Bond Formation Research Articles

Microwave absorbing properties and mechanical properties of PLA/TPU based graphite/graphene composites prepared by MEX

Carbon materials has low density and high conductivity, but it is difficult to choose suitable absorbent and matrix material because of its many kinds and great differences in performance, which brings great challenges for researchers to explore the design and manufacture of "high strength, high toughness and strong absorption" wave absorbers. In this paper, micropowder graphite (MPG), spherical graphite (SG), graphene (GR), graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and copper-coated graphite (CCG) were used as absorbents, which were first compounded with PLA/TPU matrix by extrusion molding process, and then the composite samples were printed by MEX. By analyzing the electromagnetic parameters and tensile test results, the effects of composites on the absorbing properties and mechanical properties were studied that different carbon-based absorbents whose shape，types and dispersion state in the matrix. It is found that GR, GNPs and CCG have better wave-absorbing effects compared with MPG and SG. This is due to the abundant wrinkles and defects on GR surface, which promotes polarization (interface polarization, dipole polarization) and multiple scattering; GNPs has high graphitization degree and the best impedance matching; the existence of Cu in CCG increases the heterogeneous interface and conductivity, and the electromagnetic attenuation ability is enhanced. Compared with SG, GR, GNPs and CCG, MPG has good dispersity because of its lamellar adhesion to the matrix, and its interfacial bonding strength is improved because of the formation of hydrogen bond and covalent interface, which makes it that the tensile strength and elongation at break of its composites reach 34.73MPa and 22.84%.

Increasing catalytic efficiency of cobalt centers in oxygen reduction reaction - Evidence from cobalt with salen ligands polymer complex

Substantial research is performed for cobalt-based catalysts for various applications in catalysis, including oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysis in nonaqueous electrolytes. Cobalt exhibits high catalytic activity due to partially filled d-orbitals, which promote the formation of chemisorption bonds with various molecules. The catalytic activity of metal centers can be influenced both by changing their immediate environment and by varying the reaction conditions. This paper investigates the influence of solvent type, electrolyte concentration, and organic framework conductivity on the efficiency of ORR catalysis in non-aqueous electrolytes as illustrated by poly-CoSal polymer complex. The findings show that the increase in the solvent donor number of and conductivity of the organic backbone leads to highly efficient cobalt catalysts, which can be potentially be applied in oxygen cathodes of Li-O2 batteries. CoSal-based catalysts increase the discharge voltage of Li-O2 cells and can operate in dry atmospheric air.

Electrochemical synthesis of multicolor carbon dots with room temperature phosphorescence to thermally activated delayed fluorescence via surface state modulation

Solid-state multicolor carbon dots (CDs) have attracted tremendous attention due to their wide applications. However, the fluorescence quenching of solid-state CDs occurs due to the π-π stacking or energy transfer between adjacent carbon dots. In addition, it is difficult to observe the afterglow of solid-state CDs due to their self-quenching and deliquescence. Here, electrochemically prepared multicolor CDs emit the solid-state fluorescence and afterglow emission with lifetimes up to 657 ms by embedding the CDs into urea matrix. More importantly, the surface amino groups and C = O bonds regulate the afterglow emission of CDs from phosphorescence and thermally activated delayed fluorescence at room temperature. Surface amino groups of multicolor CDs can enhance the spin–orbit coupling, increase the intersystem crossing (ISC) and reverse intersystem crossing (RISC). Thus it can promote the generation of triple excited states and regulate the singlet–triplet energy gap value from 0.384 to 0.026 eV. The formation of covalent bonds stabilizes the single and triple excited states and inhibits the non-radiative recombination, which achieves the enhanced fluorescence and visual afterglow of multicolor CDs. The fluorescence and afterglow CDs can be applied to dual signal imaging and anti-counterfeiting, which broadens the practical applications for solid-state CDs via surface state modulation.

Molecular Dynamics Simulation Insights into Hydrogen Bonding‐Mediated Conformational Changes Topoisomerase‐IB

AbstractTopoisomerase‐IB changes the topological state of DNA during central dogma by the formation of intermediate bond in between active amino acid and DNA strand. How the hydrogen bonding provides hooks restriction during the topological change and gives the conformational change. This study employs a 200 ns Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation to analyze the conformational changes of Topo‐IB resulting from artificially created intermediate bonds. Specifically, the study focuses on hydrogen bonding interactions between Tyrosine at position Y509 in the protein and Thymine at DT561 in the DNA. The investigation reveals that these artificial intermediate bonds act as temporary hooks, stabilizing the complex's structure, and driving significant conformational changes. The analysis of Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) and Root Mean Square Fluctuation (RMSF) values underscores the dynamic nature of the complex, with artificial intermediate bonds playing a pivotal role.

The Performance of Amino‐ and Hydroxy‐Substituted Benzothiazoles in Inhibiting the Corrosion of Carbon Steel in HCl and the Molecular‐Level Mechanisms

AbstractIn the pickling process and acidizing program for oil wells, the acidic corrosion of metals is a problem that needs to be addressed. Various acid corrosion inhibitors have been studied and used to mitigate the acidic corrosion of carbon steel. In this paper, the corrosion inhibition of 2‐aminobenzothiazole (2 N‐BT), 2‐amino‐4‐hydroxybenzothiazole (2 N4O‐BT), and 2‐amino‐6‐hydroxybenzothiazole (2 N6O‐BT) on carbon steel in 0.5 mol/L HCl was investigated using electrochemical and quantum chemical methods. All three molecules exhibited corrosion inhibition effects. Compared to 2 N‐BT, 2 N4O‐BT and 2 N6O‐BT showed less sensitivity to the environmental conditions and the surface state of the metal. Among them, 0.0010 mol/L 2 N6O‐BT demonstrated the highest and most persistent corrosion inhibition, exhibiting a mixed inhibition mechanism with cathodic inhibition dominance. The adsorption of 2 N6O‐BT on the carbon steel surface was found to be non‐uniform, preferentially adsorbing at certain active sites on the surface, following Freundlich‐Langmuir thermodynamic characteristics. It showed initial strongly adsorbed points and weakly adsorbed regions. With continued adsorption of 2 N6O‐BT, the differences between strongly adsorbed points and weakly adsorbed regions decreased. The introduction of hydroxyl groups, especially in 2 N6O‐BT, extended the negative potential region and enhanced the coordination activity of the molecule, generating the orbital distribution that was advantageous to flat adsorption and the formation of feedback bonds. This provided a molecular structural basis for the excellent corrosion inhibition properties of 2 N6O‐BT.

Spitz-like tail carriage in two domestic cats

Domestic cats use visual cues to communicate with conspecifics and humans. This includes the position and movement of the tail. The tail up signal (i.e. tail held vertically with the tip curled) has been identified as a friendly greeting signal between cats and from cats to humans. We present here a report of two cats unable to display the classic tail up signal due to Spitz-like (curled) tail characteristics, a morphology not previously reported in the scientific literature. The cats, a British Shorthair (Mn, 2 y) and Domestic Longhair (Fn, 8.5 y), belonged to different households and were participants in a study of intraspecific social interactions. Video recordings show the cats displaying normal tail movements (waving, swishing, twitching) and position when the tail was hanging down. However, once the tail was raised to a vertical position, it immediately curled over the back. This Spitz-like tail posture was displayed both when greeting people and other cats. It had reportedly been present since adoption. There was no underlying medical history of injury or pain to indicate this was an acquired state. We suggest this Spitz-like tail is a spontaneously occurring anomaly, that does not seem to noticeably impair the cats’ communicative abilities, as normal affiliative behaviours were observed during interactions with the cohoused cat. We discuss the significance of this finding in relation to the formation of social bonds and the signalling of affiliative intent.

Physicochemical Properties of Betacyclodextrin-Assisted Extracts of Green Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis)

Betacyclodextrin (β-CD)-assisted extracts of green rooibos displayed elevated polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity compared with aqueous extracts. This study aimed to analyse the physicochemical properties of aqueous green rooibos and 15 Mm β-CD at 40 °C for 60 min. Sorption isotherms and colour (L*a*b*C*) were evaluated. Thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared were conducted to verify encapsulation. Sorption isotherm studies revealed that β-CD reduced water uptake, resulting in a reduction in the monolayer value of GRE (7.90) to 6.40 for β-GRE. Betacyclodextrin contributed to increased lightness (L*) and decreased redness (a*) of green rooibos. However, storing extracts at varied water activity resulted in a reduction in L* and chroma (C*), with a higher reduction observed for GRE than β-GRE. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that GRE degraded at 180 °C, followed by β-GRE at 260 °C and β-CD at 340–375 °C. Betacyclodextrin increased the thermal stability of green rooibos; as a result, β-GRE displayed a superposition of GRE and β-CD in its thermogram, confirming the formation of inclusion complexes. Fourier transform infrared spectra indicated the disappearance or shifting of characteristic peaks, with the formation of hydrogen bonds between GRE and β-CD at the 1255 cm−1 band depicting C–O stretching of carboxylic acid.

Simulated hydrogen diffusion in diamond grain boundaries

To evaluate hydrogen diffusion within diamond, a series of molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out in which diffusion coefficients and activation energies were determined. Diamond grown via chemical vapour deposition (CVD) contains a high hydrogen concentration within grain boundaries, because of this, common tilt grain boundaries were recreated from transmission electron microscopy images taken from literature. Diffusion coefficients of hydrogen placed within the grain boundary were estimated and compared to the bulk diffusion. Unlike many crystalline structures, some grain boundaries presented limited diffusion when compared to the bulk. Diffusion characteristics of grain boundaries are thought to be a result of channelling effects combined with the formation of sp3C-H bonds with sp2 carbon present within some grain boundaries - increasing and decreasing diffusion rates respectively. Potential wells were observed across some but not all the grain boundaries resulting in hydrogen trapping and anisotropic diffusion.

1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) in Organic Synthesis and Catalysis: A Quinquennial Report (2019-to Date)

: DABCO is one of the more effective basic organocatalysts/reagents that can be used for a range of organic transformations, including C-H functionalization, formation of hetero-hetero bonds, rearrangements, the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds, cyclizations and annulations, other miscellaneous reactions. This quinquennial review aims to critically and perceptively address noteworthy contributions of non chiral catalyst DABCO for regular organic transformations from 2019 onward. The key areas of attention were the advantages and limits of the approach, in addition to the mechanistic pathway, which is required for a specific organic transformation to be performed effectively.

Exploration of the regulatory mechanism of pulsed electric field on the aggregation behavior of soybean protein isolates

As an emerging protein modification technology, pulsed electric field (PEF) technology in modifying soybean protein isolates (SPI) suffers from unclear mechanism and controversial changes in aggregation structure. To address these issues, the effects of PEF treatment with different electric field intensities (5–30 kV/cm) on the aggregation behavior and spatial structure of SPI were investigated. The results showed that the SPI aggregates exhibited a trend of depolymerization followed by reaggregation with the increase of PEF intensity. At 10 and 15 kV/cm, the polarization effect of PEF induced the unfolding of the tertiary structure of SPI, leading to the enhancement of the electronegativity of the side chains, and the electrostatic repulsive force between the molecules promoted the depolymerization of SPI aggregates. However, with the withdrawal of PEF, the structure of the SPI was partially reversible, resulting in a limited depolymerization effect. When the PEF intensity reached 20 kV/cm and above, SPI underwentstructure unfolding, subunit dissociation, continuous exposure of hydrophobic groups and sulfhydryl groups, and ultimately reaggregation mediated by hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bonding, resulting in the formation of high molecular weight soluble and insoluble protein aggregates. In addition, the formation of free radicals under strong electric fields (≥20 kV/cm) accelerated the oxidation of SPI and promoted the rapid formation of disulfide bonds. This study provides a theoretical basis for the targeted regulation of SPI aggregation structure by PEF.

Xanthenes: Novelty and Green Photocatalysis for the Formation of Carbon-carbon or Carbon-heteroatom Bond

: This review covers photoreduction reactions using xanthenes reported from 2011 to date and compares them with the conventional photocatalytic method. Xanthenes have strong absorption in the visible light spectrum (520-550 nm), and their redox potential resembles organometallic complexes, such as those containing Ir or Ru, and they are also easy to handle and accessible. In addition to being metal-free, photocatalysis with xanthenes is performed under mild reaction conditions. For instance, no radical initiators are needed because the energy sources are led devices or household lamps, most reactions are performed at room temperature in common solvents (MeOH, MeCN, acetone, DMSO), and an anhydrous or inert atmosphere is usually not required. As a result, xanthene dyes hold the promise of a more environmentally friendly synthesis of organic compounds.

Recovery of protein-rich biomass from surimi rinsing wastewater by using a sustainable cold plasma treatment

Surimi rinsing wastewater is typically discarded, causing waste of protein resources and environmental pollution. This study investigated the technology of a cold atmospheric plasma jet (CAPJ) for the recovery of protein-rich biomass (PRB), including myofibrillar proteins (MPs) and sarcoplasmic proteins (SPs), from surimi rinsing wastewater. The protein recovery yield was up to 59.84 %. CAPJ induced an increase in carbonyl and decreased sulfhydryl in protein content. Furthermore, the secondary structure of the protein was unfolded, particularly the transition from α-helix to β-sheet. The formation of disulfide bonds and increased hydrophobic interactions promoted protein aggregation (the particle size from 185.76 nm to 1869.07 nm, P < 0.05) and reduced solubility. The proteomic results indicated that CAPJ increased the expression level of antioxidant enzymes. Overall, the CAPJ technology could recover proteins from surimi rinsing wastewater for industrial application, which will promote the sustainable development of the surimi industry.

Electroactive RuPt NPs programmed dual-channel electrochemical sensor for methyl mercaptan monitoring

The accurate and sensitive detection of methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) was of great significance for food corruption monitoring. Electroactive labels engineered electrochemical sensors possessed tailorable electrochemical responses, and showed potential prospects for CH3SH monitoring. In comparison to a single electrochemical signal, electroactive nanocomposites with multiple electrochemical responses not only provided multi-channel sensing signals for accurate detection, but also increased the peak intensity for sensitive detection. Herein, RuPt NPs were designed and explored to possess two independent and non-interfering electrochemical oxidation peaks at 0.75 V and -0.73 V. The formation of metal-SH covalent bonds between electroactive sites of RuPt NPs and CH3SH induced the changes of two electrochemical oxidation peaks. By utilizing the sum intensity of two electrochemical peaks as detection signal, a dual-channel electrochemical sensor was established for CH3SH detection in the range of 1 μM-1 mM, and had a low limit of detection (LOD) of 300 nM. This work gave a new insight into promoting more electroactive nanocomposites with multiple signals for accurate and sensitive electrochemical detection applications.

Redox control of the deubiquitinating enzyme Ubp2 regulates translation during stress

Protein ubiquitination is essential to govern cells’ ability to cope with harmful environments by regulating many aspects of protein dynamics from synthesis to degradation. As important as the ubiquitination process, the reversal of ubiquitin chains mediated by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) is critical for proper recovery from stress and re-establishment of proteostasis. Although it is known that ribosomes are decorated with K63-linked polyubiquitin (K63-ub) chains that control protein synthesis under stress, the mechanisms by which these ubiquitin chains are reversed and regulate proteostasis during stress recovery remain elusive. Here, we showed in budding yeast that the DUB Ubp2 is redox-regulated during oxidative stress in a reversible manner, which determines the levels of K63-ub chains present on ribosomes. We also demonstrate that Ubp2 can cleave single ubiquitin moieties out of chain and its activity is modulated by a series of repeated domains and the formation of disulfide bonds. By combining cellular, biochemical, and proteomics analyses, we showed that Ubp2 is crucial for restoring translation after stress cessation, indicating an important role in determining the cellular response to oxidative stress. Our work demonstrates a novel role for Ubp2, revealing that a range of signaling pathways can be controlled by redox regulation of DUB activity in eukaryotes, which in turn will define cellular states of health and diseases.

Identification of a novel RHCE*Ce (829G > A) allele associated with absence of C and e antigens expression.

The Rh blood group antigens are encoded by the RHD and RHCE genes, which possess a remarkable degree of polymorphism owing to their high homologous structures. These variants of the RH genes can lead to absence or weak expression of antigens. Analysis of RHCE genotyping by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR-SSP) method specific to detect c.48G, c.48C, 109 bp insertion of IVS2, c.201A and c.307C and RhCE phenotyping, were conducted in 316 Chinese patients in previous study. One patient with discrepancy typing result was collected for further RhCE serologic typing using microcolumn gel method and tube method in saline using monoclonal antibodies. PacBio sequencing was performed for RHCE, RHD and RHAG complete sequence analysis. 3D molecular models of the protein with the wild-type and mutant residue were generated using the DynaMut web server. The effect of the mutation on the protein function was predicted by PolyPhen-2 software. One male patient of Chinese Han was detected with RHCE*C allele showed by PCR-SSP method but ccEE phenotype. Further PacBio sequencing identified one normal RHCE*cE allele and one RHCE*Ce allele carried a novel c.829G > A (p.Gly277Arg) variant, which the encoded amino acid located in the ninth transmembrane segment of RhCE protein. Crystallisation analysis of 3D molecular models revealed that the substitution at Arg277 leads to the formation of additional hydrogen bonds, including weak hydrogen bonds between multiple atoms. It also results in hydrophobic ion interactions between Arg277 and Ala244. This mutation is predicted to have a damaging effect on protein function. One novel RHCE*Ce allele with c.829G > A (p.Gly277Arg) variant was identified to resulting in the absence or weak expression of C and e antigens.

Structure and properties of homogeneous toughened poly(vinyl alcohol) blended membrane and exploration of application in membrane separation

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has excellent physical and chemical properties; however, its rigidity easily leads to brittleness and breakage during use. Additionally, due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding, the dense structure of the film limits its application. This research used a self-toughening approach by homogeneously blending PVA 0588 and PVA 0499 with different molecular weights to enhance the toughness of PVA and create a porous structure for broader application in membrane separation. Porous PVA membranes were then produced through mechanical stretching. Rheological testing, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic thermomechanical analysis confirmed that the blend system is partially compatible. Mechanical characterization revealed that adding PVA 0499 decreased the tensile modulus, strength, and bending modulus of the blended film but increased the elongation at break, reaching a maximum of 179 %. This result indicates that homogeneous blending effectively achieved PVA self-toughening. After this, the PVA blended membrane underwent mechanical stretching. Results showed that the stretched membrane developed a porous structure with a PVA 0588 content of 60 wt%, yielding a pure water flux of 70.3 L m−2 h−1 MPa−1 and a glucan rejection rate of 91.07 %. The molecular weight cut-off test demonstrated that the resulting porous membrane was suitable for water treatment, effectively filtering substances with a molecular weight of ≥70 kDa. The membrane also exhibited notable antifouling properties. The hydrophilicity and high roughness of the porous membrane facilitated the formation of additional hydrogen bonds between the membrane surface and water molecules, thereby reducing direct contact between pollutants and the membrane surface. This study provides preliminary theoretical and experimental insights into enhancing PVA toughness and expanding its applications in membrane separation. Furthermore, homogeneous blending opens new avenues for improving the mechanical performance of polymers.

Quercetin Attenuates MRGPRX2-Mediated Mast Cell Degranulation via the MyD88/IKK/NF-κB and PI3K/AKT/ Rac1/Cdc42 Pathway.

CMRF35-like molecule-1 (CLM-1) is a receptor of the CD300 family that inhibits MRGPRX2-mediated mast cell degranulation. Understanding the role and mechanism of CLM-1 agonist has significant implications for the treatment of allergic disease. Quercetin is a natural small molecule compound derived from plants and vegetables that has been shown to prevent histamine release by immune cells. This study aims to examine the inhibitory effects of quercetin on MRGPRX2-mediated mast cell degranulation via CLM-1. We found that C48/80 stimulation resulted in significantly increased release of β-hexosaminidase, histamine and Ca2+ in CLM-1-knockdown LAD2 cells than in NC-LAD2 cells. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and molecular docking analyses revealed high-affinity binding between quercetin and CLM-1 (K D = 2.962×10-5 mol/L) mediated by the formation of hydrogen bonds. In addition, quercetin can selectively bind to CLM-1 on mast cells, leading to SHP-1 phosphorylation and subsequent inhibition of downstream MyD88/IKK/NF-κB signaling. Furthermore, activation of CLM-1 modulated the surface expression of MRGPRX2 by inhibiting F-actin, leading to internalization of the MRGPRX2 receptor via the PI3K/AKT/ Rac1/Cdc42 pathway. Quercetin is a promising treatment for allergic diseases by acting as a CLM-1 agonist that inhibits MRGPRX2-mediated mast cell degranulation.

The dithiol mechanism of class I glutaredoxins promotes specificity for glutathione as a reducing agent

Class I glutaredoxins reversibly reduce glutathione- and nonglutathione disulfides with the help of reduced glutathione (GSH) using either a monothiol mechanism or a dithiol mechanism. The monothiol mechanism exclusively involves a single glutathionylated active-site cysteinyl residue, whereas the dithiol mechanism requires the additional formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond between the active-site cysteinyl residue and a resolving cysteinyl residue. While the oxidation of glutaredoxins by glutathione disulfide substrates has been extensively characterized, the enzyme-substrate interactions for the reduction of S-glutathionylated glutaredoxins or intramolecular glutaredoxin disulfides are still poorly characterized. Here we compared the thiol-specificity for the reduction of S-glutathionylated glutaredoxins and the intramolecular glutaredoxin disulfide. We show that S-glutathionylated glutaredoxins rapidly react with a plethora of thiols and that the 2nd glutathione-interaction site of class I glutaredoxins lacks specificity for GSH as a reducing agent. In contrast, the slower reduction of the partially strained intramolecular glutaredoxin disulfide involves specific interactions with both carboxylate groups of GSH at the 1st glutathione-interaction site. Thus, the dithiol mechanism of class I glutaredoxins promotes specificity for GSH as a reducing agent, which might explain the prevalence of dithiol glutaredoxins in pro- and eukaryotes.

Electronic structure of CuxZrSe2 with tetrahedrally-coordinated Cu atoms

An experimental study of the crystal and electronic structure and properties of the quasi-two-dimensional CuxZrSe2 compound in the region of copper concentration, in which Cu atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated by the Se atoms, has been performed. A study of the magnetic, kinetic, and optical properties of CuxZrSe2 revealed that the tetrahedral coordination of the Cu by Se atoms results in the formation of a covalent bond with a probable Cu 4s/Se 4p hybridization. A combination of soft X-ray spectroscopic methods (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy and resonance photoelectron spectroscopy) with optical spectroscopy, which was used to investigate the electronic structure, confirmed this assumption. The Cu 4s/Se 4p hybrid band falls into the energy gap between the Zr 4d-derived conduction band and the Se 4p-derived valence band.

Activation of muscle amine functional groups using eutectic mixture to enhance tissue adhesiveness of injectable, conductive and therapeutic granular hydrogel for diabetic ulcer regeneration

Herein, Polydopamine-modified microgels and microgels incorporated with superficial epoxy groups were synthesized and applied as precursors for the fabrication of four granular hydrogels. To enhance the tissue adhesiveness, a ternary deep eutectic solvent was synthesized to activate the muscle amine functional groups facilitating the formation of robust NC bonds at ambient conditions. At a certain shear rate of 10 s−1, hydrogel DMG displayed a viscosity of 9×103 Pa/s, representing the highest complex viscosity among the tested hydrogels primarily driven by quinone groups in PDA which enhanced reversible interactions, thereby increasing particle cohesion. Moreover, the intersection point escalating from about 4×103 to approximately 9×104 as the concentration of DMG increased from 0 % (for MG) to 70% (7D3MG) by weight. There was a decrease in adhesion strength from 0.45 ± 0.08 N in MG to 0.39 ± 0.16 N, 0.35± 0.18 N, and 0.33 ± 0.15 N for 3D7MG, 7D3MG, and DMG respectively, suggesting that MG was capable of forming numerous covalent bonds, thereby enhancing its adhesion to the substrate. The type of eutectic mixture affected the electrical conductivity and a very important point was the changes in resistance value with time. For MG catalyzed by [DES]AZG, the resistance increased only by 1.3 % (from 3.37 to 3.81 kΩ) at day 3 and 37.09 % (from 3.37 to 4.62 kΩ) at day 5. The 3D7MG hydrogel exhibited superior therapeutic efficacy toward diabetic wound regeneration. The proliferation index value for 3D7MG-[DES]AZG and 3D7MG-[DES]AG were calculated 42.3 % and 58.6 %, respectively, while the control group exhibited a lower value of 37.8 %.