Bone Mineral Density In Adults Research Articles

Social stratification reflected in bone mineral density and stature: Spectral imaging and osteoarchaeological findings from medieval Norway.

This study presents skeletal material from five medieval burial sites in Eastern Norway, confined to one royal burial church, one Dominican monastery, and three burial sites representing parish populations. We combine osteological analysis and Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry, studying the remains of 227 individuals (102 females and 125 males) employing young, middle, and old adult age categories. The aim is to assess bone mineral density as a skeletal indicator of socioeconomic status including stature as a variable. We detected that socioeconomic status significantly affected bone mineral density and stature. Individuals of high status had higher bone mineral density (0.07 g/cm2, p = 0.003) and taller stature (1.85 cm, p = 0.017) than individuals from the parish population. We detected no significant relationship between young adult bone mineral density and socioeconomic status (p = 0.127 and 0.059 for females and males, respectively). For males, high young adult bone mineral density and stature varied concordantly in both status groups. In contrast, females of high status were significantly taller than females in the parish population (p = 0.011). Our findings indicate quite different conditions during growth and puberty for the two groups of females. The age-related pattern of bone variation also portrayed quite different trajectories for the two socioeconomic status groups of both sexes. We discuss sociocultural practices (living conditions during childhood and puberty, as well as nutritional and lifestyle factors in adult life), possibly explaining the differences in bone mineral density between the high-status and parish population groups. The observation of greater differences in bone mineral density and stature for females than males in the medieval society of Norway is also further discussed.

Bone mineral density and lipid profiles in older adults: a nationwide cross-sectional study.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between lipid profiles and bone mineral density (BMD) in older adults using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). We enrolled men older than 50years and postmenopausal women who participated in the KNHANES 2008-2011. Subjects with liver cirrhosis, thyroid disease, or renal dysfunction and those receiving treatment for hyperlipidemia or osteoporosis were excluded. A total of 4323 subjects (2286 men and 2037 women) was analyzed. The prevalence of osteoporosis was 8.7% in men older than 50years and 38.4% in postmenopausal women. Osteopenia and osteoporosis groups were generally older and tended to have a lower body mass index compared to the normal group (p for trend < 0.001). The correlation between each lipid profile and BMD was analyzed in the linear model adjusted for age and body mass index. Total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol showed a negative correlation with BMD in the total population, but there was no significant correlation when analyzed separately for men and women. Triglycerides had a negative association with whole-body BMD in both men and women (p < 0.05). The adjusted odds ratio of logarithmic triglyceride level for osteoporosis was 2.50 (95% confidence interval 1.13-5.51) in women older than 65years. Serum triglycerides showed a significant inverse association with BMD, and the relationship is thought to correlate with vitamin D status among older adults.

Relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and bone mineral density in adolescents.

Liver metabolism is strongly linked to bone metabolism, and a significant correlation between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and bone mineral density (BMD) in adults has been demonstrated. However, the current relationship between NAFLD and BMD in the adolescent population remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the specific relationship between NAFLD and BMD in adolescents aged 12 to 19 years in the United States.The quantitative relationship between NAFLD and total BMD was investigated using multivariate logistic regression and smoothed fitted curve curves based on multiperspective data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).A total of 740 adolescents were included in this study after excluding unusable samples. The results showed that NAFLD was positively associated with total BMD in adolescents. The results of the subgroup analysis showed that this positive association was mainly found in boys, whites and blacks. The association was not significant in girls, Mexican Americans and other racial groups.Among US adolescents, there was a significant positive association between NAFLD and total BMD, and this relationship varied by gender and race.

Uric Acid Levels Are Associated with Bone Mineral Density in Mexican Populations: A Longitudinal Study.

Background: Inconsistent epidemiological evidence between uric acid (UA) and bone mineral density (BMD) has been observed. Therefore, we evaluated the association between UA and BMD in Mexican adults. Methods: This analysis was conducted on 1423 participants from the Health Workers Cohort Study. We explored cross-sectional associations using linear regression and longitudinal associations using fixed-effects linear regression by sex and age groups (<45 and ≥45 years). Results: In females <45 years old, the cross-sectional analysis showed that UA levels were positively associated with total hip BMD. However, in the longitudinal analysis, we observed a negative association with the femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD. In contrast, in males <45 years old, we found an increase in total hip and femoral neck BMD in the groups with high levels of UA in the longitudinal association. On the other hand, in females ≥45 years old, we observed a longitudinal association between UA and loss of BMD at different sites. We did not observe an association between UA levels and BMD in males ≥45 years old. Conclusions: Our results suggest higher serum UA levels are associated with low BMD at different skeletal sites in Mexican females. Further studies are needed to delineate the underlying mechanisms behind this observation.

Both indirect maternal and direct fetal genetic effects reflect the observational relationship between higher birth weight and lower adult bone mass

BackgroundBirth weight is considered not only to undermine future growth, but also to induce lifelong diseases; the aim of this study is to explore the relationship between birth weight and adult bone mass.MethodsWe performed multivariable regression analyses to assess the association of birth weight with bone parameters measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and by quantitative ultrasound (QUS), independently. We also implemented a systemic Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore the causal association between them with both fetal-specific and maternal-specific instrumental variables.ResultsIn the observational analyses, we found that higher birth weight could increase the adult bone area (lumbar spine, β-coefficient= 0.17, P < 2.00 × 10−16; lateral spine, β-coefficient = 0.02, P = 0.04), decrease bone mineral content-adjusted bone area (BMCadjArea) (lumbar spine, β-coefficient= − 0.01, P = 2.27 × 10−14; lateral spine, β-coefficient = − 0.05, P = 0.001), and decrease adult bone mineral density (BMD) (lumbar spine, β-coefficient = − 0.04, P = 0.007; lateral spine; β-coefficient = − 0.03, P = 0.02; heel, β-coefficient = − 0.06, P < 2.00 × 10−16), and we observed that the effect of birth weight on bone size was larger than that on BMC. In MR analyses, the higher fetal-specific genetically determined birth weight was identified to be associated with higher bone area (lumbar spine; β-coefficient = 0.15, P = 1.26 × 10−6, total hip, β-coefficient = 0.15, P = 0.005; intertrochanteric area, β-coefficient = 0.13, P = 0.0009; trochanter area, β-coefficient = 0.11, P = 0.03) but lower BMD (lumbar spine, β-coefficient = − 0.10, P = 0.01; lateral spine, β-coefficient = − 0.12, P = 0.0003, and heel β-coefficient = − 0.11, P = 3.33 × 10−13). In addition, we found that the higher maternal-specific genetically determined offspring birth weight was associated with lower offspring adult heel BMD (β-coefficient = − 0.001, P = 0.04).ConclusionsThe observational analyses suggested that higher birth weight was associated with the increased adult bone area but decreased BMD. By leveraging the genetic instrumental variables with maternal- and fetal-specific effects on birth weight, the observed relationship could be reflected by both the direct fetal and indirect maternal genetic effects.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Low Bone Mineral Density in Adults With Cystic Fibrosis.

Single-center studies have suggested that up to 70% of adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) have lower than expected bone mineral density (BMD), substantially higher than the 25% prevalence reported from national registries. We determined the prevalence of low BMD in CF adults at our center and assessed risk factors for low BMD. This retrospective cohort study was conducted in all CF patients ≥18 years of age who had a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan performed at the Johns Hopkins Adult Cystic Fibrosis center between 2010 and 2018. Prevalence and incidence of low BMD during the study period were determined. Poisson regression based on generalized estimating equations and robust standard errors were used to evaluate selected risk factors and risk of disease progression. A total of 234 individuals underwent an initial DXA scan. At this scan, prevalence of low BMD was 52.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 46.0-59.1). A total of 43.6% were at risk for CF-related low BMD (AR-CFLBMD) (95% CI 37.1-50.2) and 9.0% had CF-related low BMD (CFRLBMD) (95% CI 5.6-13.4). Of the 25 with normal BMD at initial scan and a subsequent follow-up scan, 8 (32.0%) progressed to AR-CFLBMD. Of the 53 with AR-CFLBMD on initial scan and a subsequent scan, 6 (11.3%) progressed to CFLBMD, 9 (17.0%) returned to normal BMD, and 38 (71.7%) remained AR-CFLBMD. Older age (relative risk [RR]=1.01; 95% CI 1.00-1.01) and male sex (RR=1.32; 95% CI 1.04-1.66) were associated with increased risk of low BMD, while higher forced expiratory volume over 1 second (FEV1%) predicted (RR=0.99; 95% CI 0.99-1.00) and body mass index (BMI; RR=0.97; 95% CI 0.94-1.00) were associated with lower risk for low BMD. The fact that more than half of all individuals were found to have lower than expected BMD suggests that the actual prevalence may be higher than currently reported in national registries. This supports the importance of universal bone health screening of all CF adults. © 2022 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

High-altitude exposure decreases bone mineral density and its relationship with gut microbiota: Results from the China multi-ethnic cohort (CMEC) study

BackgroundGeographic altitude is a potent environmental factor for human microbiota and bone mineral density. However, little evidence exists in population-based studies with altitude diversity ranges across more than 3000 m. This study assessed the associations between a wide range of altitudes and bone mineral density, as well as the potential mediating role of microbiota in this relationship. MethodsA total of 99,556 participants from the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort (CMEC) study were enrolled. The altitude of each participant was extracted from global Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 4 data. Bone mineral density was measured by calcaneus quantitative ultrasound index (QUI). Stool samples were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing (n = 1384). The metabolites of gut microbiota, seven kinds of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), were detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS, n = 128). After screening, 73,974 participants were selected for the “altitude-QUI” analysis and they were placed into the low-altitude (LA) and high-altitude (HA) groups. Additionally, a subgroup (n = 1384) was further selected for the “altitude-microbiota-QUI” analysis. Multivariate linear regression models and mediation analyses were conducted among participants. ResultsA significant negative association between high-altitude and QUI was obtained (mean difference = −0.373 standard deviation [SD], 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.389, −0.358, n = 73,974). The same negative association was also observed in the population with microbiota data (mean difference = −0.185 SD, 95%CI: −0.360, −0.010, n = 1384), and a significant mediating effect of Catenibacteriumon on the association between altitude and QUI (proportion mediated = 25.2%, P = 0.038) was also noticed. Additionally, the acetic acid, butyric acid, and total amount of seven SCFAs of the low-altitude group were significantly higher than that of the high-altitude group (P < 0.05). ConclusionHigh-altitude exposure may decrease bone mineral density in adults, thus increasing the risk of osteoporosis. The modulation of gut microbiota may be a potential strategy for alleviating the decrease of bone mineral density.

Low dose aspirin associated with greater bone mineral density in older adults

The use of low-dose aspirin in older adults is increasing as is the prevalence of osteoporosis. Aspirin has been shown in numerous studies to affect bone metabolism. However, there is no clear link between low-dose aspirin use and bone mineral density (BMD). This study examined differences in bone mineral density between low-dose aspirin users and non-aspirin users in adults aged 50–80 years. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 15,560 participants who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-March 2020. We used a multivariate logistic regression model to evaluate the relationship between low-dose aspirin and femoral neck BMD, femoral total BMD, intertrochanteric BMD, and the first lumbar vertebra BMD (L1 BMD) in patients aged 50 to 80 years. A total of 1208 (Group 1: femoral neck BMD, total femur BMD, and intertrochanter BMD) and 1228 (Group 2: L1 BMD) adults were included in this study. In both group 1 and group 2, BMD was higher in the low-dose aspirin group than in the non-aspirin group (Total femur BMD β = 0.019, 95% CI 0.004–0.034; Femoral neck BMD β = 0.017, 95% CI 0.002–0.032; Intertrochanter BMD β = 0.025, 95% CI 0.007–0.043; L1 BMD β = 0.026, 95% CI 0.006–0.046). In subgroup analyses stratified by gender, this positive association existed in both gender after adjusting for confounders. On subgroup analyses stratified by age, this positive association existed in three different age groups after adjusting for confounders. To test whether the effect of low-dose aspirin on BMD was affected by gender and age, the interaction P value was greater than 0.05. These findings from a human study looking into the relationship between low-dose aspirin use and BMD suggest that regular low-dose aspirin may be associated with a higher BMD. The association between low-dose aspirin and BMD did not differ by age group or gender.

Yi-Jin-Jing Training In Older Male Adults Improves Bone Mineral Density And Sex Hormones

PURPOSE: Yi-Jin-Jing is one mind-body exercise and a promising remedy to benefit healthy aging. There is still very little studied if Yi-Jin-Jing training ameliorates aging-related bone changes in older adults and attenuates or treats bone-related disorders. The purpose of this randomized clinical study was to assess the effectiveness of Yi-Jin-Jing training on changes of the bone mineral density and sex hormones in older male adults. METHODS: By questionnaire survey screenings, we recruited 22 older men between 60-69 years old. After signing the informed consent, subjects were randomly assigned into two groups: a Yi-Jin-Jing training group (n = 11) and a non-exercise Control group (n = 11). Prior to and after a 3-month intervention, height, body weight, BMI, bone mineral density (BMD), and sex hormones (E2, T, FSH, and LH) were measured. Data were reported as mean ± SD unless otherwise stated. Correlations between variables were calculated based on Pearson correlation coefficients. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS. P values ≤0.05 were set as the level of significance. RESULTS: No significant differences in age, height, body weight, and BMI were observed between Control and Yi-Jin-Jing groups. After intervention, subjects in Control experienced decreases in BMD of all measured parts except the lower extremity (P > 0.05) but a statistically significant decrease in total body BMD (P < 0.05). Subjects in Yi-Jin-Jing increased BMD in all measured parts and in total body BMD but showing non-significance statistically. Compared with Control, Yi-Jin-Jing trained individuals had larger BMD changes of the mean differences in lower/upper extremities, trunk, pelvis, and total body, but no significant differences were found. There were no significant changes of E2, T, FSH, and LH in Control (P > 0.05); while Yi-Jin-Jing trained subjects had an increase trend in T, FSH, and LH, but only a significant E2 increase was found (P < 0.01). Data showed a significant positive correlation between E2 and total body BMD (r = 0.474, P = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicated that Yi-Jin-Jing training could benefit in delaying older men’s total body BMD decrease. It may positively influence on the increased E2 level. Further research is needed to confirm if Yi-Jin-Jing provides protective benefits to bone health for older adults.

Possible Association between Methylphenidate and Mandibular Bone Characteristics Detected by Dental Panoramic Radiograph in Children and Adolescents with ADHD.

Some studies have shown that children treated with psychostimulants for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have decreased bone mineral density (BMD). Mandibular cortical width (MCW) may be used as a surrogate measure for evaluating BMD. We compared the MCW measured on digital panoramic radiographs (DPR) of 38 children and adolescents with ADHD who were treated with methylphenidate for at least 12 months to the MCW of 58 children and adolescents without ADHD (control). The two groups had a similar mean age (p = 0.3). Mean MCW was significantly lower among children with ADHD compared to those in the control group (2.77 ± 0.33 mm vs. 3.04 ± 0.46 mm, p = 0.004). Additionally, each of the MCW sides were significantly smaller in the group with ADHD compared with the control group. In conclusion, treatment with methylphenidate is associated with low MCW in children and adolescents with ADHD. Analysis of MCW on DPR may help in screening children that are at risk of bone health alterations that may result in low BMD in adulthood. Dentists may be the first to identify bone health abnormalities and should be aware of their role in referring their patients to further follow-up.

Retrospective analysis of the relationship between bone mineral density and body composition in a health check-up Chinese population.

PurposeThis study was designed to explore the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition indicators in Chinese adults (≥50 years) in order to provide a scientific basis for optimal bone health management.MethodIndividuals ≥50 years old who received physical examinations and routine check-ups at the Health Management Research Institute of PLA General Hospital from September 2014 through March 2022 were included as research subjects in this study. Basic clinical and demographic information were recorded for all subjects, along with smoking and drinking status, height and body weight. A panel of routine blood chemistry and metabolite markers were measured, along with lean muscle mass and body fat mass using body composition bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BFP), skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), and bone mineral density (BMD) were calculated for all individuals. For comparative analysis, individuals were grouped based on their BMI, BFP, SMI and BMD T-score. Follow-up examinations were performed in a cohort of 1,608 individuals matched for age, sex, smoking and drinking history for ≥5 years,ResultsIn this large cross-sectional study, age, smoking, homocysteine (Hcy) and blood glucose levels were established as independent risk factors for osteoporosis. Multi-factor logistic regression analysis showed that age, sex, BMI, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), SMI, BFP, smoking, blood levels of inorganic phosphate (P) and K+ were all significantly associated with osteoporosis risk (P<0.05). A subset of these factors- BMI, SMI, BFP and K+, were determined to be protective. In the cohort followed for ≥5 years, SMI and BMD decreased while BFP and BMI increased significantly (P<0.001) over time.ConclusionRisk of osteoporosis may be reduced by increasing body weight, particularly lean muscle mass, while simultaneously controlling BFP.

High cholesterol and low triglycerides are associated with total lumbar bone mineral density among adults aged 50 years and over: The NHANES 2017-2020.

BackgroundThe association between cholesterol and triglycerides with the lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) was widely investigated, but the results remained conflicting. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between total cholesterol, triglycerides, and total lumbar BMD in adults.Materials and methodsThis cross-sectional study included 1,985 individuals aged 50 years and over. The data on total cholesterol, triglycerides, total lumbar BMD, and other covariates were obtained from the National Health and Nutritional (NHANES) between 2017 and March 2020 pre-pandemic. Multivariate logistic regression models were utilized to investigate the association between cholesterol, triglycerides, and total lumbar BMD. Smooth curve fittings and generalized additive models were also used to analyze the potential non-linearity.ResultsA total of 901 men and 1,084 women with a mean age of 63.02 ± 8.72 years (age 50–80 years) were included in this study. In multivariate regression analysis, the association between cholesterol and total lumbar BMD was negative (β = −0.026, 95% CI: −0.033, −0.020). This relationship still existed after adjusted for gender and race (β = −0.018, 95% CI: −0.025, −0.012) and fully adjusted for all covariates (β = −0.022, 95% CI: −0.029, −0.015). The association between triglycerides and total lumbar BMD was positive (β = 0.024, 95% CI: 0.017, 0.031). This relationship still existed after adjusted for gender and race (β = 0.021, 95% CI: 0.015, 0.028) and fully adjusted for all covariates (β = 0.021, 95% CI: 0.014, 0.028). In threshold effect analysis, the relationship between triglycerides and total lumbar BMD was an inverted U-shaped curve with the inflection point at 2.597 mmol/L.ConclusionHigh levels of total cholesterol and relatively low levels of triglycerides are significantly associated with the total lumbar BMD in adults aged 50 years and over.

Low bone mineral density and its related factors in adults with congenital heart disease in Vietnam: A cross-sectional study.

Background and AimsRecent studies have highlighted the increased risk of low bone mineral density (BMD) in adults with cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about BMD in adults with congenital heart disease (CHD), particularly in developing countries. We hypothesized that factors related to BMD would lead to a high prevalence of low BMD in adults with CHD. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of low BMD and its related factors in Vietnamese adults with CHD.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study of 73 adults diagnosed with CHD in Vietnam. Low BMD was classified based on their site‐specific Z‐scores and T‐scores at the posteroanterior lumbar spine and left proximal femur. Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate factors related to low BMD.ResultsLow BMD was confirmed in one‐third of the adults with CHD. There were trends of more bone loss in certain parts of the body than in others, with the prevalence of low BMD at the sites of the lumbar vertebrae (L1‒L4) and left proximal femur (femoral neck, trochanteric femur, and intertrochanteric area) of 43.9%, 31.8%, 28.8%, 33.3%, 8.8%, 1.5%, and 6.1%, respectively. The prevalence of low BMD in the lumbar spine was significantly higher than that in the left proximal femur (34.3% vs. 2.9%, p < 0.001). Moreover, the prevalence of low BMD was significantly higher in adults with CHD than in those without polycythemia and vitamin D deficiency (55.6% vs. 20.9%, p = 0.001 and 46.2% vs. 19.4%, p = 0.002, respectively). A stratified multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that low BMD was associated with polycythemia (odds ratio: 4.72; 95% confidence interval: 1.64–13.58, p = 0.004).ConclusionsLow BMD is common among adults with CHD in Vietnam and related to polycythemia.

Trimethylamine N-oxide and hip fracture and bone mineral density in older adults: The cardiovascular health study.

Gut microbiota-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) may adversely affect bone by inducing oxidative stress. Whether this translates into increased fracture risk in older adults is uncertain. Determine the associations of plasma TMAO with hip fracture and bone mineral density (BMD) in older adults. Cox hazard models and linear regression stratified by sex examined the associations of TMAO with hip fracture and BMD in the longitudinal cohort of the Cardiovascular Health Study. 5019U.S. adults aged ≥65years. Plasma TMAO. Incident hip fractures; total hip BMD dual x-ray absorptiometry in a subset (n=1400). Six hundred sixty-six incident hip fractures occurred during up to 26years of follow-up (67,574 person-years). After multivariable adjustment, TMAO was not significantly associated with hip fracture (women: hazard ratio (HR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] of 1.00[0.92,1.09] per TMAO doubling; men: 1.12[0.95,1.33]). TMAO was also not associated with total hip BMD (women: BMD difference [95% CI] of 0.42g/cm2*100 [-0.34,1.17] per TMAO doubling; men: 0.19[-1.04,1.42]). In exploratory analyses, we found an interaction between body mass index (BMI) and the association of TMAO with hip fracture (P<0.01). Higher TMAO was significantly associated with risk of hip fracture in adults with overweight or obesity (BMI≥25) (HR [95% CI]:1.17[1.05,1.31]), but not normal or underweight. Among older US men and women, TMAO was not significantly associated with risk of hip fracture or BMD overall. Exploratory analyses suggested a significant association between higher TMAO and hip fracture when BMI was elevated, which merits further study.

Bone mineral density and muscle mass in adults with developmental skeletal discrepancies

BackgroundIt was aimed to investigate the musculoskeletal status in individuals diagnosed with skeletal discrepancies.MethodsThis case–control study was performed on 35 patients with developmental skeletal discrepancies listed for orthognathic surgery as a case group and 33 patients who were nominated for wisdom tooth removal as a control group. All participants were aged 18–40 years and the research was carried out in the period between May 2018 and May 2019. Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to assess bone mass density at three bone sites: total hip, femoral neck, and the spinal lumbar vertebrae (L1-L4). The appendicular muscle mass index (ASMI) was measured based on the four limbs from the DEXA scan.ResultsOur data showed that 45.7% (16) of the case group were osteopenic or osteoporotic while in the control group only 21.2% (7) were osteopenic in at least one region (total hip, femoral neck, or lumbar) (p-value = 0.03).Regarding muscle mass, there was significantly lower SMI in subjects with skeletal discrepancies (case group) compared with the control group (median (IQR) 5.9 (2.5) vs. 6.8 (2.9) (kg/m2), respectively, p = 0.04).ConclusionsThere is an essential need for more studies to understand the exact interrelationship between musculoskeletal status and skeletal jaw discrepancies.

The Effect of Resistance Training on Bone Mineral Density in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Resistance training (RT) has been considered an intervention with effective stimulus on bone mineral formation and is, therefore, recommended to decrease the rate of bone morpho-functional proprieties loss with aging. Thus, this meta-analysis aimed to analyze the effectiveness of RT protocols in promoting changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in older adults. The systematic reviews and meta-analysis followed the PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO CRD42020170859). The searches were performed in the electronic databases using descriptors according to the PICO strategy. The methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed with the PEDro scale, and the magnitude of the results was determined by Hedges’ g. Seven studies involving 370 elderlies, with the RT planned as a unique exercise mode of intervention, showed designs with four to five exercises for upper- and lower-limbs musculature, two to three sets per exercise, eight to twelve repetitions to failure at 70–90% 1 RM, 60–120 s of rest between sets, and executed three times per week for 12–52 weeks. The RT protocols were classified between good and excellent and evidenced a positive effect on the BMD at the hip (0.64%) and spine (0.62%) but not in the femoral neck (−0.22%) regardless of the intervention length. The narrow range of either positive or negative changes in the BMD after the RT intervention support, at best, a preventive effect against the increasing risk of bone frailty in an older population, which is evident beyond 12 weeks of RT practice engagement.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and osteoporosis: A potential association with therapeutic implications.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and osteoporosis are two highly prevalent metabolic diseases. Increasing experimental evidence supports a pathophysiological link between NAFLD and osteoporosis. A key feature could be chronic, low-grade inflammation, which characterizes NAFLD and possibly affects bone metabolism. In this context, several factors, including but not limited to receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand, osteoprotegerin, osteopontin and osteocalcin, may serve as mediators. In the clinical setting, most but not all epidemiological evidence indicates that NAFLD is associated with lower bone mineral density or osteoporosis in adults. Although an association between NAFLD and osteoporosis has not yet been established, and thus remains speculative, pharmacological considerations already exist. Some of the current and emerging pharmacological options for NAFLD have shown possible anti-osteoporotic properties (eg, vitamin E, obeticholic acid, semaglutide), while others (eg, pioglitazone, canagliflozin) have been associated with increased risk of fractures and may be avoided in patients with NAFLD and concomitant osteoporosis, especially those at high fracture risk. Conversely, some anti-osteoporotic medications (denosumab) might benefit NAFLD, while others (raloxifene) might adversely affect it and, consequently, may be avoided in patients with osteoporosis and NAFLD. If an association between NAFLD and osteoporosis is established, a medication that could target both diseases would be a great advancement. This review summarizes the main experimental and clinical evidence on the potential association between NAFLD and osteoporosis and focuses on treatment considerations derived from this potential association.

Relationship between Bone Mineral Density and Dental Caries in Koreans by Sex and Menopausal State.

We aimed to investigate the relationship between bone mineral density and dental caries in adults of over 19 years of age who were categorized according to their sex and menopausal status. The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) dataset was used for the study. Bone mineral density (BMD) and oral health examination data were collected between 2008 and 2011. A total of 17,141 adults of ≥19 years old were eligible for inclusion in the present study. Multiple regression analysis was performed after adjustment for age, household income, educational level, smoking status, and alcohol drinking status for men, and pre- and post-menopausal women. In men, the β-value for the mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index was 0.98 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.71–1.25), and was significantly higher in osteoporotic participants than in participants with normal BMD (p < 0.05). In post-menopausal women, the β-value for the mean DMFT index was 0.86, and was higher in the osteoporotic participants than in the participants with normal BMD (p < 0.05). Men and post-menopausal women with osteoporosis had higher DMFT indexes than those with normal BMD. In addition, there was a correlation between DMFT index and BMD in men and post-menopausal women. Therefore, the prevention of osteoporosis should be implemented alongside proper oral care.

Comparison of Bone Mineral Density in US Adults With Diabetes, Prediabetes and Normoglycemia From 2005 to 2018.

BackgroundAccumulating evidence has shown that diabetes has an impact on bone metabolism with conflicting results. Furthermore, little is known about the relationship of prediabetes with bone mineral density (BMD). Therefore, we explored the association between BMD and glucometabolic status in adults in the US.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we extracted and analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2005 to 2018. A total of 14610 subjects aged 40 ≥ years diagnosed with diabetes, prediabetes, or normal glucose regulation (NGR) and had available data on BMD were eligible.ResultsThe prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes in US adults aged 40 ≥ years were 39.2% and 26.4%, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, we found an increasing trend of BMD at the total hip, femoral neck, and lumbar spine with glucometabolic conditions from NGR and prediabetes to diabetes in adults aged ≥ 40 years in the US. This trend was more prominent in women than that in men. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HbA1c levels were also positively correlated with BMD.ConclusionsGlucometabolic conditions were significantly associated with BMD values in US adults.

Dietary inflammatory index and bone mineral density in Mexican population.

Previous studies have suggested that an inflammatory environment can affect bone mineral density (BMD). However, most of the studies have been done in postmenopausal women. Thus, longitudinal studies in different age groups and sex are necessary to evaluate the longitudinal association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and BMD in Mexican adults. A total of 1,486 participants of the Health Workers Cohort Study were included in this study. The DII was estimated with data retrieved through a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Total hip, femoral neck, and lumbar spine BMD were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Linear regression models for cross-sectional associations and fixed effects linear regression models for longitudinal association were estimated, and both models were stratified by sex and age groups (< 45 and ≥ 45years). We did not observe cross-sectional associations between DII and the different BMD sites at baseline. In contrast, women and men ≥ 45years in the 25th quartile of changes in DII were associated with a gain of 0.067g/cm2 and 0.062g/cm2 of total hip BMD, while those in the 75th quartile of DII was associated with a reduction of - 0.108g/cm2 and - 0.100g/cm2, respectively. These results were similar for femoral neck BMD in women. In contrast, we did not observe association with femoral neck BMD in men. We did not observe statistically significant changes for lumbar spine BMD. Our data suggest that changes in the DII score are associated with changes in total hip and femoral neck BMD among Mexican population.