Abstract
Background: The nanotechnologies have been applied for dental restorative materials manufacturing such as glass ionomer cement, composites, tooth regeneration, and endodontic sealers. The study aimed to investigate the chemical bond of conventional glass ionomer cement and to evaluate the addition of different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the quality of the chemical bond of glass ionomer cement to primary dentin. Methods: Silver nanoparticle (AgNP) powder was added in concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% to the conventional powder of GIC Fuji II. Then, the powder was added to the liquid and mixed with the recommended powder/liquid ratio of 3.6:1 g. The Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR) of teeth with 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% w/w of silver nanoparticles in GIC fills and the control tooth were obtained. The conventional glass ionomer was used as a control group. The control and the plain silver tooth were subjected to FTIR analysis using an ATR–FTIR spectrophotometer (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, United States) with zinc selenide (ZnSe) ATR crystal (attenuated total reflection) and OPUS v7.5 software. All spectra were recorded in the range of 500–3,500 cm−1 in the transmission mode with an ATR module. Results: The AgNPs added at 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% concentration to GIC provided some information in the context of bond interaction with the dentin. Various bond peaks were seen for calcium, carbonate, phosphate, and amide. In our study, only the amide and phosphate were generated. The amide peaks were almost similar to the control, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%, with the peaks in the range of 1250–1650 cm−1. There was a clear shift in the phosphate peak from the control, 0.2, and 0.4%, which was about 1050 cm−1, whereas for 0.6%, there was a clear shift from 1050 cm−1 to 880 cm−1. Conclusion: GIC supplemented with AgNPs showed that a concentration above 0.4% of AgNPs altered the bond quality in dentin interaction. In conclusion, adding AgNPs at a minimal level improves the mechanical properties and maintains the same bond quality as GIC.
Highlights
The glass ionomer cement (GIC) was first discovered by Wilson and Kent (1972)
GIC’s shortcomings are little fracture toughness, little wear resistance, and formal dissolution on water sorption that might lead to the growth of secondary caries, bacteria, and in the end, failure of the restoration (Garcia-Contreras et al, 2015)
The secondary caries was reported as being the primary reason for the failure of GICs because the fluoride release was not enough to inhibit bacterial growth (Xie et al, 2011)
Summary
The glass ionomer cement (GIC) was first discovered by Wilson and Kent (1972) It has been widely used for restorations, liners and bases, pit and fissure sealants, luting materials, core buildups, and orthodontic bracket adhesives (Cibim et al, 2017). The primary cause for caries and cariopathogenic biofilm development can be adhesion to the tooth surface by specific oral bacteria (Garcia et al, 2016). It can occur after a minimally invasive technique that would leave caries-affected tissues behind, resulting in elevation of the probability of residual bacteria on the prepared teeth cavities (Doozandeh et al, 2015). The study aimed to investigate the chemical bond of conventional glass ionomer cement and to evaluate the addition of different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the quality of the chemical bond of glass ionomer cement to primary dentin
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