Bond Strength Of Resin Cement Research Articles

Effect of Tannic Acid and Quercetin Antioxidants on Bond Strength of Resin Cement to Dentin after Internal Bleaching.

To evaluate the influence of tannic acid and quercetin on the immediate microshear bond strength (μSBS) of two resin cements to dentin after internal bleaching. The access cavity in eighty extracted maxillary incisors was internally bleached except the control groups. The labial surfaces were ground to expose a flat dentin surface. The specimens were randomly divided into eight groups (n=10) as follows: 1) Control/Dou; Doulink without bleaching, 2) Bl/Dou; Bleaching+Doulink, 3) Bl+Ta/ Dou; Bleaching+Tannic acid+Doulink, 4) Bl+Qu/Dou;Bleaching+Quercetin+Doulink, 5) Control/ PSA; Panavia SA without bleaching, 6) Bl/PSA;Bleaching+Panavia SA, 7) Bl+Ta/ PSA; Bleaching+Tannic acid+Panavia SA, 8) Bl+Qu+PSA; Bleaching+Quercetin+Panavia SA. After 24 hours, the μSBS of the specimens was tested and the obtained data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tamhane test (p⟨0.05). The µSBS of Doulink groups were higher than the PSA groups (p⟨0.001). The μSBS of Bl+Ta/Dou and Bl+Qu/ Dou groups did not differ from Bl/Dou (p⟩0.05). The μSBS of Bl+Ta/PSA group was statistically significantly higher than the Bl/PSA group (p⟨0.001). There was no significant difference between µSBS of Bl+Qu/PSA and Bl/PSA groups (p=0.39). TA partially reversed the negative influence of internal bleaching on the µSBS of Panavia SA while quercetin did not increase the bond strength of both resin cements.

Evaluation of pretreatments on intra-radicular dentin bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements.

To evaluate the influence of dentin pretreatments on the push-out bond strength (POBS) of self-adhesive resin cements (SARCs) to radicular dentin. Two experimental pretreatments (2.5% titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4 ) and 26% polyacrylic acid (PA)) and two SARCs: Maxcem Elite (MAX) and Calibra Universal (CAL) were used. For each cement, a control group was applied as indicated by the manufacturer. Sixty bovine incisors were restored (n = 10) and subjected to POBS evaluation. Failure mode, adhesive interface and surface morphology were analyzed by a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and resin infiltration was performed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Data for POBS and CLSM were analyzed by three-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc (α = 0.05). For MAX, both experimental pretreatments resulted in increased POBS in the cervical third, and for CAL, only the PA resulted in higher POBS in the cervical third. The most failures occurred between the dentin and the resin cement, except when TiF4 was applied. For PA, analysis of surface morphology showed open dentinal tubules, while TiF4 presented particle agglomerates. SEM and CLSM images confirmed presence of resin tags for both pretreatments. Pretreating radicular dentin with PA and TiF4 solutions improves the bond strength of SARCs.

Shear bond strength of resin cement on moist dentin and its relation to the flexural strength of resin cement.

We sought to compare the bond strength of resin cement on moist dentin to that on dry dentin, and determine the relationship between the bond strength and flexural strength of resin cement. The water content of the moist and dry dentins was estimated using infrared spectroscopy. Four adhesive and three self-adhesive resin cements were used. At three times of immediately, after one-day storage, and after 20,000 thermocycles (TC 20k), the shear bond strengths were measured. For all resin cements, both the shear bond strength and the flexural strength were the lowest immediately after setting; however, after one day of water storage or TC 20k, these resin cements had the highest values. Regardless of the condition of the dentin surface upon shear bond strength, the flexural strength of each resin cement was correlated with the shear bond strength of the dentin surface.

Disinfection of caries affected dentin using rose bengal, titanium sapphire laser; ammonium hexa-fluorosilicate, and ozonated water on resin dentin bond strength

AimThe present study intended to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of resin cement bonded to caries affected dentin (CAD) after disinfection with rose Bengal (RB), Ti-Sapphire Laser, Ammonium Hexafluorosilicate (NH4)2[SiF6], and ozonated water (O3). Material and MethodsA total of 100 extracted human mandibular molars were acquired using caries severity code, 6 of the ICDAS criteria. To achieve homogeneity and prevent size-biased distributions, the average cavity preparation of all specimens had a depth of 2 mm and a breadth of 3 mm. Specimens were divided into five groups (n = 20) at random according to type of disinfection. Group 1: control group, Group 2: RB, Group 3: O3, Group 4: Ti-sapphire laser, and Group 5: (NH4)2[SiF6]. All specimens were etch and rinsed, bonding agent was applied and restored with resin cement. Estimation of SBS was performed by placing samples (10/group) in universal testing machine. Stereomicroscope under 40 × magnification was employed for failure mode analysis (FMA). Statistical analysis was executed using the ANOVA and the Tukey multiple test (p<0.05). ResultsThe highest SBS was demonstrated in the control group when CAD bonded to resin cement without disinfection (18.22±1.14 MPa). Likewise, the lowest SBS values were unveiled by CAD disinfection with O3 (12.44±1.36 MPa). Similarly, CAD when disinfected with RB (16.25±1.01 MPa) and Ti-sapphire laser (16.25±1.22 MPa) bonded to resin cement exhibited comparable bond results (p>0.05). ConclusionCaries affected dentin when treated with etch and rinse technique without the use of disinfectant displayed the highest SBS. However, it was seen that utilization of various disinfectants altered the adhesion capacity or bonding efficacy of caries-affected dentin.

Influence of Different Surface Treatments on Bond Strength of a Self-Adhesive Resin Cement to CAD-CAM Materials

To evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of self-adhesive resin cement when used with two different computer-aided design (CAD)-computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) materials after various surface treatments. Nanoceramic resin Lava Ultimate (LU) and feldspathic ceramic Vita Mark II (VM) CAD-CAM block samples were prepared with 1.5-mm thickness, and a total of 90 samples were obtained (N=90), with five samples of each block. The samples were divided into the following five groups according to the surface treatments (n=9): group 1, untreated (control); group 2,5% hydrofluoric acid etching; group 3, Er: YAG laser irradiation; group 4, tribochemical silica coating (Cojet); and group 5, air-abrasion with Al2O3. After silane application, resin cement was applied on a transparent matrix (diameter, 3mm; height, 2mm) on the blocks. SBS was determined using a universal testing device at a crosshead speed of 1mm/min. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc tests were used to analyze the SBS values. LU showed the highest SBS value in group 4. The average SBS values in groups 3 and were found to be lower than that in the control group (p&lt;0.05). When VM was examined, while all surface treatments increased the SBS values significantly, the highest SBS value was observed in group 4 (p&lt;0.05). This study revealed that all surface treatments used negatively affected the bond strength values of self-adhesive resin cement to LU, except for Cojet application. The SBS values of resin cement with VM increased in all surface treatment application groups.

Comparison of the Mechanical Properties and Push-out Bond Strength of Self-adhesive and Conventional Resin Cements on Fiber Post Cementation.

The purpose of this study was to compare the mechanical properties and push-out bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements (SACs) and a conventional resin cement (CRC). Eighty bovine incisors were divided into four groups for cementation of a fiberglass post (Whitepost - FGM Dental Group, Coral Springs, FL) with different resin cements: three SACs (Maxcem Elite, MAX - Kerr; Calibra Universal, CAL - Dentsply; and RelyX Unicem 2, RUN - 3M Oral Care) and one CRC (RelyX Ultimate, RXU - 3M Oral Care). The groups were subdivided into two groups each (n=10) for evaluation of the push-out bond strength test (POBS) after 24 hours of water storage or after thermal aging (5000 cycles), following 24 hours of storage. The failure modes were evaluated using a stereomicroscope. Flexural strength (FS) and modulus of elasticity (EM) were determined using a three-point bending. Also, pH of the cements was measured over 48 hours and filler morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Appropriate statistical analyses were performed by SPSS 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), with a significance level set at 5%. Results: RXU presented the highest POBS at both evaluation times. Among the SACs, RUN and CAL presented significantly lower POBS than MAX in cervical and middle-thirds at the 24-hour evaluation, and in all root regions after thermocycling. Adhesive failure between the cement and dentin were the most prevalent fractures at both times evaluated. MAX presented the lowest FS and RUN showed the highest EM. The pH reached the minimal point at the 30-minute evaluation for RXU and MAX. For RUN and CAL, the minimal pH was observed at the 60-minute evaluation. RXU and RUN presented spherical and regular filler particles, while MAX and CAL presented irregularly shaped and sized filler particles. The mechanical behavior of SACs is not superior to CRC; however, among all the SACs evaluated, MAX presented the highest POBS and stability after thermocycling evaluation. MAX also reached the closest neutral pH after 48 hours. Therefore, SACs with low initial pH and strong neutralization reactions are recommended, because these characteristics may lead to better mechanical properties and stability.

The Effect of Different Abrasives on the Shear Bond Strength of Adhesive Resin Cements to Dentin

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of dentin surface preparation with coarse diamond, extra-fine diamond, and polishing discs on the shear bond strength (SBS) of two resin cements (RCs) to dentin. Materials and Methods: Sixty-six recently extracted human mandibular third molar teeth that were free of cracks, caries, or restorations were collected. Sixty teeth were used for the SBS test. The occlusal part of the crowns was cut to expose mid-coronal dentin. The teeth were divided into three dentin preparation groups: coarse diamond (Meisinger, Germany), extra-fine diamond, and polishing discs (SofLex, 3MESPE, USA), and further conventional RC combined with a self-etch adhesive (Panavia F2.0/ED Primer II, Kuraray, Japan) or self-adhesive RC (Maxcem Elite, Kerr, USA) subgroups ( n = 10). Sixty composite resin blocks were prepared (diameter: 3 mm, height: 4 mm) and bonded to the teeth according to the groups. The SBS test was performed with a universal testing device. Six teeth were used for the observation of prepared dentin surfaces and the resin–cement dentin interfaces using field emission scanning electron microscopy (Mira 3 XMU, Tescan). Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests ( P &lt; .05). Results: Panavia F2.0/ED Primer II exhibited significantly higher SBS values for coarse and extra-fine diamond than for the polishing discs ( P &lt;.05). Regarding Maxcem Elite, no significant difference was observed for the preparation methods ( P &gt; .05). Panavia F2.0/ED Primer II had higher bond strength than Maxcem Elite for the dentin surface prepared with the coarse diamond ( P &lt;.05). The differences were not significant for the extra-fine diamond and the polishing disc groups ( P &gt; .05). Conclusion: The use of polishing discs did not increase the SBS of the RCs to the dentin.

Effect of silanization on shear bond strength between high translucency zirconia and resin cement

Aim: This in-viro study aimed to evaluate and compare the shear bond strength of resin cement with high translucency zirconia with silane coupling agents and bonding agent separately (Group3), bonding agent containing silane (Group 2) and bonding agent which does not have silane (Group 1). Materials and Methods: The study was conducted by using the high translucency zirconia blanks along with the CAD-CAM equipments. After sintering the specimens according to manufacturer’s instructions surface modifications, bonding procedures and evaluation of bond strength was performed. Bond strength of the samples was tested using universal testing machine. The results were analyzed statistically using descriptive analysis. Results: The mean shear bond strength obtained for group 1, group 2 and group 3 was 17.97, 22.01, 28.87MPA respectively. The SBS of group 3 was significantly higher than the other two groups as the surface of zirconia was treated with both Silane and Silane-containing universal adhesive. Conclusion: The null hypothesis was rejected. Within the limitations of the study, it was concluded that the shear bond strength between resin cement and high translucency zirconia was highest when treated with bonding agent (universal adhesive) and silane coupling agent separately after air particle abrasion.

Femtosecond laser microstructuring of monolithic zirconia: Effects of laser parameters on resin bond strength

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different femtosecond (fs) laser treatment protocols on the surface roughness (Ra) and shear bond strength (SBS) of resin cement to zirconia. A total of 110 zirconia specimens were divided into 11 subgroups according to the surface treatment: Control (C), airborne-particle abrasion (APA), laser irradiation applying 400 mW, 600 mW, and 800 mW of 90 fs laser pulses with 1, 5, and 10 repetitions (Fs(400/1), Fs(400/5), Fs(400/10), Fs(600/1), Fs(600/5), Fs(600/10), Fs(800/1), Fs(800/5), and Fs(800/10) ), respectively). Ra values were measured using a profilometer, and topographical changes were evaluated under a scanning electron microscope. X-ray diffraction analyses were performed to determine the crystallographic changes. Self-adhesive resin cement was bonded to zirconia specimens, and SBS tests were conducted. C and Fs(800/10) groups exhibited the lowest and the highest Ra and SBS values, respectively. Regardless of the fs laser power, application of five and 10 repetitions resulted in higher Ra values than air-abrasion. Fs(400/10), Fs(600/5), Fs(600/10), Fs(800/5), and Fs(800/10) groups showed higher SBS values than the APA group (p < .05), while SBS of other laser groups did not differ from the APA group (p > .05). Fs laser treatment protocols used in this study may be promising for zirconia-resin bonding. However, the effects of these treatments on the mechanical properties of zirconia need evaluation.

Bond strength of silane-containing adhesive to glass-ceramic material

The objective this study was to assess the effect of silane-containing universal adhesive (UA) on theshear bond strength (SBS) of dual-cure resin cement to glass-ceramic material. IPS e.max CAD, IvoclarVivadent blocks were prepared, polished, acid etched with a 5% hydrofluoric acid etchant and then randomly distributed into three groups (n = 15) according to the priming material applied for each material. In group 1 (control), no priming was performed prior to the application of a resin cement (Multilink automix, Ivoclarvivadent). In group 2, a silane-based primer (Monobond Plus, IvoclarVivadent) was applied onto the ceramic surface while in group 3, a silane-containing universal adhesive, single bond universal, 3m was used as a primer. The resin-ceramic bonded specimens were subjected to artificial aging via 10k thermocycling before the SBS was assessed using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Failure mode patterns were evaluated using a scanning electron microscope. The SBS data were statistically analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (α = 0.05).

Effect of chlorhexidine application on shear bond strength of self-adhesive dual cure resin cement

The present study evaluates the impact of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) on bond strength of self-adhesive dual-cure resin cement. In the current in vitro study, 40 freshly extracted human sound premolar teeth were selected. Cavity preparations were performed and the teeth were divided into 4 groups (n =10). Group 1:1 mm cavity without 2% CHX; Group 2:1 mm cavity with 2% CHX; Group 3:3 mm cavity without 2% CHX; and Group 4:3 mm cavity with 2% CHX. In all groups, self-adhesive was added. The shear bond strength (SBS) of all the groups was statistically assessed. Comparison of mean maximum load among different groups showed significant difference (p &lt; 0.05). Similarly, shear bond strength differed significantly between 3 mm without CHX group and 1 mm without CHX group (p &lt; 0.05) and the mean difference of load differed significantly among 3 mm without CHX group and 1 mm with CHX group (p &lt; 0.05). Although, there appears to be an influence of 2% CHX on shear bond strength and maximum load, however more studies are necessary to explore the effect of 2% CHX along with self-adhesive on shear bond strength.

Assessment of Microtensile Bond Strength of Different Resin Cements Used for Luting of Indirect MOD Resin Composite Inlays to Dentin after Aging in Different Media

Assessment of Microtensile Bond Strength of Different Resin Cements Used for Luting of Indirect MOD Resin Composite Inlays to Dentin after Aging in Different Media

Microshear bond strength of resin cement to glass-ceramics after intaglio surface staining

Statement of problemApplying stains to the intaglio surface of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) monolithic ceramic restorations has been proposed as an option to help mask darkened substrates. However, little is known about the effects of this procedure on the adhesion between the resin cement and the ceramic. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of intaglio surface staining on the microshear bond strength between 2 CAD-CAM ceramics and a resin cement. Material and methodsLithium disilicate (Gmax) and leucite-reinforced (Gpress) ceramic blocks were sectioned, crystalized when indicated, and polished. They received either none, 1, or 2 layers of ceramic stains and a glaze liquid mixture followed by a firing cycle. The surfaces of groups Gmax0, Gmax1, and Gmax2 were etched with 9% hydrofluoric acid etching (HF) for 20 seconds, and those of groups Gpress0 and Gpress1 were etched for 60 seconds. After rinsing and drying, a ceramic primer was applied and air-dried. Resin cement rods (n=24 per group) were built from a silicone mold. Specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 hours before microshear bond testing. Failure mode was observed under a digital microscope. Data were analyzed by using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney nonparametric tests (α=.05). ResultsIntaglio staining negatively affected the microshear bond strength for both ceramics. A significant difference was observed between Gmax1 (3.5 ±1.73 MPa) and Gmax2 (3.7 ±2.1 MPa) when compared with Gmax0 (14.2 ±4.4 MPa) and also between GPress0 (25.7 ±5.1 MPa) and Gpress1 (1.8 ±2.7 MPa). No difference was observed between 1 and 2 stain layers for Gmax. Most failures were adhesive for Gmax0, mixed for Gpress, and cohesive within the stain layer for experimental groups. ConclusionsIntaglio surface staining with a stain and glaze mixture caused a significant reduction in bond strength between resin cement and both ceramics tested.

Effectiveness of different cleaning measures on the bonding of resin cement to saliva-contaminated or blood-contaminated zirconia

ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of different cleaning measures on the bonding of resin cement to saliva- or blood-contaminated zirconia. MethodsOne hundred and forty-one specimens (10 × 10 × 1.5 mm3) were fabricated from KATANATM zirconia blocks and contaminated with human saliva or sheep blood. Six cleaning measures were examined: water-rinse, H3PO4, 5.25% NaOCl, ZirCleanTM, Ivoclean and KATANATM Cleaner. Tensile bond strength was evaluated for 13 groups (N=10): six cleaning measures against two contaminations (12 experimental groups) and one uncontaminated control group. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the control and water-rinsed specimen surfaces. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was conducted to identify carbon (C1s), nitrogen (N1s), phosphorous (P2p) and zirconium (Zr3d) peaks, from which the elemental ratios C/Zr, N/Zr and P/Zr were calculated. ResultsAlthough water-rinsing removed most of the contaminants from the zirconia surface, bond strength of resin cement was significantly lower compared with the control. Phosphoric acid was ineffective and NaOCl was less reliable in restoring bond strength. The three commercial cleaners (ZirCleanTM, Ivoclean, KATANATM Cleaner) out-performed the other cleaning measures and restored the bond strength of resin cement to zirconia except for the use of ZircleanTM on blood-contaminated surfaces. N/Zr decreased for all cleaned specimens and P/Zr ratio increased for phosphoric acid and KATANATM Cleaner groups. Differences in elemental ratios could indicate different cleaning mechanisms for the zirconia cleaners. ConclusionAll three commercial zirconia cleaners are effective in decontaminating saliva-contaminated or blood-contaminated zirconia and increasing the bond strength of resin cement to contaminated zirconia. Clinical significanceThe use of water, phosphoric acid or concentrated sodium hypochorite for cleaning saliva- or blood-contaminated dental zirconia is not recommended. ZirCleanTM works well on decontamination of saliva-contaminated zirconia. Ivoclean or KATANATM Cleaner are useful for decontamination of both saliva- and blood-contaminated zirconia during the intraoral try-in stage to recover the original bond strength of cementation.

Surface Roughness and Bond Strength of Resin Composite to Additively Manufactured Zirconia with Different Porosities.

To investigate the bond strength of resin cement to additively manufactured (AM) zirconia with different porosities when compared to milled zirconia. A 12 × 5 mm disk virtual design file was used to fabricate a total of 48 disks divided into 4 groups: 3 groups were AM with different porosities including 0%-porosity (AMZ0 group), 20%-porosity (AMZ20 group), and 40%-porosity (AMZ40 group), and 1 milled zirconia (control or CNCZ group). The dimensions of all specimens were measured using a digital caliper. A 3D- confocal laser scanner was used to analyze surface morphology and measure the surface roughness (Sa), followed by SEM analysis. Tensile bond strength of composite resin cement to specimens was measured before and after aging procedures using a universal testing machine (n = 10). Failure modes were evaluated under a light microscope. Volumetric change data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and two-way ANOVA was used to compare bond strength values (α = 0.05). There was a significant difference in volumetric changes among the groups. The CNCZ group showed the least changes in diameter 0.027 ± 0.029 mm and thickness 0.030 ± 0.012 mm and AM zirconia with 40% porosity showed the most volumetric changes in diameter 5.237± 0.023mm. ANOVA test indicated an overall significant difference in surface roughness across all groups (F = 242.6, p < 0.001). The CNCZ group showed the highest mean Sa of 1.649± 0.240µm, followed by AMZ40 group with Sa of 0.830 ± 0.063µm, AMZ20 group with Sa of 0.780± 0.070 µm, and the AMZ0 group with Sa of 0.612 ± 0.063 µm. Two-way ANOVA showed significant difference in bond strength between the CNCZ group 12.109 ± 3.223 MPa and the AMZ0 group 8.629 ± 0.914 MPa, with significant pretest failures in specimens with porosities. Thermal cycling methods reduced the bond strength non-significantly in CNCZ group with no effect in the AMZ0 group. Milled zirconia had a higher surface roughness and bond strength to composite resin cement than AM zirconia, and porosities in AM zirconia decreased the bond strength with significant pretest failures.

Evaluation of Cleaning Methods on Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic Surfaces After Organic Contamination.

The purposes of this study were to 1) evaluate the effectiveness of different cleaning methods from a previously etched and silanized lithium disilicate glass ceramic (EMX) surface after contact with organic fluids (saliva or human blood) and 2) assess the effect of applying a new silane layer after the cleaning methods on the microshear bond strength (mSBS) of resin cement to EMX. EMX discs were etched with 5% hydrofluoric acid (HF) and properly silanized. Three control groups were created (n=10): control (without contamination), saliva positive, and human blood positive. Later, after new contaminations, the samples were distributed into four groups according to the cleaning method (n=20): air-water spray (AWS), 35% phosphoric acid, 70% alcohol, or Ivoclean cleaning paste. After the cleaning methods, subgroups were submitted to a new silane layer application, or not (n=10). All samples received a thin layer of a bonding agent and, subsequently, three light-cured resin cement cylinders were prepared on each EMX surface for the mSBS test. This test was performed on a universal testing machine at a vertical speed of 1 mm/minute until rupture. Contaminated and cleaned silanized EMX surfaces were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (n=1). The noncontaminated control group showed an average mSBS of 18.7 MPa, and the positive saliva and human blood control groups yielded a 34% and 42% reduction in bond strength, respectively, compared to the uncontaminated control (p<0.05). For saliva-contaminated surfaces, all cleaning methods were effective and not different from one another or the control group (p>0.05). However, for human blood contamination, only Ivoclean cleaning paste was effective in restoring μSBS to uncontaminated control group levels (p>0.05). SEM images showed a clean surface (ie, with no contaminant residues) after the cleaning methods, regardless of the organic contaminant type. All the assessed cleaning methods were effective in removing saliva from the silanized EMX surface; however, only Ivoclean was able to restore the adhesion quality when the silanized EMX surface was contaminated with human blood.

Physicochemical Properties of Dentine Subjected to Microabrasive Blasting and Its Influence on Bonding to Self-Adhesive Prosthetic Cement in Shear Bond Strength Test: An In Vitro Study.

The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the influence of microabrasive blasting on the physicochemical properties of dentine and shear bond strength (SBS) of self-adhesive resin cement (Maxcem Elite, Kerr, Orange, CA, USA) bonded to the dentine surface. Ninety cylindrical specimens with exposed dentine of human teeth were prepared and divided into three randomized, parallel sample sets A, B, and C. Groups B and C were subjected to abrasive blasting using a micro-sandblasting device (Microetcher IIa, Danville Materials, Carlsbad, CA, USA) with two gradations of Al2O3 abrasives (Group B, abrasion with a gradation of 50 μm; group C, abrasion with a gradation of 27 μm). SEM imaging, profilometry, chemical composition analysis, contact angle measurements, surface free energy, and SBS tests were performed. The resulting data were statistically analyzed using the Statistica software (ver. 13.3, Tibco Software Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA). Microabrasive blasting caused changes in surface topography, structural features, and the connection strength between the dentin surface and self-adhesive prosthetic cement. Air microabrasion through the multifactorial positive reorganization of the treated surface of dentine is recommended as a pretreatment method in fixed prosthodontics adhesive cementation protocols.

Effects of ytterbium laser surface treatment on the bonding of two resin cements to zirconia

Monolithic zirconia crowns bonded to zirconia abutments have become more commonly used in the construction of cement-retained implant superstructures. The present study aimed to examine the effects of laser surface treatments on the bond strength of two resin cements to zirconia. Three types of surfaces were examined: untreated, alumina blasted, and ytterbium laser treated; and two types of resin cements: 4-META/MMA-TBB resin cement and composite resin cement. Half of the specimens were subjected to a thermocycling process. Subsequently, a shear bond test was carried out. In addition, surface roughness was measured for each surface type. The results showed that laser treatment increased zirconia surface roughness and that laser treatment significantly increased shear bond strength after the thermocycling of both cement types compared to no treatment. Our experimental results suggested that ytterbium laser surface treatment of zirconia increased the bond strength of resin cements.

Effect of aging on color stability and bond strength of dual-cured resin cement with amine or amine-free self-initiators.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aging on the color stability and bond strengths of dual-cured resin cements containing amine or amine-free self-initiators. Three dual-cured and one light-cured resin cements were used. The covered (by lithium disilicate ceramic disks) and uncovered groups (n=10) were included. Color measurements were tested after 24 h, 10,000 and 20,000 thermal cycles (TCs). Micro-shear bond strengths (µSBS) were tested after 24 h, 10,000 and 20,000 TCs, and failure modes were analyzed (n=14). Two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test were implemented for color difference (ΔE*ab) and µSBS (α=0.05). The mean ΔE*ab difference was significant among groups (p<0.001). The lowest ΔE*ab values were obtained for dual-cured resin cement with amine-free self-initiators dual-cured cement after aging in all dual-cured resin cements, and the µSBS of the dual-cured resin cements on ceramic was significantly higher than that of the light-cured ones after aging (p<0.001).

Evaluation of the effects of different surface modification methods on the bond strength of high-performance polymers and resin matrix ceramics.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the effects of various surface treatment methods on the shear bond strength of self-adhesive resin cement to polymer-infiltrated materials. One hundred twenty-eight polymer-infiltrated specimens (n = 32) for four different computer aided design-computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) materials, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) (PE), polyether ketone ketone (PEKK) (PK), composite resin nanoceramic (Cerasmart) (CS), and polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) (VITA ENAMIC) (VE) were milled from CAD-CAM blocks. They were divided into two groups (n = 16) in terms of surface treatments: airborne-particle abraded (AA) or silica-coated (SC) and two subgroups (n = 8) according to adhesive application or no adhesive. The surface roughness, contact angle, and shear bond strength (SBS) values of specimens were measured. Data were analyzed with Shapiro-Wilk test, the generalized linear models' method, and Bonferroni corrected t test (α ˂ 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found between the groups in terms of surface roughness and SBS values (P > 0.05). A statistically significant effect of the main adhesive interaction on the bond strength was found independent of the material and surface treatments (P < 0.001). While the average bond strength of the non-adhesive was 4.9MPa, the average of the adhesive applied was 9.1MPa. On the other hand, there is a statistically significant difference between the means of the contact angle values (P ˂ 0.001). While the highest mean contact angle value was 117.1 ± 14.8° obtained from the non-adhesive PK in the AA group, the lowest mean contact angle value 22.6 ± 4.3° was obtained from the VE without adhesive in the SC group. Roughness and SBS values were similar between groups after surface treatments. Adhesive application increased the SBS values. Surface treatments were found to have an effect on the contact angle. Since the AA and SC surface treatments used in the study show similar bond strength values, the Cojet system, which is more practical and easier to use, can be preferred as an alternative to AA after restoration production with CAD-CAM as a chairside.