1.25%) were significantly higher than that of COC (P < 0.05) (0.50%). For monounsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid (OA, C18:1 n-9) and linoleic acid (PA, C16:1), the content of IDC and IDMC were also abundant. In terms of intermuscular bone morphology, the morphology and type of intermuscular bone in IDC and IDMC medullary arch ossicles were consistent with those of COC. However, the number of intermuscular bones was different, and the average number of intermuscular bones of IDMC decreased by 14.77% (P < 0.05) compared with COC. The advantages of IDC and IDMC are different, with IDC having a higher value of muscle nutrients and IDMC having a lower intermuscular bone content. The distant hybridization of common carp (♀) × blunt snout bream (♂) developed two improved diploid carp varieties with excellent traits, which added carp germplasm resources with high muscle nutrition and lower intermuscular bone, and provided theoretical support for their production application.

Correlation between Femoral Head Lateralization and Bone Morphology in Primary Hip Osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common disease of the hip in adults, and its etiology is divided into two groups: primary and secondary. Although acetabular dysplasia is the most frequent reason for total hip arthroplasty (THA) in Japan, primary OA has increased recently. Although there are two types of femoral head migration in primary OA: superior and medial, there are some patients with prominent femoral head lateralization. This study aimed at evaluating the relationship between femoral head lateralization and bone morphology of the acetabulum and proximal femur using radiographic factors in primary OA of the hip. A retrospective study was conducted between 2008 and 2017 to assess 1308 hips with OA who underwent primary THAs at our institute. The diagnostic criteria for primary OA were Crowe type 1, Sharp's angle <45°, and center-edge (CE) angle >25°. We classified patients with primary OA into two groups based on femoral head lateralization: group L with lateralization or group N without. Radiographic factors included Sharp's angle, CE angle, acetabular inclination, acetabular depth ratio (ADR), acetabular head index (AHI), and femoral neck-shaft angle (FNA), all examined on an anteroposterior pelvic radiograph. Femoral neck anteversion was calculated using computerized axial tomography. Primary OA was diagnosed in 210/1308 hips (16.1%) (group L: 112 hips (8.6%); group N: 98 (7.5%)). Patient demographics were not significantly different. Radiographic factors with observed significant differences between group L and group N were the average CE angle (33.0° vs. 35.1°, respectively, p = 0.009), ADR (251.6 vs. 273.4, p < 0.001), AHI (77.2 vs. 80.4, p < 0.001), and FNA (136.9° vs. 134.8°, p = 0.012). This investigation suggests that primary OA with femoral head lateralization demonstrated specific identifiable radiographic characteristics in the acetabulum and proximal femur that might contribute to hip joint instability such as the dysplastic hip.

Effect of high-fructose consumption in pregnancy on the bone growth of offspring rats.

Growing evidence suggests that bone health is programmed in early life. Maternal diet may influence the skeletal development of offspring. We aimed to determine the possible effects of high-fructose intake during pregnancy on different aspects of long bone morphology in the offspring of rats and to initially explore the possible mechanisms. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups and intragastrically administered the same dose of distilled water (CON, n = 12), 20 g/kg/day glucose (GLU, n = 12), 10 g/kg/day fructose (LFRU, n = 12), or 20 g/kg/day fructose (HFRU, n = 12) for 21 days during gestation. Computed tomography was used to analyze the cortical and cancellous bones of the distal femur of the offspring rats, and circulating bone metabolic biomarkers were measured using enzyme immunoassay. The results showed that high-fructose intake during pregnancy could decrease body weight, impair glucose metabolism, and increase serum leptin and uric acid in offspring. The offspring in the HFRU group had higher levels of the N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP) and the C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX). The bone mean density (BMD), the total cross-sectional area inside the periosteal envelope (Tt.Ar), cortical bone area (Ct.Ar), medullary (or marrow) area (Ma.Ar), and trabecular mean density of the offspring in the HFRU group were lower than those in the CON group. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (Trap) staining showed that high-fructose intake during pregnancy could increase the number of osteoclasts and increase the absorption area. Our results suggested that excessive fructose intake during pregnancy could inhibit skeletal development in offspring. Thus, attention to fructose intake during pregnancy is important for bone development in offspring.

Deep phenotyping of the neuroimaging and skeletal features in KBG syndrome: a study of 53 patients and review of the literature

BackgroundKBG syndrome is caused by haploinsufficiency of ANKRD11 and is characterised by macrodontia of upper central incisors, distinctive facial features, short stature, skeletal anomalies, developmental delay, brain malformations and seizures....

Reconstructing past migratory behaviour of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus): Insights from geometric morphometric analysis of proximal phalanx morphology from extant caribou populations.

Reindeer mobility patterns vary widely in modern ecosystems, notably between more open or more wooded environments. This renders the reconstruction of past reindeer mobility patterns challenging, while being at the same time key if archaeologists want to better understand the role that reindeer herds played in the subsistence and territorial organisation of Prehistoric hunter-gatherer societies. Studying the morphology associated with different habitats and mobility patterns can be a useful method for understanding past reindeer behaviour. To access paleoecological information, the relationship between locomotor anatomy and substrate type can be explored in modern animals and transposed to the past, as previous studies have proven that an animal´s environment affects bone morphology. In this study, 3D Geometric Morphometrics are used to explore the impact of extant reindeer habitat type and mobility pattern on phalanx morphology. Results obtained reflects on the potential archaeological application of such an approach for paleoecological reconstructions. Size and shape of phalanx vary significantly, yet complex to interpret in light of interplaying factors such as subspecies, sexual dimorphism and the influence of migration costs, snow cover and substrate type. If direct application to the archaeological record remains preliminary, this first study permits to highlight promising avenues for future research.

Youngest occurrence of a plethodid fish (Teleostei: Tselfatiiformes: Plethodidae) from the Maastrichtian of North Africa

An isolated dermobasihyal bone belonging to an indeterminate plethodid fish (Tselfatiiformes) is described from Upper Cretaceous strata of the Plateau des Phosphates of central Morocco. The morphology of the new dermobasihyal bone is highly diagnostic of the family Plethodidae and has affinities with the genera Pentanogmius, Bananogmius, and Martinichthys. Despite these close similarities, its exact generic assignment remains ambiguous. The specimen is significant as it represents the first record of Plethodidae in the Maastrichtian – thereby extending the family's stratigraphic range into the uppermost stage of the Cretaceous. Previous assumptions that plethodids went extinct during the Campanian is proven to be false, with Plethodidae now demonstrated to have survived into the late Maastrichtian, likely becoming extinct along with the non-avian dinosaurs and pterosaurs at the K-Pg Mass Extinction.

Therapeutic Potential of BMP7 in the Treatment of Osteoporosis Caused by the Interaction between Inflammation and Corticosteroids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Chronic colitis was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats via weekly administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid over 21 days following BMP7 or corticosteroid treatment for five days. The levels of serum and colon tissue inflammatory cytokines, RANKL/OPG system, as well as markers of macrophage polarization, were detected using RT-PCR, ELISA, or immunohistochemistry. Long bone and spine analyses were performed using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT). The administration of BMP7 reduced the adverse effects of colitis and led to elevated OPG and RANK in the colon with a simultaneous decrease in TNF-α and an increase in IL-10 and TGF-β. Decreased expression of the M2 macrophage marker CD163 was found in the BMP7-treated rats compared with the colitis group, whereas the number of M1 marker iNOS-positive cells did not differ between the groups. As a result of the BMP7 treatment, morphometric parameters of trabecular bone increased, and increased trabecular separation noted in the colitis group did not appear. We showed that BMP7 suppressed the inflammatory response in chronic colitis, mainly by shifting the cytokine balance and by triggering alterations in the RANKL/OPG system rather than through a macrophage polarization imbalance. In addition, considering the demonstrated effect of BMP7 on bone morphology and structure, it can be suggested that BMP7 plays a role in the managing of osteoporosis in chronic colitis, and thus, its therapeutic potential in the treatment of IBD should be further evaluated.

Study on the effect of chin morphology on orthodontic treatment.

To investigate the effect of different soft-tissue morphologies on the treatment of skeletal class Ⅰ malocclusion patients by analyzing measurement data before and after treatment. Pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalograms of 55 adult female Angle class Ⅰ patients were collected in the Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University from January 2012 to December 2020. Chin soft-tissue morphologies in the lateral cranial radiographs were used to divide the patients into an abnormal chin morphology group (flat and retracted chins, n=27) and a normal chin morphology group (rounded and prominent chins, n=28). Relevant soft- and hard-tissue indexes were selected to study in-group varieties and intergroup differences in the varying chin morphologies before and after treatment. The chin-lip angle, mandibular chin angle, mandibular chin vertex angle, PP-MP, LL-E, UL-E, Po-Pos, and B-B' thickness in the abnormal chin morphology group were significantly higher than those in the normal chin morphology group (P<0.05). Furthermore, m∶BMe and n∶B'Mes in the abnormal chin morphology group were signi-ficantly lower than those in the normal chin morphology group (P<0.05). After treatment, the mandibular chin angle, mandibular chin vertex angle, U1-SN, L1-MP, LL-E, UL-E, SNA, SNB, and B-B' thickness of the abnormal chin morphology group significantly decreased (P<0.05), whereas the nasolabial angle, m∶BMe, n∶B' Mes, and Po-Pos significantly increased (P<0.05). In the normal chin morphology group, the U1-SN, L1-MP, LL-E, UL-E, and B-B' thicknesses decreased significantly (P<0.05), whereas the nasolabial angle significantly increased (P<0.05). Among them, m∶BMe and n∶B' Mes were positively correlated. Chin morphology affects the formulation of treatment plans. Compared with the normal chin morphology group, the abnormal chin morphology group required a larger retraction of incisors. Although the chin of soft-tissue morphology is related to the morphology of bones, the changes in soft tissue chin after treatment cannot be directly predicted according to the bone changes. Soft-tissue chin morphology affects the aesthetic assessment of the soft-tissue lateral profile and the change in soft tissue before and after treatment. The method of predicting the change in soft-tissue chin after treatment should consider the morphology of the soft-tissue chin.

Saucerization of complete discoid lateral meniscus is associated with change of morphology of the lateral femoral condyle and tibial plateau.

To determine the effect of saucerization surgery on knee joint morphology associated with a complete discoid lateral meniscus (DLM) using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. This retrospective study included cases had undergone saucerization surgery for symptomatic DLM between 2007 and 2022. All cases were divided into two by age group: < 12 (U13) and > 13 (O13). The cases in the match group were randomly selected from preoperative cases in the O13 group matched with the age at the final follow-up (F/U) of cases in the U13 group. The following morphological parameters were evaluated using MR images preoperatively and at the final postoperative F/U in each group: anterior obliquity of the lateral tibial plateau (AOLTP), posterior obliquity of the lateral tibial plateau (POLTP), and the lowest point of the lateral femoral condyle (LPLFC). Each parameter was compared between the U13 preoperative (pre-OP) group and the O13 pre-OP group, the preoperative and final follow-up in the U13, and the U13 group at the final F/U and the match group preoperatively. A total of 77 cases were evaluated. 31 cases were in the U13 pre-OP group and 46 were in the O13 pre-OP group. With a minimal F/U of 2years, 27 cases in the U13 group and 36 in the O13 group were included. The mean F/U period was 4.6years in the U13 group and 3.2years in the O13 group. 32 cases were included in the match group. In the match group, the inclination of the POLTP was significantly larger (P = 0.042) and the LPLFC was more lateral (P = 0.0034) than at the final F/U in the U13 group. Saucerization surgery for DLM in juvenile patients can prevent progression to the characteristic bone morphology DLM. These results could help the surgeon making the decision when the surgery would be performed for symptomatic DLM patients. Retrospective comparative study; level of evidence, 3.

Effect of Glenohumeral Joint Bone Morphology on Anterior Shoulder Instability: A Case-Control Study.

Glenohumeral joint compatibility and bone morphology are among the most critical factors in shoulder stabilization. Our study investigated the effect of the bone morphological structure of the shoulder joint on anterior shoulder dislocation. In our study, people with a history of shoulder dislocation were selected as the patient group. In the control group, patients with shoulder MRIs for any reason and no history of shoulder dislocation were included. Those who have a fracture around the shoulder, a congenital deformity in the shoulder region, arthrosis of the shoulder, those whose MRI images cannot be measured, those with Hill-Sachs lesion, connective tissue diseases (such as Ehler Danlos), who are unsure of their diagnosis, or who have incomplete and incorrect suspicious information in their patient file have been excluded. In our retrospective case-control study, glenoid width, glenoid height, glenoid's height-to-width ratio, glenoid's depth, glenoid's version, glenoid's inclination, humerus radius of curvature, glenoid radius of curvature, and bony shoulder stability ratio were measured on MRI images of the patients. The sample size for each group was determined using a power analysis method. The intra-class coefficient (ICC) assessed interobserver and intraobserver reliability. A total of 80 patients, 40 each in the control and patient groups, were included in the study. Glenoid width was measured as 24.27 ± 1.58 in the patient group, 25.61 ± 1.72 in the control group; glenoid height was as measured 36.49 ± 2.26 in the patient group, 36.74 ± 1.99 in the control group; height-to-width ratio was measured as 1.5 ± 0.08 in the patient group, 1.43 ± 0.05 in the control group; glenoid version was as measured -0.53 ± 1.17 in the patient group, -1.44 ± 1.1 in the control group; glenoid inclination was measured as 1.44 ± 3.93 patient group, 2.64 ± 3.81 in the control group; glenoid depth was measured as 1.69 ± 0.41 in the patient group, 2.12 ± 0.53 in the control group; humerus radius of curvature was measured as 29.70 ± 6.76 in the patient group, 24.98 ± 3.22 in the control group; glenoid axial radius of curvature was measured as 61.8 ± 13.52 in the patient group, 52.53 ± 15.69 in the control group; glenoid coronal radius of curvature was measured as 43.01 ± 7.47 in the patient group, 37.74 ± 6.89 in the control group; the bony shoulder stability ratio was measured as 0.35 ± 0.06 in the patient group and 0.44 ± 0.06 in the control group. In the statistical evaluation, the glenoid width (p < 0.001), the glenoid height/width ratio (p < 0.001), the glenoid version (p < 0.001), the depth of the glenoid cavity (p < 0.001), and the radius of curvature measurements of the humeral head (p < 0.001) and the glenoid (axial, p < 0.007; coronal, p < 0.001) were found to be significantly different. Glenoid height and inclination were similar in both groups. The detection of bone morphological features that constitute risk factors for shoulder dislocations plays an important role in preventing shoulder dislocations. In this way, it provides essential data on personalized rehabilitation programs and treatment selection for recurrent dislocations.

Morphometric evaluation of alveolar bone after orthodontic treatment of multiple impacted teeth in the unilateral maxillary anterior region

This study aimed to investigate the height and thickness of alveolar bone by cone-beam computed tomography imaging after orthodontic treatment in the unilateral maxillary anterior region and speculate on reasons for the difference in alveolar bone morphology. This study selected 11 patients (3 males and 8 females; mean age, 9.42 ± 1.45 years). Cone-beam computed tomography was performed for these 11 patients before and after treatment using Dolphin Imaging software (Dolphin Imaging and Management Solutions, Chatsworth, Calif). Labial and palatal alveolar bone thickness (BT) at root apices and different levels along the roots and loss of alveolar bone height was measured for each impacted tooth and its contralateral homonymous tooth. After orthodontic therapy, all 3 impacted anterior teeth had different degrees of loss of labial alveolar bone height compared with the normal side (central incisor: -1.5 mm, P<0.005; lateral incisor: -1.06 mm, P<0.01; canine: -0.59 mm, P< 0.01). The lateral incisors also showed palatal alveolar bone height loss compared with the unaffected side (-0.8 mm, P<0.005). Alveolar BT at root apices of impacted canines was 1.14 mm thicker than the normal side (P<0.005). Central and lateral incisors were similar to the normal side. The thickness of the alveolar bone at 8, 10, and 12 mm of the impacted canine position was still larger than that on the healthy side, whereas the difference in average thickness between the healthy and affected side had been significantly reduced compared with pretreatment measurements. There is satisfactory retention of alveolar bone height in canines after orthodontic treatment; however, alveolar bone loss is slightly worse at central and lateral incisors. Retention of alveolar BT was normal for impacted anterior teeth, whereas excess apical alveolar BT at the canines, although still present, was substantially less significant than had been observed before treatment.

ESEM-EDX Mineralization and Morphological Analysis of Human Retrieved Maxillary Sinus Bone Graft Biopsies before Loading.

This study aimed to analyze the morphology of bone graft granules, the presence of granule demineralization, and bone morphology in retrieved human maxillary sinus bone graft biopsies. Healthy patients underwent sinus bone augmentation using lateral access. Two different dimensions of the antrostomy were performed, a 4 mm or 8 mm height. After 6 months, all sites received one implant using a flap technique, crestal positioning, and submerged healing. Implant biopsies were retrieved after 3 months and were histologically processed. The ESEM analysis was performed on the entire portion of the peri-implant bone (up to 750 µm from the implant thread). Three different regions of interest (ROIs) were selected: the coronal, middle, and apical portions of the implant. In these areas, EDX was performed, and calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), nitrogen (N), and their atomic ratios (Ca/P, Ca/N, and P/N) were calculated. Different bone tissue electron-dense areas were detected through grayscale intensity quantification of ESEM images with different organic (N) or inorganic (Ca,P) compositions. A total of 16 biopsies from 16 healthy patients were analyzed. Bone graft granules were mostly detected in the apical ROI. New bone tissue bridges were detected in the apical and middle ROI. These structures, with lower Ca/N and P/N ratios, were connected and enveloped the bone graft granules. Cortical ROI revealed the most mineralized bone tissue. Conclusions: After 9 months, bone graft resorption was only partially completed and new bone tissue appeared less mineralized in the middle and apical ROI than in the coronal ROI.