Resin Bond Research Articles

Influence of pretreating enamel on the durability of resin bonds.

Minimally invasive restorations adhesively bonded to prepared enamel have been well established clinically. However, studies on the durability of noninvasive restorations are still lacking. The purpose of this laboratory study was to evaluate the tensile bond strength (TBS) of a luting resin and its durability to differently pretreated enamel with 2 different etching procedures. The proximal surfaces of human third molar teeth were embedded in custom-made holders with an autopolymerizing composite resin. The enamel was pretreated according to the protocol of the respective group (n=16): Minimally invasively prepared (M), unprepared (N), and airborne-particle abraded (O); enamel was either etched with phosphoric acid followed by applying a self-etching primer (PT) or conditioned with a self-etching primer only (T). The bonding surfaces of the specimens were perpendicularly luted to acrylic resin tubes filled with a composite resin (Clearfil F II) with a luting resin (Panavia V5). Each of the 6 groups was further divided into 2 subgroups with either 3-days of water storage at 37°C or 150 days of water storage with additional thermal cycling (37 500 thermal cycles between 5°C and 55°C). TBS was evaluated with a universal testing machine. All specimens underwent failure mode analysis. Statistical analysis was performed with a 3-way ANOVA, followed by 2-way ANOVAs and separate 1-way ANOVAs. For pairwise comparisons of groups, the Tukey post hoc test was performed (α=.05 for all tests). Statistical analysis revealed that the enamel preparation had no significant effect on TBS after artificial aging when etched with phosphoric acid (P=.520). Conditioning with a self-etching primer only showed significantly lower TBS than groups etched with phosphoric acid for the same preparation after 150 days (P=.014 for minimal preparation, P=.028 for no preparation, and P<.001 for airborne-particle abrasion), and artificial aging did not significantly affect TBS (P=.763). The mean ±standard deviation values ranged from 9.8 ±8.1 MPa (OT) to 36.4 ±7.4 MPa (MPT) after 150-day storage. Etching of enamel is essential for optimal resin bonding, but the preparation of enamel or artificial aging had no influence on TBS.

Impact of silver diamine fluoride on composite resin bond strength: An In vitro study with various adhesive systems.

This in vitro study investigates the effects of Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) application on the shear bond strength (SBS) of resin composite to sound and demineralized human teeth using different adhesive systems. Eighty sound human third molars were sectioned, mounted in acrylic blocks, and prepared to expose a 2mm thick dentin layer. The teeth were randomly divided into eight groups, each representing a combination of sound or demineralized dentin, SDF application, and adhesive system used. Demineralization was achieved using a pH cycling process. SDF was applied to the designated groups, followed by the use of either an etch-and-rinse or self-etch adhesive system. Resin composite was then applied, and the SBS was measured using a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA and post-hoc tests to identify significant differences. The application of SDF generally led to a significant decrease in bond strength (p<0.05). In sound dentin, the SBS was higher compared to demineralized dentin (p<0.05). OptiBond FL showed higher bond strength than Clearfil SE Bond across all groups, although the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The bond strength in the demineralized group using Clearfil SE Bond showed no significant difference between SDF application and non-application (p>0.05). SDF application can significantly reduce the bond strength of resin composite to dentin, with the effect being dependent on the type of adhesive system and the state of the dentin. Further in vivo studies are needed to validate these findings.

Surface characteristics of resin composite cores and bond strength to CAD/CAM resin matrix glass-ceramic restorations after different treatment protocols.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of various mechanical surface treatments on thesurface roughness and microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of aged composite resin cores bonded to CAD/CAM restorations. Composite resin specimens (Filtek Z350 XT, 3M-ESPE/Solventum) were thermally aged and subsequently divided into four groups (n = 36) according to surface treatments: UI-cleaning with ultrasonic diamond tip; AO-sandblasting with 50µm Al2O3; DB-cleaning with diamond burs; and CG-positive control group, without aging or surface treatment. Surface roughness was assessed using a profilometer and interferometer, with measurements taken on both sides of each specimen (n = 12). The surface characteristics were further analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (n = 12). In addition, PMMA blocks were temporarily cemented (n = 12) onto the resin blocks, and after surface treatments, resin matrix glass-ceramic blocks were adhesively luted with dual-cure resin cement (RelyX Ultimate, 3&nbsp;M-ESPE/ Solventum, St. Paul, MN, USA) to the resin composite substrates. The CG specimens were adhesively luted to the indirect restorations without temporary restorations or surface treatment. After luting, the specimens were sectioned and tested for µTBS. The results (p = 0.05) from the profilometry and interferometry analyses indicated the highest surface roughness values for the DB group, followed by AO, UI, and CG. SEM analysis revealed marked morphological differences among the groups. Regarding µTBS, the GC specimens (25.78 ± 5.70MPa) and UI specimens (25.56 ± 11.36MPa) exhibited statisticallysimilar values, which were superior to those of the AO (12.25 ± 4.34MPa) and DB (13.16 ± 5.59MPa) groups (p < 0.001), which showed comparable results. In conclusion, the use of ultrasonic diamond tips resulted in the most favorable outcomes in terms of cleaning effectiveness, surface roughness, and bond strength among the surface treatments analyzed for resin composite cores.

Investigation of anisotropic characteristics in ultra-precision grinding of sapphire crystal planes and strategies for suppression

Investigation of anisotropic characteristics in ultra-precision grinding of sapphire crystal planes and strategies for suppression

Influence of the Elastic Modulus and Spiral Rib Appearance on the Resin Bonding Performance Based on an NPR Prestressed Bolt

Influence of the Elastic Modulus and Spiral Rib Appearance on the Resin Bonding Performance Based on an NPR Prestressed Bolt

Correction: Tailored bond characteristics in additively manufactured resin bond grinding wheels: achieving optimal performance, high abrasive concentration, and cost efficiency

Correction: Tailored bond characteristics in additively manufactured resin bond grinding wheels: achieving optimal performance, high abrasive concentration, and cost efficiency

Grindability and surface quality of SiCp/Al composites with resin bond and electroplated wheels

Grindability and surface quality of SiCp/Al composites with resin bond and electroplated wheels

Influence of Additives on Grinding Performance of Digital Light Processing-Printed Phenol Bond Grinding Wheels

Resin bond grinding wheels are the most common grinding tools in the industry. Until now, all research on the additive manufacturing of resin bond grinding wheels has focused on commercially available acrylate resin. However, using a phenol-based bond to print resin-bond grinding wheels has been challenging for researchers and industries. In this study, a photo-curable phenol resin bond grinding wheel was introduced for the first time, offering advantages such as lower cost, high thermal resistance, and good mechanical properties. To enhance the grinding performance of the printed wheels, various additives, such as copper, glass fiber, and carbon fiber, were incorporated into the composition. Different on-machine and out-of-machine measurements, such as force, tool wear, dimensional accuracy, and optical microscopy measurements, were conducted to investigate the grinding performance of the printed wheels. The results demonstrate that printed grinding wheels have strong potential in grinding applications, which was more prominent for the bond reinforced by glass fibers, providing improved mechanical properties (up to 50%), wear resistance (up to 75%), and higher dimensional accuracy (up to 11%).

Fabrication of fire-retarded epoxy asphalt composites with compatibilization and toughening for road tunnel pavements

Fabrication of fire-retarded epoxy asphalt composites with compatibilization and toughening for road tunnel pavements

Tailored bond characteristics in additively manufactured resin bond grinding wheels: achieving optimal performance, high abrasive concentration, and cost efficiency

AbstractThis research study addresses the issues with additive manufacturing of high abrasive concentration as well as highly affordable resin-bond grinding wheels. High-concentration resin bond grinding wheels are high-demand cutting tools that provide high-efficiency grinding operation for a broad range of ferrous and nonferrous metals. Adding a high concentration of abrasive grains into the blend while using high-temperature acrylic resins as a bond material has encountered some difficulties during digital light processing (DLP), such as insufficient flow of material resulting from the high inherent viscosity of the pure resin and less printability due to their dark color, which become worse by adding a high volume of abrasive grains. An engineered bond material achieved through the mechanical alloying of acrylate photopolymers with tailored properties has been discovered during this research study, taking advantage of reduced price, excellent grinding performance, and high grain concentration. The experimental grinding operations comprising medium and high material removal rates were carried out to prove the supreme properties of the SiC- and diamond-printed grinding wheels toward having high accuracy besides a high-quality finished surface. Mechanical characterization including tensile test and grinding performance examination comprising tool wear, cutting force, surface quality, and surface integrity were conducted on the printed and ground parts. The results showed that integrating 14.6 Wt% of Resin A (with higher thermal resistance and viscosity) into the wheel’s composition could contribute to the fabrication of a high-performance grinding wheel, besides having a reliable, fast, and feasible printing process. Furthermore, On-machine and out-of-machine measurements on the ground surface signified that the composition with the highest Resin B concentration (GW-H) offered up to 2 times higher mechanical properties, 33–50% lower grinding forces, 25–50% improved surface qualities, 2–3 times extended tool life span, and less interval dressing operation compared to the grinding wheel containing the lowest Resin B concentration (GW-L).

Differnts Effectiveness of 10,600 nm Carbon Dioxide Laser on Enamel Surface

Besides having a modest penetration depth, a carbon dioxide laser operating at 10,600 nm has a strong absorption affinity for water. It's useful for coagulation of bleeding and soft-tissue surgery. Also, its absorption properties are consistent with hydroxyapatite, a mineral found in tooth enamel and dentin. This article examines the current research on the impacts of 10,600 nm Carbon Dioxide Laser on enamel surfaces. When compiling this review's data, we restricted our attention to articles that were made available online. For this study, we utilized the following search terms on "Google Scholar" and "PubMed" websites: CO2 Laser (10,600 nm), Demineralized enamel, Microhardness, enamel erosion, remineralization, fluoride. Only publications written in English from 2005 through June 2023 were included in this review. Priority was given to original articles and clinical research. Conclusion: The 10,600 nm CO2 laser is widely accepted in caries prevention. CO2 lasers have been the subject of much research but have yet to be used in therapeutic settings. Effective laser energy transmission to enamel allows for the transformation of carbonated hydroxyapatite into the purer hydroxyapatite of enamel. The laser enhances fluorides and other caries-preventive ingredients' effectiveness. As a result, resin bonds better to tooth enamel.

Comparison of Debonding of Different Composite Resin Bonds and Acrylic Tooth with Acrylic Denture Base after Thermocycling Regimes.

Background and objectives: The purpose of this study was to repair detached acrylic tooth using composite resin and comparing it debonding with cold cure acrylic after thermocycilg process. Methods: Materials used in the study include: four composite groups (Ceram, Composan, ESTELITE and Dynamic Plus) with a single group of acrylic artificial teeth bonded to acrylic (n=10). Specimens have tested the thermocycling then specimens were subjected to stress using a universal testing machine. Results: The outcome data statistically were analyzed, results showed that (ESTELITE) Tokoyama, brand has the highest value of tensile bond strength (7.05 MPa), and the lowest one Cerama brand with the (5.12 MPa) mean composite groups, but the cold cure acrylic one with the (2.07 MPa). Conclusion: Replacement of missing artificial teeth on the denture base with a different brand of composite can be done as an alternative to acrylic teeth and the thermocycling regime influence the debonding process. Keywords: Composite Resin, Artificial Teeth, Denture Base, Thermocycling, Debonding.

Organic-inorganic hybrid epoxy resin coating with high thermal stability and hydrophobicity for corrosion protection prepared by (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane as a bridging agent

Organic-inorganic hybrid epoxy resin coating with high thermal stability and hydrophobicity for corrosion protection prepared by (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane as a bridging agent

Effect of Dentin Irrigants on Push-Out Bond Strength in Resin Cementation Protocols for Fiber Posts in Endodontically Treated Teeth: An In Vitro Study.

The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of different endodontic irrigants and adhesive systems on the resin bond strength of fiber post cementation. In total, 144 single-rooted, unrestored human teeth were endodontically treated and randomly divided into 12 groups according to four endodontic irrigants (distilled water as control; EDTA 17%; NaOCl 5%; chlorhexidine digluconate 2%) and three different adhesive/resin cement systems (etch-and-rinse: orthophosphoric acid, Parabond® A+B/Paracore®; self-etch: ParaBond® Non-Rinse Conditioner, Parabond® A+B/Paracore®; Universal: ClearfilTM Universal Bond/ClearfilTM DC Core Plus). Forty-eight hours after post cementation, ten teeth from each group were cross-sectioned into three discs (cervical, middle and apical regions). Thirty specimens of each group (n = 30) were submitted to a push-out test at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The remaining two teeth of each group were sectioned in the same manner, and the resin-dentin interface was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results were statistically analyzed with the ANOVA test and Tukey's test (p < 0,01). The adhesive protocols and post space region showed no significant effect on bond strength (p > 0.01). The combination of NaOCl 5% and ClearfilTM Universal Bond reduced the adhesive strength (p < 0.01). The NaOCl 5%, in relation to other irrigants, significantly decreased the push-out bond strength.

Self-etching primer versus hydrofluoric acid and air-abrasion: effects on flexural and resin bond strengths of resin-based CAD/CAM material

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of self-etching primer (Monobond Etch & Prime; MEP), hydrofluoric acid (HF), and air-abrasion (A) protocols on shear bond strength (SBS) of resin cement and flexural strength (FS) of nanoparticle-filled resin-based CAD/CAM material. Bar- and rectangular-shaped specimens (n = 130 for each) were obtained from a resin-based material (Cerasmart 270). The specimens were divided into 13 subgroups according to surface treatments: Control (C); HF for 60, 90, and 120 s; MEP for 60, 90, and 120 s; air-abrasion for 10, 15, and 20 s; air-abrasion followed by HF; air-abrasion followed by MEP; HF followed by MEP. Surface roughness (Ra) values were measured using a profilometer (Surftest SJ-210) by applying 9 readings per specimen. One specimen per group was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM; Multimode 8) in a 20 μm × 20 μm area, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM; EVO LS-10) under ×1000 magnification. FS and SBS data were obtained using a universal test device (Marestek) at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Air-abraded groups showed the highest Ra (A10: 1.331 ± 0.213; A15: 1.409 ± 0.110; A20: 1.491 ± 0.111; A + HF: 1.415 ± 0.138; A + MEP: 1.309 ± 0.071 μm) and the lowest FS values (A10: 122.59 ± 16.80; A15: 118.94 ± 11.74; A20: 117.22 ± 11.18; A + HF: 114.42 ± 18.09; A + MEP: 128.98 ± 19.74 MPa). FS values of HF- and/or MEP-applied groups were statistically similar to the control group (C: 167.37 ± 27.02; HF60: 186.74 ± 30.66; HF90: 162.79 ± 29.31; HF120: 184.11 ± 17.18; MEP60: 171.98 ± 29.65; MEP90: 162.49 ± 20.38; MEP120: 173.55 ± 22.50; HF + MEP: 175.09 ± 21.64 MPa). SBS values of MEP-applied groups were higher than those of HF-etched groups with the same duration. Significant differences in SBS values were found after etching protocols with different durations (HF60: 4.14 ± 0.64; HF90: 4.48 ± 0.33; HF120: 6.76 ± 1.65; MEP60: 6.24 ± 1.23; MEP90: 9.92 ± 1.25; MEP120: 10.22 ± 1.27 MPa). Prolonged MEP application (90 s and 120 s) can be the preferred surface treatment for resin-based CAD/CAM materials. However, air-abrasion may adversely affect its mechanical properties.

Influence of bond thermal and mechanical properties on the additively manufactured grinding wheels performance: Mechanical, wear, surface integrity, and topography analysis

Influence of bond thermal and mechanical properties on the additively manufactured grinding wheels performance: Mechanical, wear, surface integrity, and topography analysis

Durability of Resin Bonding to Dental 3Y-TZP Zirconia Using Different Adhesive Systems.

One hundred and twenty-eight specimens were milled from 3Y-TZP zirconia ceramic. The bonding surfaces of all disks were wet polished, steam cleaned, airborne-particle abraded and ultrasonically cleaned in 99% isopropanol. The specimens were randomly divided into four main groups according to the applied resin system; two conventional and two self-adhesive systems were used. Each group was further subdivided into two subgroups; the first was conditioned with the specified primer for conventional luting resins or not conditioned for the self-adhesive systems, whereas the second subgroup of each was conditioned with the same phosphate monomer-containing primer (Alloy Primer). The zirconia specimens were adhesively bonded, using the allocated luting resin, to plexiglass tubes filled with self-curing composite resin (Clearfil FII). Half of the specimens of each subgroup were stored in distilled water at 37 °C for 3 days, whereas the other half were subjected to artificial aging, 150 days of storage and additional thermal cycling. Thereafter, all specimens were subjected to TBS testing using a universal testing machine. Statistical analysis was conducted using two-way ANOVA followed by separate one-way ANOVAs. The Games-Howell post-hoc test was applied for pairwise comparisons. All specimens survived storage with thermal cycling. The mean TBS values ranged from a minimum of 43.4 ± 5.0 MPa to a maximum of 66.4 ± 3.5 after 3 days and from a minimum of 13.6 ± 2.5 MPa to a maximum of 50.1 ± 9.4 MPa after 150 days. Artificial aging had a significantly negative effect on all test groups. The chosen adhesive-resin system had a significant effect on the resulting TBS values. The highest TBS values were achieved for the self-adhesive luting resin G-Cem One but were statistically comparable to the results obtained for the dual-cure luting resin G-Cem LinkForce.

Resistance of yielding rockbolts to multiple impact loads

The resistance of yielding rockbolts to multiple impact loads was tested by means of a drop hammer. The methodology was based on the ASTM D7401-08 standard as well as the requirements specified for rockbolts by Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara Aktiebolag (LKAB - a Swedish mining company) and the Safety In Mines Research Advisory Committee of South Africa (project number GAP 423). During the tests, the loading force and bolt elongation were measured with a sampling frequency of fs = 19.2 kHz. In order to analyse the phenomena involved, the tests were recorded using two independent high-speed video cameras (600 and 1000 frames per second) and one thermal camera (128 frames per second). The tests demonstrated that all the samples transferred double the gravitational potential energy of Ep = 50.85 kJ from the impact load of mass m = 2825 kg and impact velocity of v = 6.0 m/s without failure. Damage to the bolt-resin contact in the upper anchoring zone of the bolt in the steel tube occurred after subsequent impacts. As a result, the macro-deformed bolt exhibits additional yield, and its operation following the shearing of the resin bond is similar to that of a 'cone bolt'. Only one test resulted in damage to the threaded bolt rod-nut coupling, during the fourth impact; however, no damage to the bolt-resin contact zone was observed.

Effect of surface contamination and cleansing methods on resin bond strength and failure modes of partially stabilized zirconia: An in vitro study

Effect of surface contamination and cleansing methods on resin bond strength and failure modes of partially stabilized zirconia: An in vitro study

Effect of ZrO2 paste, surface treatments, and storage on Weibull characteristics and resin bond strength to zirconia.

The objective is to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments and storage on the shear strength of ultratranslucent zirconia. 36 blocks of ultra-translucent zirconia were fabricated (7x7x2mm) and sintered. Then, divided into 12 groups according to the "surface treatment" (C -Primer; Al -Sandblasting with Al2O3 + Primer; Si -Silicate + Primer; Gl -Glaze + HF + Primer; Z -Zirlink; Zp -Zirlink + Primer) and "storage" factors (ST-with 150 days/37º and without). After surface treatment, five cylinders (Ø=2mm; h=2.0mm) of resin cement (n=15) were constructed in each ceramic block; at the end, the shear strength test was performed (1mm/min, 50Kgf), and analysis of surface failures. 60 additional samples (2x2x2mm) were made for extras analysis (surface roughness, MEV, and EDS). Bond strength and surface roughness data were statistically evaluated by ANOVA (2 factors/1 factor), Tukey test (5%), and Weibull analysis, respectively. ANOVA (2-way) revealed that all factors were statistically significant for bond strength. The silicatization groups (SiST: 30.47AMPa; Si: 29.21AMPa) showed the highest bond strength values, regardless of storage (Tukey's test). While the groups treated with Zirlink (ZST: 2.76FMPa; Z: 5.27EFMPa) showed the lowest values, just similar to the GlST group (5.14EFMPa). The Weibull modulus (m) showed a statistical difference between groups (p=0.000). ANOVA (1 factor) revealed that the "surface treatment" factor (p=0.0000) was statistically significant for surface roughness. Therefore, the application of Zirlink and Glaze on pre-sintered zirconia did not promote efficient adhesion of the ultratranslucent zirconia to the resin cement, even when associated with a primer containing MDP.