The aim of the study was to assess spine bone mineral density in 160 dialyzed subjects with end-stage renal failure, 81 patients after renal transplantation, and 148 controls. Spine bone mineral density [g/cm (2)] was measured by Lunar DPX-L (USA). Data analyses were performed using Statistica for Windows. In gender subgroups Z-score were significantly lower after transplantation than in controls (p<0.001), but not in subjects on dialysis. The mean value of Z-score in subjects after transplantation was significantly lower than in dialyzed patients. Z-score both in transplanted and dialyzed males were significantly lower than in females. Duration of dialysis, time since transplantation, and cumulative dose of steroids did not associate with values of spine bone mineral density (except for the negative association with dialysis duration time in males). In patients after transplantation, multiple stepwise regression analysis of spine bone mineral density and age, body size, parathormone, duration of dialysis, time after transplantation, and cumulative dose of steroids after transplantation have shown negative role of steroids use and positive role of parathormone and bone mass in males. Spine bone mineral density in dialyzed subjects was not decreased as compared with controls while the aggravation in skeletal status was observed after renal transplantation.