Bond Cement Research Articles

Comparison of Shear Bond Strength of Self-Adhesive Resin Cement and Conventional Resin Cement Bonded to Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic with Different Surface Treatments: In Vitro Study

Comparison of Shear Bond Strength of Self-Adhesive Resin Cement and Conventional Resin Cement Bonded to Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic with Different Surface Treatments: In Vitro Study

15-Methacryloyloxypentadecyl Dihydrogen Phosphate Improves Resin-to-Zirconia Bonding Durability.

To investigate the bond durability of composite cement to zirconia after treatment with a 15-methacryloyloxypentadecyl dihydrogen phosphate (15-MPDP)-containing adhesive and 2 commercially available adhesives. Ninety zirconia bars were fabricated and bonded to prepolymerized resin composite cylinders with a composite cement after surface treatment for 20 s using the following adhesives: Adper Easy One (AEO, negative control), Single Bond Universal (SBU, positive control), and 10 wt% 15-MPDP powder mixed with Adper Easy One (15- MPDP). After storage in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h, the specimens were divided into 3 subgroups according to the aging treatment applied (n = 10): no aging treatment (0/TC), 10,000 thermocycles (1/TC), and 37,500 thermocycles (3/TC). Shear bond strength (SBS) was analyzed using two-way ANOVA (p < 0.05), and the fracture surfaces were examined under a dental microscope. Significant differences in the SBSs among the surface treatments and aging treatments were observed (both p < 0.001). The 15-MPDP and SBU groups showed significantly higher SBSs than the AEO group, whereas similar SBSs were found in the 15-MPDP and SBU groups. Significant reductions in the SBSs were found after 37,500 thermocycles (p < 0.001), although no significant difference between specimens aged with 10,000 thermocycles and non-aged specimens was observed. The 15-MPDP-containing dental adhesive exhibited bond durability comparable to that of a well-established 10-MDP-containing universal adhesive. Aging by 10,000 thermocycles may be insufficient to disrupt the bond of composite cement to zirconia.

Effect of Different Concentrations of Silver Nanoparticles on the Quality of the Chemical Bond of Glass Ionomer Cement Dentine in Primary Teeth

Background: The nanotechnologies have been applied for dental restorative materials manufacturing such as glass ionomer cement, composites, tooth regeneration, and endodontic sealers. The study aimed to investigate the chemical bond of conventional glass ionomer cement and to evaluate the addition of different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the quality of the chemical bond of glass ionomer cement to primary dentin. Methods: Silver nanoparticle (AgNP) powder was added in concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% to the conventional powder of GIC Fuji II. Then, the powder was added to the liquid and mixed with the recommended powder/liquid ratio of 3.6:1 g. The Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR) of teeth with 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% w/w of silver nanoparticles in GIC fills and the control tooth were obtained. The conventional glass ionomer was used as a control group. The control and the plain silver tooth were subjected to FTIR analysis using an ATR–FTIR spectrophotometer (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, United States) with zinc selenide (ZnSe) ATR crystal (attenuated total reflection) and OPUS v7.5 software. All spectra were recorded in the range of 500–3,500 cm−1 in the transmission mode with an ATR module. Results: The AgNPs added at 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% concentration to GIC provided some information in the context of bond interaction with the dentin. Various bond peaks were seen for calcium, carbonate, phosphate, and amide. In our study, only the amide and phosphate were generated. The amide peaks were almost similar to the control, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%, with the peaks in the range of 1250–1650 cm−1. There was a clear shift in the phosphate peak from the control, 0.2, and 0.4%, which was about 1050 cm−1, whereas for 0.6%, there was a clear shift from 1050 cm−1 to 880 cm−1. Conclusion: GIC supplemented with AgNPs showed that a concentration above 0.4% of AgNPs altered the bond quality in dentin interaction. In conclusion, adding AgNPs at a minimal level improves the mechanical properties and maintains the same bond quality as GIC.

Influence of Fire Retardants Pre-Treatments on Mechanical and Fire Properties of Poplar and Scots Pine Cement Bonded Particleboard

Influence of Fire Retardants Pre-Treatments on Mechanical and Fire Properties of Poplar and Scots Pine Cement Bonded Particleboard

Physical and Mechanical Properties Evaluation of Corncob and Sawdust Cement Bonded Ceiling Boards

This study considered the production of composite ceiling boards from both agricultural and industrial wastes. Boards with different blending proportions by weight of cement, corncob and sawdust (Cem:Ccb:Swd) were produced and tested. Physical and mechanical tests such as Water Absorption (WA), Thickness Swelling (TS), Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) and Modulus of Rupture (MOR) were carried out on the products. The findings revealed that the board with Cem:Ccb:Swd blending proportion 50:10:40 gave the highest values of MOE and MOR and also had the lowest values of WA and TS. The MOE and MOR values of 3.432 are both higher than the minimum values of 550 N/mm2 and 3 N/mm2 specified for MOE and MOR respectively by the American National Standard Institute, for general-use particle boards. The cement content is inversely proportional to the physical properties and directly proportional to the mechanical properties.

Effect of oxidizing agents on bond of new self-adhesive cement

Effect of oxidizing agents on bond of new self-adhesive cement

A novel method for cement placement diagnosis behind multiple strings based on sonic dipole cutoff mode processing

Acoustic measurements are widely used to diagnose the condition and placement of cement in cased oil and gas wells, and its bond to interfaces in contact with it. However current methods, encompassing high frequency sonic CBL-VDL and ultrasonic measurements, are designed for single steel casings and insufficient to probe behind more than one casing, and so cannot address the diagnosis of the placement and bond of cement behind a second casing that have become critical in the oil and gas industry. We therefore look at the use of lower frequency sonic measurements with deeper radial probing capability, to identify features appropriate for such a diagnosis. In particular, in this work we look at the modeling of sonic monopole and dipole modes as generated by existing tools and identify a set of cutoff modes that are indicative of annular fill behind a second casing when the annulus behind the first is known. Therefore the acquisition and processing of such modes in conjunction with the use of traditional cement evaluation techniques could become a viable avenue for the acoustic diagnosis of cement placement in multiple casing string geometries. Modeling results for such scenarios will be presented along with potential application to experimental and field data to indicate the feasibility of such a diagnosis using feature extraction.

Bond Durability of Carbon-Microfiber-Reinforced Alkali-Activated High-Temperature Cement Adhering to Carbon Steel

The study aims at evaluating the bond durability of a carbon microfiber (CMF)-reinforced alkali-activating calcium aluminate cement (CAC)/fly ash F (FAF) blend cementitious material adhering to carbon steel (CS) under stresses induced by a 350℃ heat-25℃ water cooling cycle. This cementitious material/CS joint sample was originally prepared in an autoclave at 300℃ under a pressure of 8.3 MPa. For comparison, two reference geothermal well cements, Class G modified with silica (G) and calciumaluminum phosphate (CaP), were employed as well reinforced with CMF. In the CAC/FAF blending cement systems, the CAC-derived cementitious reaction products preferentially adhered to CS surfaces, rather than that of FAF-related reaction products. CMF played a pivotal role in creating tough interfacial bond structure of cement layer adhering to CS. The bond toughness also was supported by the crystalline cementitious reaction products including sodalite, brownmillerite, and hedenbergite as major phases, and aragonite, boehmite, and garronite as minor ones. The brownmillerite as an interfacial reaction product between cement and CS promoted the chemical bonding of the cement to CS, while the other phases served in providing the attractive bonding of the cement to CS. The post-stress-test joint samples revealed the formation of additional brown-millerite, aragonite, and garronite, in particular brownmillerite as the major one. The combination of chemical bonding and self-advancing adherence behavior of the cement was essential for creating a better interfacial bond structure. A similar interfacial bond structure was observed with CaP. The crystalline phase composition of the autoclaved cement revealed apatite, zeolite, and ferrowyllieite as major reaction products, and aragonite and al-katoite as the minor ones. Ferrowyllieite was identified as cement/CS interfacial reaction product contributing to the chemical bond of cement, while the other phases aided in providing the attractive bond of cement. After a stress test, two phases, ferrowyllieite and aragonite, promoted the self-advancing adherence of cement to CS. However, the effectiveness of these phases in improving adherence performance of cement was less than that of CAC/FAF blend cement, reflecting the fact that the bond durability of CAC/FAF blend cement was far better than that of the CaP. In contrast, the autoclaved silica-modified G cement consisting of xonotlite, and 0.9 nm-to-bermorite and riversideite, with calcite as the crystalline reaction products, had no significant effect on improving the shear bond strength and the bond’s toughness. No interaction product with CS was found in the cement adhering to CS. After a stress test, the calcite phase acted only to promote the self-advancing adherence of cement, but its extent was minimal compared with that of the other cements, thereby resulting in poor bond durability.

Performance of Formaldehyde Resins and Cement Bonded Particleboards and Understanding its Properties for further Advancement

The objective of this study is to understand and articulate the impact of the mechanical properties of the particleboards made from different bonding system such as, urea formaldehyde, phenol formaldehyde, cement, polymeric methane diphenyl diisocyanate and PTP, containing raw materials from different wood species. It is evident from the detailed studies and data analysis of the work done that the maximum tensile modulus and flexural modulus of particleboard were 4616.3 MPa and 48.0 MPa respectively with thickness swelling 6.3% using urea formaldehyde resin. However with phenol formaldehyde resin the maximum tensile modulus and flexural modulus of particleboard were 5799.5 MPa and 35.14 MPa respectively with thickness swelling 3.9%. The cement bonded particleboard showed maximum tensile modulus and flexural modulus of 7121 MPa and 19.5 MPa respectively and the corresponding thickness swelling was 0.35%. Particleboard made with urea formaldehyde showed maximum value of thickness swelling while cement bonded particleboard showed maximum tensile modulus. Particleboards with urea formaldehyde and phenol formaldehyde resin showed almost comparable flexural modulus. This paper reviews the relationship of diverse parameters such as resin, hardener, raw material quantity as well as manufacturing conditions on the mechanical and physical properties of the particleboards, based on the published resources from the last 30 years.

Long-term bond of glass ceramic and resin cement: evaluation of titanium tetrafluoride as an alternative etching agent for lithium disilicate ceramics.

To evaluate in vitro the effect of using titanium tetrafluoride as an alternative etchant prior to the silanization of the bonding surface on the long-term resin bond strength to lithium disilicate ceramic. Disk-shaped specimens made of lithium disilicate ceramic were ground with abrasive paper, then etched with aqueous solutions (2.5% and 5%) of titanium tetrafluoride for 60 s, 120 s and 240 s. Positive control specimens were etched with 5% hydrofluoric acid for 20 s and negative control specimens were not etched. Afterwards, bonding surfaces of all specimens were silanized. Plexiglas tubes filled with a composite resin were bonded to the specimens using an alignment apparatus and a composite luting resin. After storage in 37°C tap water for three days (n = 8) and after storage in 37°C tap water for 150 days interrupted by 5 x 7500 thermal cycles (n = 8), tensile bond strength (TBS) was measured in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. After artificial aging, all specimens etched with titanium tetrafluoride debonded spontaneously resulting in a TBS of 0 MPa. Therefore, statistical analysis revealed a highly significant difference between the positive control and the test groups after 150 days storage. Etching the bonding surface of lithium disilicate ceramic restorations with hydrofluoric acid is still a "gold standard" and cannot be replaced by titanium tetrafluoride.

Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of Zirconia Bonded to Dentin After Various Surface Treatments of Zirconia

Establishing a reliable bond of resin cement to zirconia based materials has been a major limitation against zirconia restoration. This study evaluated the shear bond strength of zirconia bonded to dentin specimens using a self etch dual cure resin cement after various surface treatments of zirconia. Twenty zirconia rods (3×2.5 mm) were prepared from zirconia blocks and assigned into 5 groups for the following surface treatments. (1) Group I: Control (C) no treatment (2) Group II: airborne-particle abrasion (APA), (3) Group III: hydrofluoric acid etching (HF), (4) Group IV: hydrofluoric acid etching followed by silanation (HF/S), and (5) Group V: application of zirconia primer (Z). Dentin Specimens were prepared from extracted molars stored in 0.5% chloramine-T. Zirconia rods were bonded to dentin using resin cement (Multilink Speed), then light polymerized. The specimens tested for failure were tested using the notched shear bond test method in a universal loading apparatus. One way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD for cell means were used to analyze the data (=0.05). The highest values were obtained with group V (Z) (8.66MPa) followed by group II (APA) (6.71MPa), and group IV (HF/S) (4.41MPa). The least values were obtained for group III (HF) (3.88MPa) with no significant difference (P value 0.53) between group III (HF) (3.88MPa) and group I (C) (3.70MPa). Among the surface treatments employed in this study zirconia primer application is a practical procedure to improved bond strength of zirconia to resin cement followed by Airborne Particle Abrasion with 50μm Al2O3 particles.

Effects of Surface Treatments, Thermocycling, and Cyclic Loading on the Bond Strength of a Resin Cement Bonded to a Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic

SUMMARY Objectives : The aim of this present study was to investigate the effect of two surface treatments, fatigue and thermocycling, on the microtensile bond strength of a newly introduced lithium disilicate glass ceramic (IPS e.max Press, Ivoclar Vivadent) and a dual-cured resin cement. Methods : A total of 18 ceramic blocks (10 mm long × 7 mm wide × 3.0 mm thick) were fabricated and divided into six groups (n=3): groups 1, 2, and 3-air particle abraded for five seconds with 50-μm aluminum oxide particles; groups 4, 5, and 6-acid etched with 10% hydrofluoric acid for 20 seconds. A silane coupling agent was applied onto all specimens and allowed to dry for five seconds, and the ceramic blocks were bonded to a block of composite Tetric N-Ceram (Ivoclar Vivadent) with RelyX ARC (3M ESPE) resin cement and placed under a 500-g static load for two minutes. The cement excess was removed with a disposable microbrush, and four periods of light activation for 40 seconds each were performed at right angles using an LED curing unit (UltraLume LED 5, Ultradent) with a final 40 second light exposure from the top surface. All of the specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours. Groups 2 and 5 were submitted to 3,000 thermal cycles between 5°C and 55°C, and groups 3 and 6 were submitted to a fatigue test of 100,000 cycles at 2 Hz. Specimens were sectioned perpendicular to the bonding area to obtain beams with a cross-sectional area of 1 mm(2) (30 beams per group) and submitted to a microtensile bond strength test in a testing machine (EZ Test) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test (p≤0.05). Results : The microtensile bond strength values (MPa) were 26.9 ± 6.9, 22.2 ± 7.8, and 21.2 ± 9.1 for groups 1-3 and 35.0 ± 9.6, 24.3 ± 8.9, and 23.9 ± 6.3 for groups 4-6. For the control group, fatigue testing and thermocycling produced a predominance of adhesive failures. Fatigue and thermocycling significantly decreased the microtensile bond strength for both ceramic surface treatments when compared with the control groups. Etching with 10% hydrofluoric acid significantly increased the microtensile bond strength for the control group.

Shear Bond Strength of Resin Cement Bonded to Alumina Ceramic after Treatment by Aluminum Oxide Sandblasting or Silica Coating

To evaluate the shear bond strength and bond durability between a dual-cured resin cement (RC) and a high alumina ceramic (In-Ceram Alumina), subjected to two surface treatments. Forty disc-shaped specimens (sp) (4-mm diameter, 5-mm thick) were fabricated from In-Ceram Alumina and divided into two groups (n = 20) in accordance with surface treatment: (1) sandblasting by aluminum oxide particles (50 μm Al(2) O(3) ) (SB) and (2) silica coating (30 μm SiO(x) ) using the CoJet system (SC). After the 40 sp were bonded to the dual-cured RC, they were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours. After this period, the sp from each group were divided into two conditions of storage (n = 10): (a) 24 h-shear bond test 24 hours after cementation; (b) Aging-thermocycling (TC) (12,000 times, 5 to 55°C) and water storage (150 days). The shear test was performed in a universal test machine (1 mm/min). ANOVA and Tukey (5%) tests noted no statistically significant difference in the bond strength values between the two surface treatments (p = 0.7897). The bond strengths (MPa) for both surface treatments reduced significantly after aging (SB-24: 8.2 ± 4.6; SB-Aging: 3.7 ± 2.5; SC-24: 8.6 ± 2.2; SC-Aging: 3.5 ± 3.1). Surface conditioning using airborne particle abrasion with either 50 μm alumina or 30 μm silica particles exhibited similar bond strength values and decreased after long-term TC and water storage for both methods.

Shear Bond Strength of Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement Bonded to Different Tooth-Colored Restorative Materials

The aim of this study was to determine in vitro the shear bond strength (MPa) and the type of bond failure when resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) was bonded with different tooth-colored restorative materials. The RMGIC tested was Fuji II LC (FL) and the tooth-colored restorative materials used were composite resin Point-4 (P4), Compomer Dyract AP (DY), and Ormocere Admira (AD). A total number of 60 FL specimens were prepared using Teflon molds. The specimens were divided into six equal groups. Each group of ten specimens was bonded to a tested tooth-colored restorative material as follows: Group I--etched FL bonded to P4; Group II--non-etched FL bonded to P4; Group III--etched FL bonded to DY; Group IV--non-etched FL bonded to DY; Group V--etched FL bonded to AD; and Group VI--non-etched FL bonded to AD. The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. The shear bond strength was measured in a universal testing machine, and the fractured surfaces were examined under a stereomicroscope. The results of the shear bond strength indicated the lowest mean value (14.46 MPa) was in Group III, and this was significantly different from the values of other groups (p<0.05). However, Groups V and VI recorded the highest mean values (24.5 MPa and 28.39 MPa) which were significantly different (p<0.05) when compared to other groups. Groups I, II, and IV showed no significant difference with mean values of 20.06, 19.99, and 20.1 MPa which were significantly different from other groups (p<0.05). AD showed the highest shear bond strength to RMGIC. All groups demonstrated a cohesive failure in FL except for Group IV where a cohesive failure in DY was recorded. AD showed good shear bond strength when laminated with FL.

Bond of cement grouted reinforcing bars under constant radial pressure

A ribbed rebar or rock bolt, grouted with Portland cement is the most common type of reinforcement in geomechanical projects such as tunnels, rock slopes and foundations. Due to the frictional nature of the bond slip the normal stress acting on the rebar is the most important parameter controlling the bond capacity of the reinforcement. The more the confining stress, the higher would be the mobilized load bearing capacity of the system. To quantify this effect, series of laboratory tests were designed to study the effect of confining pressure on the bond capacity. A modified triaxial Hoek cell (usually used for testing the strength of rock samples under radial confining pressure) was used to facilitate application of a “constant radial confining pressure” to the grouted sample while pulling the bolt axially through the cement annulus. During test, axial load and displacement of the bolt as well as the radial dilation of the grout was recorded and stored in computer using a data acquisition system. The results show a non-linear relation between the increase of bond capacity and confining pressure. The radial dilation is quantified also as a function of confining pressure. A peak-residual behaviour is also a characteristic of these results which shows the importance of limiting the deformation of rock blocks to avoid entering into the post peak range of the reinforcement with low values of bond.

EFFECT OF STEEL FIBERS ON REFRACTORY CASTABLES

Reinforcement of refractory castables with steel fibers improves their strength for cracking and spalling and expands the service life.&#x0D; The results show that raising the temperature from 700°C to 900°C causes an increase in porosityand decrease in bulk density for refractory castables. This happens because of decomposition of the hydraulic bond of alumina cement. When the temperature is raised higher than 900°C, ceramic bond is formed as a result of sol dreaction between alumina cement and bauxite aggregate. This leads to reduction of the porosity ar d aincrease in the bulk density. Steel fibers are affected positively in reducing the porosity ardaincreasing the bulk density for refractory castables. This positive effect increases with increasethe fibers contentup to 1.5%. All castable samples have good spalling resistances at all temperatures for different percentage of steel fibers.Improvement of reinforced refractory castables increases with rising temperature of firing, but itwas not possible to raise the temperature above 1000°C because of the oxidation of the steel fibers.

The effect of tin-electroplating on the bond of four dental alloys to resin cement: An in vitro study

Statement of the problem. Nickel-chromium alloys are indicated for the construction of resin-bonded fixed partial dentures; however, the potential toxicity of nickel has been a source of concern. Composite cements do not develop an adequate bond to air abraded noble alloys, which cannot be electrolytically etched. Tin-electroplating of noble alloys appears to be an alternative treatment for resin bonding. Purpose. This in vitro study investigated the effect of tin-electroplating on the bond of a composite cement to base and noble alloys. Material and methods. Tensile tests were made with disks of four alloys that were cemented to each other with an adhesive composite cement after (1) air abrasion with 50 μm aluminum oxide and (2) air abrasion plus tin-electroplating. Results. Tin-electroplating increased the bond strength of metal-ceramic gold alloy (Au,Pd,Pt) to a level comparable to the nickel-chromium alloy, but had a harmful effect on type IV gold alloy. Conclusions. Despite the recommendation for tin-electroplating of type IV gold alloys, this procedure did not improve bond strength to composite in this study. (J Prosthet Dent 1998;80:27-31.)

Shear bond of resin cement to post-cured hybrid composites

Various surface treatments affected the shear bond strength of a dual-cured resin cement to a post-cured composite. Disks of post-cured composite inlay 2.0 mm thick by 10.0 mm in diameter, were mounted in acrylic cylinders. Various surface treatments were tested including: 1) smooth material; 2) treated by sandblasting (air abrasion); 3) sandblasting and etching with hydrofluoric acid (HF); 4) sandblasting and silane priming; 5) sandblasting, HF etching and silane priming; 6) HF etching alone; 7) HF etching and silane priming; and 8) silane priming alone. Specimens of dual-cured cement, 4.0 mm in diameter, were light-cured onto the prepared surfaces. The samples were stored in water at 37°C for 7d before shear bond testing. The highest mean shear bond strengths were achieved for specimens with the following surface treatments: 1) by a combination of sandblasting, HF etching and silane priming; 2) sandblasting and HF etching; and 3) sandblasting and silane priming. Most bond failures in these groups were cohesive within the post-cured composite inlay disks. The bond strengths of the specimen in other groups were significantly lower and bond failures were mainly adhesive at the interface between the disk of post-cured composite and dual-cured resin cement.

Thermal removal of composite resin: Effect on rebonding etched metal

If a correctly etched-metal, resin-bonded fixed partial denture debonds, one recommendation for reuse is to clean the prosthesis by oven burnout, then to recement it without reetching. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the tensile strength of the bond of composite resin cement to either electrolytically or chemically etched metal was affected by earlier removal of residual resin with a burnout procedure. Pairs of rods made of nickel-chromium-beryllium were electrolytically or chemically etched according to accepted techniques, then bonded end-to-end with an enamel bonding agent and composite resin cement in an alignment apparatus. The rods were stored for 24 hours in 37 °C water, then debonded to determine the tensile bond strengths in megapascals. After debonding, the rods were placed in the burnout oven at 510 °C for 30 minutes. The rods were then ultrasonically cleaned in ethyl alcohol for 6 minutes. The pairs were rinsed under running water and then rebonded and debonded nine more times under the same conditions. A linear regression analysis revealed that there was no statistically significant difference (ρ < 0.05) in the tensile strength of the bonds after repeated thermal cleanings and bondings. Correctly etched metal, resin-bonded fixed partial dentures may be recemented without re-etching after thermal cleaning without a statistically significant loss in the tensile strength of the bonds.