Bone Mineralization In Children Research Articles

Relationship between placental expression of the imprinted PHLDA2 gene, intrauterine skeletal growth and childhood bone mass

Alterations in expression of the imprinted gene PHLDA2 are linked to low birth weight in both humans and the mouse. However birth weight is a summary measure of fetal growth and provides little information on the growth rate of the fetus in early and late pregnancy. To examine the relation of PHLDA2 expression with rates of fetal growth and explore associations with the infant's body composition in early childhood, we measured PHLDA2 mRNA levels in the term placenta of 102 infants whose mothers were participating in the Southampton Women's Survey (SWS). Higher PHLDA2 expression was associated with a lower fetal femur growth velocity between 19 and 34 weeks gestation. In addition, higher placental PHLDA2 gene expression was associated with a lower child's bone mineral content at four years of age, measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The results suggest that placental PHLDA2 may provide a biomarker for suboptimal skeletal growth in pregnancies uncomplicated by overt fetal growth restriction.

Effect of Drinking Desalinated Fluoride Free Water on children's Bone Mineral Density

Effect of Drinking Desalinated Fluoride Free Water on children's Bone Mineral Density

System osteoprotegeryna, receptor aktywujący jądrowy czynnik κB oraz ligand dla receptora aktywującego jądrowy czynnik kB a zmiany kostne u dzieci z nieswoistymi zapaleniami jelit

ENWEndNote BIBJabRef, Mendeley RISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA Jankowska A, Korzon-Burakowska A, Kamińska B. Osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of nuclear factor kB and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand and bone mineralization in children with inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology Review/Przegląd Gastroenterologiczny. 2011;6(4):213-217. doi:10.5114/pg.2011.24303. APA Jankowska, A., Korzon-Burakowska, A., & Kamińska, B. (2011). Osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of nuclear factor kB and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand and bone mineralization in children with inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology Review/Przegląd Gastroenterologiczny, 6(4), 213-217. https://doi.org/10.5114/pg.2011.24303 Chicago Jankowska, Agnieszka, Anna Korzon-Burakowska, and Barbara Kamińska. 2011. "Osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of nuclear factor kB and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand and bone mineralization in children with inflammatory bowel diseases". Gastroenterology Review/Przegląd Gastroenterologiczny 6 (4): 213-217. doi:10.5114/pg.2011.24303. Harvard Jankowska, A., Korzon-Burakowska, A., and Kamińska, B. (2011). Osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of nuclear factor kB and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand and bone mineralization in children with inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology Review/Przegląd Gastroenterologiczny, 6(4), pp.213-217. https://doi.org/10.5114/pg.2011.24303 MLA Jankowska, Agnieszka et al. "Osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of nuclear factor kB and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand and bone mineralization in children with inflammatory bowel diseases." Gastroenterology Review/Przegląd Gastroenterologiczny, vol. 6, no. 4, 2011, pp. 213-217. doi:10.5114/pg.2011.24303. Vancouver Jankowska A, Korzon-Burakowska A, Kamińska B. Osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of nuclear factor kB and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand and bone mineralization in children with inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology Review/Przegląd Gastroenterologiczny. 2011;6(4):213-217. doi:10.5114/pg.2011.24303.

The effect of gastrostomy tube feeding on body protein and bone mineralization in children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy

The effect of gastrostomy tube feeding on body protein and bone mineralization in children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy

The effect of gastrostomy tube feeding on body protein and bone mineralization in children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of gastrostomy tube feeding on body protein and bone mineralization in malnourished children with cerebral palsy (CP). Children aged between 4 and 18 years with spastic quadriplegic CP (Gross Motor Function Classification System level V) were recruited from the Children's Hospital at Westmead to participate in this prospective cohort study. The children had measurements of anthropometry (weight, height, and skinfold), bone mineral content (BMC) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and total body protein (TBP) by neutron activation analysis before and after gastrostomy tube feeding. Comparison data were collected prospectively from age-matched healthy children and extracted from databases for this study. A total of 21 children (nine females, 12 males) participated in the study (median age 8 y 5 mo; interquartile range [IQR] 6 y 9 mo-11 y 10 mo). The median length of time of gastrostomy feeding was 19.4 months (IQR 7.7-29.9 mo). Significant (p<0.05) improvements were found in the median values for weight (15.4-23.3 kg), weight standard deviation scores (SDS; -4.8 to -3.0), height (105.4-118.3 cm), per cent body fat (10.7-16.3), TBP (2.4-3.4 kg), TBP per cent predicted for height (83.4-99.0), and BMC (469-626 g). No significant increases were found in height SDS, TBP per cent predicted for age, or BMC SDS for age or height. Malnourished children with quadriplegic CP showed significant increases in body fat and protein with gastrostomy tube feeding. No significant change in bone mineralization predicted for age or height was observed.

Metabolic osteopathy in celiac disease: importance of a gluten-free diet

Reduced bone mineral density (BMD) is frequently found in individuals with untreated celiac disease (CD), possibly due to calcium and vitamin D malabsorption, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and misbalanced bone remodeling. A gluten-free diet (GFD) promotes a rapid increase in BMD that leads to complete recovery of bone mineralization in children. Children may attain normal peak bone mass if the diagnosis is made and treatment is given before puberty, thereby preventing osteoporosis in later life. A GFD improves, but rarely normalizes, BMD in patients diagnosed with CD in adulthood. In some cases, nutritional supplementation may be necessary. More information on therapeutic alternatives is needed.

Abnormally high bone mineralization in children with osteogenesis imperfecta is neither associated with specific collagen mutations nor with clinical severity of the disease

Abnormally high bone mineralization in children with osteogenesis imperfecta is neither associated with specific collagen mutations nor with clinical severity of the disease

Volumetric bone mineral density is an important tool when interpreting bone mineralization in healthy children

In adults, it is well known that gender influences bone mass, but studies in children have shown contradictory results. Also, conflicting results have been reported regarding bone mineral density in obese children. To investigate bone parameters in healthy 8-year-old children and relate them to anthropometry and self-reported physical activity (PA). Bone measurements were performed with dual X-ray absorptiometry in 96 children, and questionnaires were used to assess self-reported PA. Bone mineral content and density differed by gender. Eighteen percent of the children were overweight/obese and they had higher bone mineral content and density than children with normal weight. Bone mineral apparent density (g/cm(3)) of the lumbar spine did not differ, since the vertebral size differed, as was also the case between genders. Self-reported weight-bearing PA influenced bone mass in the hip. PA influenced bone mineralization at this age. The differences in bone mineral content and density in healthy children would mainly be explained by the differences in bone size, reflected in body height and the width of the vertebrae. This indicates the importance of determining volumetric bone mineralization in children.

Relationship between Plasma Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 Concentration and Bone Mineralization in Children with Renal Failure on Peritoneal Dialysis

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 is produced in bone, and circulating levels are markedly elevated in patients with end-stage kidney disease, but the relationship between plasma levels of FGF-23 and bone histology in dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism is unknown. The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between plasma levels of FGF-23 and bone histology in pediatric patients with end-stage kidney disease who display biochemical evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the relationship between plasma FGF-23 levels and bone histomorphometry. The study was conducted in a referral center. Participants consisted of forty-nine pediatric patients who were treated with maintenance peritoneal dialysis and who had serum PTH levels (1st generation Nichols assay) greater than 400 pg/ml. There were no interventions. Plasma FGF-23 levels and bone histomorphometry were measured. No correlation existed between values of PTH and FGF-23. Bone formation rates correlated with PTH (r = 0.44; P < 0.01), but not with FGF-23. Higher FGF-23 concentrations were associated with decreased osteoid thickness (r = -0.49; P < 0.01) and shorter osteoid maturation time (r = -0.48; P < 0.01). High levels of FGF-23 are associated with improved indices of skeletal mineralization in dialyzed pediatric patients with high turnover renal osteodystrophy. Together with other biomarkers, FGF-23 measurements may indicate skeletal mineralization status in this patient population.

Dairy and bones

The relative contributions of dietary intake and exercise on bone mineralization in children continues to be debated. In the current issue of The Journal, Moore et al from Boston University have analyzed some dietary information from the Framingham Children's Study. They were able to compare dairy intake over a 12 year period with bone mineral content (BMC) and bone area (BA) in mid-teens. Children who consistently consumed two or more dairy servings daily had increased bone mineralization in comparison with those who consumed less. A somewhat surprising finding was the fact that intakes of meats and other proteins of over 4 servings per day were also associated with higher BMC and BA. Some adult studies have suggested an opposite effect of dietary protein. The authors suggest that the combination of dairy and other protein sources may be important in these children. In particular, the whey protein in milk may have a beneficial effect on osteoblast function.

Percent true calcium absorption, mineral metabolism, and bone mineralization in children with cystic fibrosis: Effect of supplementation with vitamin D and calcium

To assess whether percent true calcium absorption (alpha) is normal in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and to assess whether supplementation with 2,000 IU vitamin D(3), 1 g calcium, or both will alter alpha, mineral metabolism, and/or bone mass in children with CF. Fifteen children ages 7-13 were randomly assigned to one of four different orders to receive all four 6-month treatments including placebos. Change in 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)(2)D), PTH, bone turnover markers, and minerals after 6 months, and bone mineral content (Hologic 1000W) after 9 months was measured. alpha was measured by a dual stable isotope method using (48)Ca intravenously and (46)Ca orally and measuring (48)Ca, (46)Ca, and (42)Ca in a 24-hr urine using High Resolution Inductively Coupled Mass Spectroscopy (HR-ICP-MS). Analysis used Wilcoxon Sign Ranks. alpha was in the normal range and did not differ by treatment (P 35 +/- 10%, Ca 38 +/- 23%, D 36 +/- 11%, D + Ca 46 +/- 21%). One gram calcium did not increase serum or urine calcium. Two thousand IU D(3) did not increase 25-OHD or change 1,25(OH)(2)D. Serum and urine minerals, markers of bone turnover and bone mineral gains did not differ by treatment. alpha is normal in children with CF. One gram calcium and/or 2,000 IU D(3) does not change alpha or increase 25-OHD, serum calcium, or mineralization. Longer trials of a significantly higher dose of vitamin D(3) shown to increase serum 25-OHD are needed to assess effects on mineral metabolism and bone mass accrual. However, study of therapeutic options other than calcium and vitamin D should be encouraged.

Growth Hormone Treatment for Growth Failure in Pediatric Patients with Crohn's Disease

To investigate the effect of human growth hormone (GH) injections on growth velocity in growth-impaired children with Crohn's disease (CD). Ten children and adolescents (mean age, 12.6 +/- 4.5 years; 6 males) with CD and poor height growth were treated with open-label recombinant GH, 0.043 mg/kg/day administered via subcutaneous injection, for 1 year. Patients were retrospectively matched with untreated patients (3 comparisons per case) by race, age, sex, and baseline height. Primary endpoint was height velocity; secondary endpoints were disease activity, body composition, and bone density determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan. Mean height velocity increased by 5.33 +/- 3.40 (mean +/- standard deviation) cm/year in the GH-treated patients during the year of GH treatment, compared with 0.96 +/- 3.52 cm/year in the comparison group (P = .03). Height z-score increased by 0.76 +/- 0.38 in the treated group, compared with 0.16 +/- 0.40 in the comparison group (P < .01), and weight z-score increased by 0.81 +/- 0.89 in the treated group, compared with 0.00 +/- 0.57 in the comparison group (P < .01). Bone density revealed an increase of 0.31 +/- 0.33 in the lumbar spine z-score (P = .03 vs baseline). GH treatment increases height velocity and may enhance bone mineralization in children with CD. A randomized controlled trial in a large cohort of children is needed to evaluate the ultimate impact of GH treatment.

Growth and bone mineralization in children born prematurely

To study the growth and bone mineralization of children born prematurely. A cohort of healthy children who were born prematurely with birth weight less than 1.5 kg were compared by weight and height to a national reference. Bone mineral status of preterm infants was compared with children who were born at term gestation. The average follow-up was 7 years. A sample of children who were born prematurely was recalled from an infant nutrition study. Children born at term gestation who had similar body weight for age were recruited from the community. Bone mineral evaluation was conducted in a group of 20 children born prematurely with birth weight less than 1.5 kg and in 15 children born at term gestation. Body weight for age was similar between the groups. All children were born of appropriate size for gestational age at birth. All children had their body weight and height measured. Comparisons for growth assessment status were made with the NHANES III database and published standards. Dietary intakes and food frequency were analyzed. The bone mineral status was measured at two sites, lumbar spine and distal third radius bone. The average age was 7 years, with a range of 5 to 9 years. Compared with the reference population, children who were born prematurely on the average had lower weights, heights and body mass index. Preterm children had a lower lumbar bone mineral content than term children, 12.8+/-3.0 and 14.7+/-2.2 g cm(-1) (P<0.05). The lumbar bone mineral density was lower in the preterm group than in the term group, 0.525+/-0.062 and 0.574+/-0.073 g cm(-2), respectively (P<0.04). Three of the preterm children had a history of fracture whereas none of the term children reported any fractures. Children who were born prematurely with birth weights less than 1.5 kg tend to be significantly smaller for age and have lower lumbar spinal bone mineral content and density compared with children born at term gestation.

Growth and bone mineralization in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis

To investigate growth, development and bone mineralization of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Thirty patients between 4-17 years of age (mean 11.34 +/- 3.88) resistant to therapy were studied. Enrollment began in November 1999 and continued through November 2004 and children with chronic disease were excluded. Data like height, weight, medications and acute phase reactants were obtained from medical records. On study-visit, puberty was assessed by physical examination and bone mineral density (BMD) was measured. Serum Ca, P, ALP, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and urinary Ca/Cr and hydroxyproline /Cr levels were measured. Results were compared with the control group that consisted of 30 cases of similar age and gender. Patients with JIA had decreased height standard deviation score (SDS) and growth retardation. BMD of the cases in the study group was lower than the control group (p< 0.05). Patients who were at younger age at the onset of the disease had lower BMD. Among the drugs, only steroids had a negative effect on growth. Serum IGF-1 levels of the study group were significantly lower than the control group (p< 0.0001). Early diagnosis and suppression of disease activity is important in prevention of osteoporosis and growth retardation in children with JIA. BMD has to be measured yearly in patients for accurate diagnosis of osteoporosis. Vitamin D and Ca-rich nutrition with promotion of physical activity and controlled use of steroids may protect the children against bone loss.

A longitudinal analysis of bone mineralization in children with inflammatory bowel disease

A longitudinal analysis of bone mineralization in children with inflammatory bowel disease

A longitudinal analysis of bone mineralization in children with inflammatory bowel disease

A longitudinal analysis of bone mineralization in children with inflammatory bowel disease

661 Bone mineralization in children with Wilson disease

661 Bone mineralization in children with Wilson disease

Bone mineralization in children with epidermolysis bullosa

Various factors may have deleterious effects on bone health in patients with epidermolysis bullosa (EB). In a retrospective notes review, to assess bone mineralization in children with EB and to identify the relative contributions of nutrition, activity and disease severity to low bone mass. Thirty-nine children with EB [32 recessive dystrophic EB (RDEB), four Dowling-Meara EB simplex (DMEBS) and three junctional EB (JEB)] had lumbar spine bone mass measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry (GE Lunar Prodigy; GE Healthcare, Chalfont St Giles, U.K.). Seventy-six healthy children were also studied. Weight and height were recorded and mobility was rated. Children with RDEB and JEB, but not those with DMEBS, had lower bone mineral density SD scores than controls; differences remained after adjusting for the smaller body size of the patients. Bone mass was best predicted by mobility rating. Children with RDEB and JEB have low bone mass after adjusting for their smaller size, which may put them at risk for fragility fractures. Low bone mass was best predicted by the level of mobility, raising the hypothesis that improving activity or bone loading may be a potential preventive intervention in these children. However, as low bone mass may be multifactorial in these children, more detailed investigation of potential aetiological factors is required before interventions are planned.

Bone mineral density in children with sickle cell anemia

We evaluated bone mineral density (BMD) and risk factors for poor bone mineralization in children with sickle cell anemia (SCA). Twenty-five children with severe manifestations of SCA (frequent hospitalizations, growth delay, or need for chronic red cell transfusions) were enrolled. Bone density was assessed at lumbar spine and proximal femur with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and Z-scores were calculated by comparison with age, sex, and ethnicity-specific reference data. The median age of the study population was 12.8 years (10.2-19.8 years). Calcium intake was inadequate in 60%, and serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD) level <50 nM in 74% of patients. Median Z-scores for lumbar spine (-2.3) and proximal femur (-1.7) were markedly reduced, and 64% (95% confidence interval, 43%-82%) of patients had low bone density. Z-scores were not related to age, growth delay, chronic transfusions, or ferritin level. Our results suggest that children with severe manifestations of SCA have low BMD, and possess significant deficits in dietary calcium and circulating vitamin D.

Calcium Supplementation during Childhood: Long-term Effects on Bone Mineralization

Calcium supplementation has been shown to increase bone mineralization in children and adolescents. However, catch-up mineralization later in puberty appears likely if intake is consistent with usual average intakes in the United States. Ultimately, individ-ualized risk assessment will be developed based on genetic and lifestyle factors that can be used to guide optimal calcium intake during childhood.