Whole-body Bone Mineral Content Research Articles

Sclerostin, preadipocyte factor-1 and bone mineral values in eumenorrheic adolescent athletes with different training patterns.

The specific aims of the study were to compare possible differences in sclerostin and preadipocyte factor-1 (Pref-1) between rhythmic gymnasts (RG), swimmers (SW) and untrained controls (UC), and to investigate the relationships of sclerostin and Pref-1 with bone mineral characteristics in studied groups. This study included 62 eumenorrheic adolescents (RG = 22; SW = 20; UC = 20). Bone mineral and body composition characteristics were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and sclerostin, Pref-1, osteocalcin and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx) were measured. Sclerostin was higher (P = 0.001) in RG (129.35 ± 51.01pg/ml; by 74%) and SW (118.05 ± 40.05pg/ml; by 59%) in comparison with UC (74.32 ± 45.41pg/ml), while no differences (P = 0.896) were seen in Pref-1 (RG: 1.42 ± 0.16ng/ml; SW: 1.41 ± 0.20ng/ml; UC: 1.39 ± 0.26ng/ml) between groups. Osteocalcin (RG: 7.74 ± 4.09ng/ml; SW: 8.05 ± 4.18ng/ml; UC: 7.04 ± 3.92ng/ml; P = 0.843) and CTx (RG: 0.73 ± 0.22ng/ml; SW: 0.64 ± 0.16ng/ml; UC: 0.62 ± 0.20ng/ml; P = 0.173) were not different between groups. Sclerostin correlated (P < 0.05) with whole-body bone mineral content (r = 0.61) and lumbar spine (LS) areal bone mineral density (aBMD) (r = 0.43) in RG, and femoral neck aBMD (r = 0.45) in UC. No correlation was found between sclerostin and bone mineral values in SW, and Pref-1 was not correlated with any bone mineral characteristics in studied groups. Sclerostin was the independent variable that explained 14% of the total variance (R2 × 100) in LS aBMD value only in RG. Adolescent athletes have higher sclerostin compared to UC. Sclerostin was correlated with bone mineral values and predicted areal bone mineral density in RG.

Body composition assessment in athletes with physical impairment who have been practicing a wheelchair sport regularly and for a prolonged period

BackgroundToday several important aspects related to the impact of long-term wheelchair sports on whole-body and regional body composition in athletes with a physical impairment are poorly understood. ObjectiveThis cross-sectional study aimed at investigating the impact of the long-term regular practice of wheelchair sports on body composition in male wheelchair athletes (WA) as compared with both non-athletic participants with a physical impairment and non-athletic able-bodied participants. MethodsNine WA were each matched pairwise by age, duration of injury and body mass index (BMI) with a participant with a physical impairment not engaged in any wheelchair sport (N-WA) and by age and BMI with an able-bodied (AB) participant. Whole-body and regional bone mineral content (BMC), fat-free soft tissue mass (FFSTM), fat mass (FM) and percentage FM (%FM) were assessed by means of Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. ResultsWA had significantly lower FM and %FM vs. N-WA at the whole-body level (P = 0.01 for both) and in the trunk region (P = 0.001 and P = <0.001, respectively). The only difference in body composition variables between WA and AB was found in the legs where WA had significantly higher FM (P = 0.014) along with lower BMC (P = 0.009) and FFSTM (P = 0.005) vs. AB in the legs. ConclusionsThe results of the present study showed that the regular, long-term practice of wheelchair sport may be associated with beneficial body composition adaptations in athletes with a physical impairment at the whole-body and trunk level.

Effect of High-Dose vs Standard-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation in Pregnancy on Bone Mineralization in Offspring Until Age 6 Years

Studies suggest an association between maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and offspring anthropometry and bone mineralization, but investigations are few and with mixed results. To investigate the effect of a high dose vs standard dose of vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy on anthropometric and bone outcomes until age 6 years in the offspring. A prespecified analysis of a double-blinded, randomized clinical trial in the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood 2010 mother-child cohort that included 623 pregnant mothers and their 584 children. Data were analyzed between January 2019 and September 2019. Vitamin D supplementation of 2800 IU/d (high-dose) vs 400 IU/d (standard-dose) from pregnancy week 24 until 1 week after birth. Longitudinal anthropometry assessments including length/height, weight, and body mass index until age 6 years and bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) at age 3 years and 6 years from dual-energy radiography absorptiometry scans. At age 6 years, 517 children (89%) completed the clinical follow-up. All participants were Danish and white; 261 were boys and 256 were girls. A mixed-effects model analysis of dual-energy radiography absorptiometry scan outcomes from ages 3 years and 6 years showed that children in the vitamin D vs placebo group had higher whole-body BMC: mean difference adjusted (aMD) for age, sex, height, and weight was 11.5 g (95% CI, 2.3-20.7; P = .01); higher whole-body-less-head BMC aMD was 7.5 g (95% CI, 1.5-13.5; P = .01); and higher head BMD aMD was 0.023 g/cm2 (95% CI, 0.003-0.004; P = .03). The largest effect was in children from vitamin D-insufficient mothers (<30 ng/mL; to convert to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 2.496) and among winter births. In a post hoc analysis, we found borderline lower incidence of fractures in the vitamin D group (n = 23 vs n = 36; incidence rate ratio, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.37-1.05]; P = .08), but no differences in any anthropometric outcomes. Adjustment for a concomitant ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intervention did not change the results. High-dose vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy improved offspring bone mineralization through age 6 years compared with the standard dose, suggesting an increased recommended gestational intake, which may influence peak bone mass, fracture risk, and risk of osteoporosis later in life. We found no supplementation effect on anthropometric outcomes. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00856947.

Skeletal Effects of Nine Months of Physical Activity in Obese and Healthy Weight Children.

Obesity during adolescence has multisystem health consequences. The objective of this work was to determine whether preadolescent overweight/obese children's bones respond to a 9-month physical activity intervention by increasing bone density similar to healthy weight children. Participants included overweight/obese (BMI > 85%) and healthy weight (15% < BMI < 85%) preadolescents (8-9 yr old). Participants in the physical activity group participated in a 9-month physical activity curriculum every day after school. The wait list control group received no intervention. Both groups had overweight/obese children and healthy weight controls. Whole-body bone mineral content, area, and bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) were assessed using dual x-ray absorptiometry) at the beginning and end of the 9-month trial in the physical activity and control group. Overweight/obese preadolescent children had higher BMAD than healthy weight children (P < 0.001 for spine, leg, and whole body). However, the density/weight (BMAD/lean mass) was lower in overweight/obese children than that in healthy weight children, indicating that the density of bones in overweight/obese children may not compensate sufficiently for the excessive load due to weight. The change in BMAD over 9 months was greater in healthy weight children than overweight/obese children in the whole body and leg, but not the lumbar spine. Physical activity caused a site-specific increase in bone density, affecting the legs more than the lumbar spine, but there was no significant difference in the effect of exercise between the healthy weight and the overweight/obese group. The smaller change in BMAD over the 9 months and lower BMAD per unit lean mass in overweight/obese compared with healthy weight children may indicate a slower rate of bone mass accrual, which may have implications for bone health during skeletal growth in obese/overweight children.

Influence of sarcopenia on bone health parameters in a group of eumenorrheic obese premenopausal women.

The aim of this study was to compare bone mineral density (BMD) and geometric indices of hip bone strength in a group of obese sarcopenic premenopausal women (n = 27) and a group of obese premenopausal women with normal appendicular lean mass (ALM)/body mass index ratio (BMI) (n = 26). The ALM/BMI criterion of The Foundation for the National Institute of Health was used; women with an ALM/BMI ratio < 0.512m2 were considered obese sarcopenic. Body composition and bone variables were measured by DXA. DXA measurements were completed for the whole body (WB), lumbar spine (L1-L4), total hip (TH) and femoral neck (FN). Hip geometry parameters including cross-sectional area (CSA), cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI), section modulus (Z), strength index (SI) and buckling ratio (BR) were derived by DXA. Age, weight and BMI were not significantly different between the two groups. Height, lean mass, skeletal muscle mass index, ALM and the ratio ALM/BMI were significantly higher in obese women with normal ALM/BMI ratio compared to obese sarcopenic women. Fat mass percentage was significantly higher in obese sarcopenic women compared to obese women with normal ALM/BMI ratio. WB BMC, TH BMD, FN BMD, CSA, CSMI and Z were significantly higher in obese women with normal ALM/BMI ratio compared to obese sarcopenic women. In the whole population (n = 53), ALM and the ratio ALM/BMI were positively correlated to WB BMC, CSA, CSMI and Z. The present study suggests that sarcopenia negatively influences bone mineral density and hip geometry parameters before menopause in eumenorrheic obese women.

Clinical study of acupuncture and massage combined with sulfasalazine enteric-coated tablets in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis

Objective To explore the effect of acupuncture and massage combined with sulfasalazine enteric-coated tablets on ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and its influence on bone mineral density and serum MMP-3. Methods A total of 88 AS patients who met the criteria were divided into two groups by the random number table method, 44 cases in each group. The control group was treated with sulfasalazine enteric-coated tablets, while the observation group was treated with acupuncture and massage on the basis of the control group. Both groups were treated for 6 months and followed up for 6 months. TCM syndromes were scored before and after treatment. The Bone Glaprotein (BGP), hematocrit (Hct), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), CRP and TNF-α were detected by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The bone mineral content of lumbar spine, trochanter and whole body were measured by DPX-NT X-ray bone mineral density analyzer. The quality of life (QOL) was assessed by four items in the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 (SF-36), including physiological function, physical pain, social function and mental health. The clinical efficacy was evaluated and the recurrence rate was recorded. Results After treatment, the BGP, ALP, MMP-3, CRP, TNF-α and somatic pain scores in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (t value were 9.561, 7.983, 9.641, 7.027, 3.488, 4.146, all Ps<0.01), while the Hct, BMD (lumbar spine 1-4, large rotor, whole body), physiological function, social function and mental health scores in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (t value were 8.057, 2.341, 4.482, 4.200, 8.469, 9.210, 8.608, P<0.05). The total effective rate of the observation group was 95.5% (42/44) higher than 77.3% (34/44) of the control group (χ2=4.728, P=0.029); There was no significant difference in recent recurrence rate between the two groups (4.8% in the observation group and 11.8% in the control group, χ2=0.435, P=0.509). Conclusions TCM massage combined with acupuncture can significantly improve the level of bone metabolism, increase bone mineral density, reduce the levels of MMP-3, CRP and TNF-α, and improve the quality of life. Key words: Spondylitis, ankylosing; Acupuncture moxibustion therapy; Tui Na therapy; Bone density; Quality of life

Does the Severity of Obesity Influence Bone Mineral Density Values in Premenopausal Women?

The aim of this study was to compare bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and geometric indices of hip bone strength among 3 groups of adult obese premenopausal women (severely obese, morbidly obese, and super morbidly obese). This study included 65 young adult premenopausal women whose body mass index (BMI) > 35 kg/m2. They were divided into 3 groups using international cut-offs for BMI. Body composition and bone variables were measured by DXA. DXA measurements were completed for the whole body (WB), lumbar spine, total hip (TH), and femoral neck (FN). Geometric indices of FN strength (cross-sectional area, cross-sectional moment of inertia [CSMI], section modulus [Z], strength index [SI], and buckling ratio) were calculated by DXA. Results showed that age and height were not significantly different among the 3 groups. WB BMC values were higher in super morbidly obese women compared to severely and morbidly obese women. WB BMD, L1-L4 BMD, total hip BMD, FN BMD, cross-sectional area, CSMI, Z, and buckling ratio values were not significantly different among the 3 groups. SI values were lower in super morbidly obese compared to morbidly and severely obese women. In the whole population (n = 65), body weight, BMI, lean mass, fat mass, and trunk fat mass were positively correlated to WB BMC and negatively correlated to SI. Weight and lean mass were positively correlated to WB BMD and CSMI. Our findings suggest that the severity of obesity does not influence BMD values in premenopausal women.

Fortified Milk Supplementation Improves Vitamin D Status, Grip Strength, and Maintains Bone Density in Chinese Premenopausal Women Living in Malaysia.

This study compared the effects of a high-calcium vitamin D fortified milk with added FOS-Inulin versus regular milk on serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D status, grip strength (GS), as well as bone density in Chinese premenopausal women over 52 weeks. Premenopausal women (n = 133), mean age 41 (±5.1) years were randomized into control (n = 66; regular milk at 500 mg calcium per day) or intervention (Int; n = 67; fortified milk at 1200 mg calcium, 15 μg vitamin D, and 4 g FOS-Inulin per day) groups. Assessments were at baseline, weeks 12, 24, 36, and 52 for changes in vitamin D status, levels of PTH, and GS. Bone mineral densities (BMDs) of the lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), and whole body (WB) were assessed at baseline and week 52 using GE Lunar iDEXA (GE Healthcare, Madison, WI). At baseline, WB lean mass was positively associated with LS BMD (r = 0.30, p < 0.001) and FN BMD (r = 0.33, p = 0.003). Baseline 25(OH) vitamin D3 levels were 48.6 and 53.2 nmol/L (p = 0.57), respectively, and after the 12 months at 60.8 nmol/L (Int) versus 55.0 nmol/L (controls; p < 0.05 for change from baseline for both groups; no difference between groups at week 52). PTH levels decreased in both groups compared to baseline (p < 0.001), with no significant difference between groups. WB bone mineral content (BMC) and FN Z-score increased significantly in the Int group (p = 0.024 and p = 0.008). GS was positively associated with body weight, increasing in both groups over 52 weeks. Fortified milk improved vitamin D status, WB BMC, and Z-score of the FN, while regular milk maintained BMD. In addition, vitamin D status and GS improved.

Long-term childhood body mass index and adult bone mass are linked through concurrent body mass index and body composition.

Body mass plays a crucial role in the bone growth and development, but few studies have examined the association of long-term cumulative impact and trajectory patterns of childhood body mass index (BMI) with adult bone mass, and the mediation effect of adult BMI and body composition on these associations. A total of 397 Chinese adults (54.4%) who had been examined for BMI 4-8 times during childhood (6-19 years) and bone mass in adulthood (29-37 years), were included for analysis. Adult bone mineral content (BMC), areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and body composition were assessed via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Childhood BMI growth curves were constructed using a random-effects mixed model. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to represent the long-term impact of childhood BMI. At baseline, 24.4%, 66.2%, 7.6% and 1.8% of the participants were underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese, respectively. Quadratic curve parameters of childhood BMI differed significantly between groups of adult whole body (WB) BMC, lumbar spine (LS) aBMD and femoral neck (FN) aBMD, with low BMC/aBMD groups having lower childhood BMI than the normal groups. AUC of childhood BMI was significantly and positively related to adult WB BMC and aBMD at each site, irrespective of sex. Significant mediation effects of adult BMI were shown on the association of childhood BMI AUC with adult WB BMC in males (52.0%) and FN aBMD in both sexes (males: 65.4%; females: 64.3%). Additionally, mediation effect of fat mass index was only noted on the association of childhood BMI AUC with adult WB BMC (41.3%), with a positive total indirect effect estimated at 0.118. The adult lean mass index, by contrast, mediated the childhood BMI-adult BMC/aBMD association positively at all sites in males (71.5%~89.2%) and at WB BMC in females (45.0%). These findings suggest that the impact of body weight on adult bones originates from childhood, which is mediated by concurrent BMI and body composition.

Does Muscular Power Predict Bone Mineral Density in Young Adults?

The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between maximum power and bone variables in a group of young adults. Two hundred and one young adults (53 men and 148 women) whose ages range from 18 to 35 years voluntarily participated in this study. Weight and height were measured, and body mass index was calculated. Body composition, bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) were determined for each individual by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Vertical jump was evaluated using a validated field test (Sargent test). The highest vertical jump was selected. Maximum power (P max, in watts) of the lower limbs was calculated accordingly. In young men, maximum power was positively correlated to whole body (WB) BMC (r = 0.65; p < 0.001), WB BMD (r = 0.41; p < 0.01), L1–L4 BMC (r = 0.54; p < 0.001), total hip (TH) BMC (r = 0.50; p < 0.001), femoral neck (FN) BMC (r = 0.35; p < 0.01), FN cross-sectional area (CSA) (r = 0.33; p < 0.05) and FN cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI) (r = 0.50; p < 0.001). In young women, maximum power was positively correlated to WB BMC (r = 0.48; p < 0.001), WB BMD (r = 0.28; p < 0.001), L1–L4 BMC (r = 0.34; p < 0.001), TH BMC (r = 0.43; p < 0.001), TH BMD (r = 0.21; p < 0.01), FN BMC (r = 0.42; p < 0.001), FN BMD (r = 0.31; p < 0.001), FN CSA (r = 0.41; p < 0.001), FN CSMI (r = 0.40; p < 0.001) and FN Z (r = 0.41; p < 0.01). The current study suggests that maximum power is a positive determinant of WB BMC, WB BMD, FN CSA, and FN CSMI in young men. It also shows that maximum power is a positive determinant of WB BMC, WB BMD, TH BMD, FN BMD, FN CSA, FN CSMI, and FN Z in young women.

Body composition and disability in people with multiple sclerosis: A dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry study

IntroductionBody composition refers to the relative distribution of different tissue types within the body, including fat, lean, and bone tissues. There is evidence for associations between body composition and the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). The relationship between body composition and disease progression and disability accumulation, however, is unclear. ObjectivesTo examine: a) differences in overall and regional body composition by disability status in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS); and b) the relationship between body composition and other outcomes reflecting impairments and limitations due to MS. MethodsCross-sectional investigation of 47 ambulatory persons with relapsing remitting MS who were grouped by Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores as having mild (1.0–4.0; n = 26) or moderate (4.5–6.5; n = 21) disability. Main outcome measures were whole-body and regional soft tissue composition (%body fat (BF), fat mass (FM), and fat-free soft tissue mass (FFM)), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone mineral density (BMD) determined from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Other outcomes included physical fitness, mobility, cognitive processing speed, symptoms, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). ResultsWhole-body and regional %BF and FM were significantly higher, and whole-body and appendicular BMC and BMD were significantly lower in participants with moderate disability than those with mild disability (all p < .05). There were no significant differences in whole-body or regional FFM by disability status. In the overall sample, body fat correlated significantly with cardiorespiratory fitness (prs = −.52 to −.56), pain symptoms (prs = .32), and psychological HRQOL (prs = .34). FFM (prs = .38–.48) and BMC (prs = .53–.69) correlated primarily with measures of muscular strength. ConclusionsPersons with MS who have greater disability present with higher body fat and lower bone tissue content and density than those with mild disability. These findings highlight the need for strategies that address potential changes in body composition with disability accumulation.

Associations between inflammatory markers and bone mineral density in lean pubertal girls

We investigated whether common inflammatory markers are associated with bone accumulation in lean pubertal girls. Thirty-four 10–12-yearold lean girls at pubertal stages 2–4 were studied. Twelve inflammatory parameters [interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, vascular endothelial growth factor, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumour necrosis factoralpha, IL-1α, IL-1β, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and epidermal growth factor] were measured from plasma samples. Whole body (WB), lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) bone mineral density (BMD), and WB bone mineral content (BMC) were assessed by DXA. Plasma IFN-γ concentration was negatively correlated (p&lt;0.05) with WB BMC (r=–0.45), WB BMD (r=–0.46) and FN BMD (r=–0.43). In addition, plasma IL–6 (r= –0.37; p&lt;0.05), IL-1α (r=–0.40; p&lt;0.05) and MCP-1 (r=–0.38; p&lt;0.05) concentrations were also negatively correlated to measured BMD values. The stepwise regression analysis showed that IFN-γ alone and together with IL-1α explained 18.6% and 27.6%, respectively, of the variability in WB BMD, while IL-1α and MCP-1 together explained 25.5% of the variability in LS BMD, and IL-1α together with IFN-γ explained 34.1% of the variability in FN BMD. In conclusion, plasma IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-1α and MCP-1 concentrations were associated with BMD variables, suggesting that these cytokines may participate in bone accumu lation in lean pubertal girls.

Cardiovascular, muscular, and skeletal adaptations to recreational team handball training: a randomized controlled trial with young adult untrained men.

The prevalence of lifestyle diseases has escalated, and effective exercise training programmes are warranted. This study tested the hypothesis that regular participation in small-sided team handball training could provide beneficial health effects on cardiovascular, skeletal, and muscular parameters in young adult untrained men. Twenty-six untrained 20-30-year-old men were randomly allocated to either a team handball training group (HG; n = 14), which completed 1.9 ± 0.3 training sessions per week over 12 weeks, or an inactive control group (CG; n = 12). Physiological training adaptations were assessed pre- and post interventions by DXA scans, blood samples, muscle biopsies, and physical tests. The average heart rate during training was equivalent to 84 ± 4% of maximal heart rate. Compared to CG, HG displayed significant increases in VO2max (11 ± 6%), proximal femur bone mineral density (2 ± 1%), whole-body bone mineral content (2 ± 1%), intermittent endurance performance (32 ± 16%), incremental treadmill test performance (16 ± 7%) and muscle citrate synthase activity (22 ± 28%) as well as decreases in total fat mass (7 ± 7%) and total fat percentage (6 ± 7%) (all p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in muscle mass, blood pressure, resting heart rate, muscle hydroxyl-acyl-dehydrogenase activity, or blood lipids (all p > 0.05). Participation in regular recreational team handball training was associated with positive cardiovascular, skeletal, and muscular adaptations, including increased maximal oxygen uptake, increased muscle enzymatic activity, and improved bone mineralization as well as lower fat percentage. These findings suggest that recreational team handball training may be an effective health-promoting activity for young adult men.

Effects of resveratrol on bone health in type 2 diabetic patients. A double-blind randomized-controlled trial

ObjectivesPatients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are at increased fracture risk. Resveratrol has shown beneficial effects on bone health in few studies. The aim of this trial was to investigate the effects of resveratrol on bone mineral density (BMD) and on calcium metabolism biomarkers in T2DM patients.MethodsIn this double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial 192 T2DM outpatients were randomized to receive resveratrol 500 mg/day (Resv500 arm), resveratrol 40 mg/day (Resv40 arm) or placebo for 6 months. BMD, bone mineral content (BMC), serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, and 25-hydroxy vitamin D were measured at baseline and after 6 months.ResultsAt follow-up, calcium concentrations increased in all patients, while within-group variations in alkaline phosphatase were higher in both resveratrol arms, and 25-hydroxy vitamin D increased in the Resv500 arm only, without between-group differences. Whole-body BMD significantly decreased in the placebo group, while whole-body BMC decreased in both the placebo and Resv40 arms. No significant changes in BMD and BMC values occurred in the Resv500 arm. The adjusted mean differences of change from baseline were significantly different in the Resv500 arm vs placebo for whole-body BMD (0.01 vs −0.03 g/cm2, p = 0.001), whole-body BMC (4.04 vs −58.8 g, p < 0.001), whole-body T-score (0.15 vs −0.26), and serum phosphorus (0.07 vs −0.01 µmol/L, p = 0.002). In subgroup analyses, in Resv500 treated-patients BMD values increased to higher levels in those with lower calcium and 25-hydroxy vitamin D values, and in alcohol drinkers.ConclusionsSupplementation with 500 mg resveratrol prevented bone density loss in patients with T2DM, in particular, in those with unfavorable conditions at baseline.

REGIONAL BODY COMPOSITION AND MUSCLE STRENGTH ARE RELATED TO BONE MINERAL CONTENT IN ELDERLY

ABSTRACT Introduction: The increase, or maintenance, of lean body mass and muscle strength are major determinants of functional independence in the elderly, since they are associated with bone remodeling, and therefore with a reduced risk of falls and fractures. However, the regional relationship between lean body mass/strength and bone mineral content (BMC) has not sufficient theoretical support. Objective: To analyze whether regional body composition and muscle strength are factors potentially related to BMC. Methods: Ten older men (63.3±6.4 years, 169.4±6.8 cm and 79.3±10.5 kg) underwent body composition assessments using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to obtain regional and whole-body lean mass and BMC measures. The subjects also underwent the one-repetition maximum (1RM) test involving flat bench press, 45° leg press, arm curl and knee extension. Regional/whole-body composition and 1RM values were correlated to BMC using Pearson's coefficient (r). The level of significance for the correlations was p ≤0.05, the confidence interval was 95% (Z1-a/2=1.96), and the sample power was 80% (1-b). Results: The flat bench press 1RM was related to BMC in the left (r=0.764) and right (r=0.748) arms, while the 45° leg press 1RM was associated with BMC in the left (r=0.677) and right (r=0.714) legs and trunk (r=0.810), with sample power of 77.7%, 66.8%, 12.7%, 40.4% and 97.0%, respectively. Whole-body BMC was related to abdominal skinfold (r=0.819), lean mass of left arm (r=0.834), left (r=0.845) and right (r=0.868) legs, and whole-body lean mass (r=0.787), with sample power of 98.4%, 99.6%, 99.9%, 100.0% and 90.1%, respectively. Conclusion: The results supported regional lean body mass as a parameter related to BMC, with potential similar to that consistently reported for whole-body lean mass. Results also suggested that muscle strength plays an important role in improving or maintaining regional and whole-body BMC. Level of Evidence II; Development of diagnostic criteria in consecutive patients (with “gold” benchmark standard applied).

Osteogenic impact of football training in 55- to 70-year-old women and men with prediabetes.

The effects of football training on bone health were examined in 55- to 70-year-old sedentary women and men with prediabetes. Patients (n=50) with prediabetes (age; 61±9years, BMI 29.7±0.6kg/m2 , body fat content; 37±1%, VO2max ; 22.7±0.8mL/min/kg and mean arterial pressure; 104±3mmHg) were randomized into a football training group (FTG; n=27, 14 women) and a control group (CON; n=23, 11 women). At baseline, 73% and 24% were diagnosed with femur osteopenia and osteoporosis, respectively. FTG performed football training twice weekly 30-60-minute sessions in 16weeks, and both FTG and CON received professional dietary advice. Pre- and post-intervention whole-body and regional bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) were determined with DXA-scans, and venous blood samples were drawn and analyzed for plasma bone turnover markers. Change scores were greater (P<0.05) in FTG compared to CON in leg BMD (0.023±0.005 vs -0.004±0.001g/cm2 ) and in leg BMC (32±8 vs -4±6g). Between-group changes in favor of FTG (P<0.05) also occurred in the femur neck BMD (3.2%) and femur shaft BMD (2.5%). Whole-body BMC and BMD were unchanged in both groups during the intervention. In FTG, resting plasma osteocalcin, P1NP, and CTX-1 rose (P<0.05) by 23±8, 52±9 and 38±7%, with greater change scores (P<0.05) than in CON. Finally, P1NP (formation)/CTX-1 (resorption) ratio increased (P<0.05) in FTG (127±15 vs 150±11) from pre- to post-intervention, with no change in CON (124±12 and 123±12). In conclusion, football training provides a powerful osteogenic stimulus and improves bone health in 55- to 70-year-old women and men diagnosed with prediabetes.

Breech presentation is associated with lower bone mass and area: findings from the Southampton Women's Survey.

Breech presentation is associated with altered joint shape and hip dysplasias, but effects on bone mineral content (BMC), area (BA) and density (BMD) are unknown. In the prospective Southampton Women's Survey mother-offspring cohort, whole-body bone outcomes were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 1430 offspring, as neonates (mean age 6days, n = 965, 39 with a breech presentation at birth) and/or at age 4.1years (n = 999, 39 breech). Hip and spine bone outcomes were also measured at age 4years. Neonates with breech presentation had 4.2g lower whole-body BMC (95% CI -7.4 to - 0.9g, P = 0.012) and 5.9cm2 lower BA (- 10.8 to - 1.0cm2, P = 0.019), but BMD was similar between groups (mean difference - 0.007, - 0.016 to 0.002g/cm2, P = 0.146) adjusting for sex, maternal smoking, gestational diabetes, mode of delivery, social class, parity, ethnicity, age at scan, birthweight, gestational age and crown-heel length. There were no associations between breech presentation and whole-body outcomes at age 4years, but, in similarly adjusted models, regional DXA (not available in infants) showed that breech presentation was associated with lower hip BMC (- 0.51, - 0.98 to - 0.04g, P = 0.034) and BA (- 0.67, - 1.28 to - 0.07cm2, P = 0.03) but not with BMD (- 0.009, - 0.029 to 0.012g, P = 0.408), or spine outcomes. These results suggest that breech presentation is associated with lower neonatal whole-body BMC and BA, which may relate to altered prenatal loading in babies occupying a breech position; these differences did not persist into later childhood. Modest differences in 4-year hip BMC and BA require further investigation.

Bone mineral content and bone density is lower in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: A brief report from the RESISTANT and EMERALD studies

To understand the effect of type 1 diabetes (T1D) on bone mineral content (BMC) and bone density (BMD), we studied 125 T1D adolescents and 80 pubertal stage matched controls. T1D was associated with lower whole-body BMC and BMD compared to controls, even when adjusted for age, sex and sex hormones.

Inulin supplementation reduces the negative effect of a high-fat diet rich in SFA on bone health of growing pigs.

Consumption of a high-fat diet, rich in SFA, causes deterioration of bone properties. Some studies suggest that feeding inulin to animals may increase mineral absorption and positively affect bone quality; however, these studies have been carried out only on rodents fed a standard diet. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of inulin on bone health of pigs (using it as an animal model for humans) fed a high-fat diet rich in SFA, having an unbalanced ratio of lysine:metabolisable energy. It was hypothesised that inulin reduces the negative effects of such a diet on bone health. At 50 d of age, twenty-one pigs were randomly allotted to three groups: the control (C) group fed a standard diet, and two experimental (T and TI) groups fed a high-fat diet rich in SFA. Moreover, TI pigs consumed an extra inulin supply (7 % of daily feed intake). After 10 weeks, whole-body bone mineral content (P=0·0054) and bone mineral density (P=0·0322) were higher in pigs of groups TI and C compared with those of group T. Femur bone mineral density was highest in pigs in group C, lower in group TI and lowest in group T (P=0·001). Femurs of pigs in groups TI and C had similar, but higher, maximum strength compared with femurs of pigs in group T (P=0·0082). In conclusion, consumption of a high-fat diet rich in SFA adversely affected bone health, but inulin supplementation in such a diet diminishes this negative effect.

MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND REGIONAL LEAN MASS INFLUENCE BONE MINERAL HEALTH AMONG YOUNG FEMALES

ABSTRACT Introduction: Strength training is able to stimulate bone tissue metabolism by increasing mechanical stress on the skeletal system. However, the direct relationship is not yet well established among younger women, since it is necessary to describe which strength enhancement level is able to produce effective changes in bone integrity. Objectives: This study analyzed the influence of muscle strength on bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) among female college students. Methods: Fifteen women (24.9 ± 7.2 years) were assessed for regional and whole-body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The one-repetition maximum (1-RM) tests were assessed on flat bench press (BP), lat pulldown (LPD), leg curl (LC), knee extension (KE), and 45 degree leg press (45LP). Linear regression analyzed the relationships of BMC/BMD with regional composition and 1-RM test values. Measures of dispersion and error (R2 adj and SEE) were tested, defining a p-value of 0.05. Results: The mean value of whole-body BMC was 1925.6 ± 240.4 g and the BMD was 1.03 ± 0.07 g/cm2. Lean mass (LM) was related to BMC (R2 adj = 0.86, p&lt;0.01, and SEE = 35.6 g) and BMD (R2 adj = 0.46, p&lt;0.01, SEE = 0.13 g) in the lower limbs (LL). The 1-RM tests in BP were associated with BMC and BMD (R2 adj = 0.52, p&lt;0.01, SEE = 21.4 g, and R2 adj = 0.68, p&lt;0.01, SEE = 0.05 g/cm2, respectively) in the upper limbs, while the 1-RM tests in KE were related to BMC and BMD (R2 adj = 0.56, p&lt;0.01. SEE = 62.6 g, and R2 adj = 0.58, p&lt;0.01, SEE = 0.11 g/cm2, respectively) in the lower limbs. Conclusions: Hence, the 1-RM tests for multi-joint exercises are relevant to the regional BMC/BMD, reinforcing the need to include resistance exercises in training routines with the purpose of improving muscular strength and regional lean mass, thereby ensuring a healthy bone mineral mass. Level of Evidence II; Development of diagnostic criteria in consecutive patients (with applied reference ‘‘gold’’ standard).