Cotton Bollworm Research Articles

Development of Environmentally Friendly Protection Measures Against Pests and Diseases

The paper describes the monitoring of phytosanitary conditions in different regions of the Almaty region (Kazakhstan) and demonstrates the large population of cruciferous fleas (Phyllotreta cruciferae) on rapeseed plants, which reaches 7-9 spec./m2, exceeding the economic injury level (3-5 spec./m2). The disease is observed to spread on wheat and barley seeds. Proceeding from this, the study aims to develop effective protection measures against cruciferous fleas and to ecologize agricultural technologies using safe techniques and means of protection. The study uses methods of registration when monitoring the spread of pests and determining the effectiveness of the methods and tools applied. It is demonstrated that the treatment of wheat seeds with a protective and stimulating mixture using the preparation of bisolbisan 1 l/t + extrasol 1 l/t raised the intensity of crop growth to 94.2% compared to 70.9% in the control sample. High biological efficacy is noted from the use of actarophyte 1 l/ha mixed with extrasol against cruciferous fleas, the population of which after treatment is only 1 spec./m2 against 7.8 spec./m2 in the control case. The study also analyzes the results of releasing the Trichogramma ovipositor (Trichogramma) in the amount of 350 g/ha, Habrobracon (Bracon hebetor Say) at a rate of 500 spec./ha and green lacewings (Chrysopidae) at a rate of 1,500 eggs/ha to combat the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) and the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.). This first known treatment of rape crops using a drone against cruciferous fleas achieved a biological efficiency of 95.8-96.2%.

The evolution of cotton: all about the best cotton variety

The strains of BT bacterium produce approximately 200 different toxins known as BT-Toxins which are harmful for different insects most commonly against cotton bollworms(lepidopteran), butterflies, flies, and moths. So, scientist inserted the gene of Bacillus thuringiensis which was harmful for lepidopteran into the cotton crop so that gene produce toxin against lepidopteran and kill the pest and make the cotton crop resistant. we can get the good yield of cotton by using the simple concept of rational plant population which means that we will get the same quantity of cotton as much as we sow the seeds in the earth which can achieved by using the healthy seeds only. Bukhara-8 Variety shows higher resistance towards a salinity soil as compared to C-4727 and Omad varieties as well. cotton show 94% reduction in the feline covid (which is a common cat’s viral infection) upon the 2 hours contact with PHMB. that tetraploid (having four sets of homologous chromosomes) cotton has highest fiber quality as compared to other cotton varieties. we can’t forget the role of biotechnology in the evolution of cotton because it’s the biotechnology which give us BT-cotton or also known as Genetically Modified Cotton or GM cotton

Sex Pheromone Receptor-Derived Peptide Biosensor for Efficient Monitoring of the Cotton Bollworm Helicoverpa armigera.

The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (H. armigera), causes damage to a wide range of cultivated crops and is one of the pests with the greatest economic importance for global agriculture. Currently, the detection of H. armigera is based on manual sampling. A low limit of detection (LOD), convenient, and real-time monitoring method is urgently needed for its early warning and efficient management. Here, we characterized the amino acid sequence in the sex pheromone receptors (SPRs) recognizing the pheromone components of H. armigera by three-dimensional (3D) modeling and molecular docking. Next, sex pheromone receptor-derived peptides (SPRPs) were synthesized and conjugated to nanotubes by chemical connection. The modified nanotubes were used to fabricate a sensor capable of real-time monitoring of gaseous sex pheromone compounds with a low LOD (∼10 ppb for Z11-16:Ald) and selectivity, and the sensor was able to detect a single live H. armigera. Furthermore, the developed biosensor allowed direct monitoring of the pheromone release dynamics by female H. armigera and showed that the release was instantly reduced in response to light. Here, we report the first demonstration of a biosensing method for detecting gaseous sex pheromones and live H. armigera. The findings show the great potential of the SPRP sensor for broad applications in insect biology study and infestation monitoring.

Efficacy of selected insecticides on bollworm in cotton, 2021

Efficacy of selected insecticides on bollworm in cotton, 2021

Yield and efficacy of selected insecticides on bollworm in cotton, 2022

Yield and efficacy of selected insecticides on bollworm in cotton, 2022

Evaluation and comparison of different refugia-in-bag (RIB) patterns against boll worm complex with special reference to pink boll worm in Bt cotton

Field study on evaluation and comparison of different refugia-in-bag patterns (RIB) against bollworm complex with special reference to pink bollworm was conducted at RARS, Nandyal during 2021 and 2022. Among different RIB patterns evaluated pooled results of two years indicated no significant difference in green boll and locule damage due to pink bollworm among different refugia patterns. Highest yield of 1002 kg/ha was recorded in 20% structured refugia which is statistically at par with all other refugia patterns except in 100% non Bt which recorded lowest yield of 762 kg/ha. Based on foregoing results it clearly states that refugia is longer effective against pink bollworm population which had already developed resistance therefore further development of resistance can be managed in pink bollworm and can be effectively utilized for other bollworm in slowing down the building up of resistance in Bt cotton.

Relationship Between Damage by Cotton Bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Different Plant Characteristics of Bt and Non-Bt Cotton Varieties in Pakistan

Relationship Between Damage by Cotton Bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Different Plant Characteristics of Bt and Non-Bt Cotton Varieties in Pakistan

Sublethal effects of fenoxycarb on female reproduction in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hünber) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a polyphagous pest that causes severe damage to economical crops in most parts of the world. The juvenile hormone analogues are a group of insect growth regulators that increase larval ages and disrupt larval development. Moreover, they affect reproductive system in adult insects. In this study, the effects of sublethal doses of fenoxycarb on fecundity, fertility, and longevity parameters, as well as on oocyte size, ecdysteroid titer in ovaries, and expression level of the ultraspiracle (USP), ecdysone receptor (EcR), hormone receptor 3 (HR3), and vitellogenin (Vg) genes in adult female H. armigera, were examined. Feeding on artificial diet containing fenoxycarb (LC10 and LC25) significantly decreased the percentage of larval survival rate, pupation rate, pupal weight, fecundity, fertility, and oviposition period. It also clearly shortened female longevity. Fenoxycarb treatment suppressed the expression of the USP, EcR, and Vg genes in H. armigera but had no effect on the HR3 gene expression level in either pupae or adults. Overall, our results show that using fenoxycarb as a juvenile hormone analogue can reduce reproduction in H. armigera and may work as an alternative to the use of insecticides for controlling this important agricultural pest.

Invitro rearing of parasitoids

Since 2015, the studies on in vitro rearingBraconidaeandTrichogrammatidae(B. habetorSay,B. greeniandT. pintoe, T. evanescens, T. chilonis) have been conducted successfully in Uzbekistan. For these parasites, cooking and the three main types of media were made from the hemolymph of the wax moth (G. melonnella) and cotton wormHelicoverpa armigera (Heliothis armigera), egg yolk, natural milk 10%. The simulated "host-eggs" and "larvae" are made of polyethylene or polypropylene semi spherical capsules, containing artificial diets, in which insectan pupal hemolymph is the main component. Mass production of in vitro rearedBraconidaeandTrichogrammatidaeits utilization in the fields showed good effectiveness in controlling cotton bollworm. In the article researches were given about creating artificial medium of diets in order to growbraconand choosing effective medium of diets. In our researches medium of diets which consists of some components was created and they were harmed withbracongenerations. According to it, generation of bracon’s nutrition and developing three main types of medium were produced in order to rear bracon parasite that was composed wax moths (G.melonnellan) and (heliothis armigera) hemolymph, egg yolk, natural milk.

Mmp-induced fat body cell dissociation promotes pupal development and moderately averts pupal diapause by activating lipid metabolism

In Lepidoptera and Diptera, the fat body dissociates into single cells in nondiapause pupae, but it does not dissociate in diapause pupae until diapause termination. Using the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, as a model of pupal diapause insects, we illustrated the catalytic mechanism and physiological importance of fat body cell dissociation in regulating pupal development and diapause. In nondiapause pupae, cathepsin L (CatL) activates matrix metalloproteinases (Mmps) that degrade extracellular matrix proteins and cause fat body cell dissociation. Mmp-induced fat body cell dissociation activates lipid metabolism through transcriptional regulation, and the resulting energetic supplies increase brain metabolic activity (i.e., mitochondria respiration and insulin signaling) and thus promote pupal development. In diapause pupae, low activities of CatL and Mmps prevent fat body cell dissociation and lipid metabolism from occurring, maintaining pupal diapause. Importantly, as demonstrated by chemical inhibitor treatments and CRISPR-mediated gene knockouts, Mmp inhibition delayed pupal development and moderately increased the incidence of pupal diapause, while Mmp stimulation promoted pupal development and moderately averted pupal diapause. This study advances our recent understanding of fat body biology and insect diapause regulation.

IPM – An Ecofriendly Approach to Manage the Pink Boll Worm (Pectinophora gossypiella) in Bt Cotton of Mancherial District, Telangana State

A Front Line Demonstration (FLD) on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices for the management of pink boll worm, Pectinophora gossipiella (Saunders) in Bt cotton has been conducted in different villages in various mandals of Mancherial district in Telangana state during Kharif (June – December) season of 2018–19, 2019–20 and 2020–21, respectively to create awareness about the IPM practices among the farming community. The adoption of IPM practices like installation of pheromone traps at 45 DAS, removal & destruction of rosette flowers, spraying of Azadiractin 1500ppm and need-based application of selective insecticides etc. were carried out. The results revealed that the lowest per cent rosette flowers (6.63, 6.52 and 2.84) and green boll damage (5.71, 8.91 and 13.39) was recorded in IPM demonstrated plots over farmers practice (per cent rosette flowers (11.69, 8.51 & 13.39), green boll damage (8.57, 10.46 and 21.84) with increased yields of 7.83, 9.98 and 9.85 during corresponding Kharif (June – December), 2018–19, 2019–20 and 2020–21. Further, the demonstration plots registered with higher cotton yield of 2079, 1785 and 1817 kg ha-1 as compared to 1928, 1623 and 1654 kg ha-1 under farmers practice. The Cost- Benefit ratio of 1.89, 1.90 and 1.80, respectively in the technology demonstrated plots whereas in farmers practice the recorded Cost - Benefit ratio of 1.55, 1.64 and 1.45 during corresponding Kharif (June – December), 2018–19, 2019–20 and 2020–21. Hence, need to popularize the IPM practices through FLD among the farming community to alleviate the gap between the improved technology and farmer’s practice.

Development of modified Cry1Ac for the control of resistant insect pest of cotton, Pectinophora gossypiella

Cotton has been one of the most important cash crops in Pakistan, but its production is adversely affected by biotic and abiotic stresses. Insect pests such as pink bollworm present a colossal vulnerability to such a financially important commodity. Bt toxins have been widely used to safeguard agricultural plants against notorious insect pests such as cotton bollworm and pink bollworm, and they have proven to be effective in reducing chewing insect pests. However, its efficacy has been challenged due to the development of resistance in insect pests against Bt toxins such as Cry1Ac and this poses a significant risk to the long-term adoption of these Bt crops. Resistance in insect pests against Bt toxin Cry1Ac is developed due to the mutations in the midgut receptors such as cadherin. In this study first 56 amino acids which also includes helix alpha-1 portion from N-terminus of the Cry1Ac were removed and the gene was commercially synthesized following codon optimization. Modified Cry1Ac was used to develop transgenic plants of Nicotiana tabacum and insect bioassays were conducted to check the efficacy of Cry1Ac through leaf bioassays. Cry1Ac, a modified Bt toxin, was produced pET-28a (+), and diet bioassays were performed using purified protein at various doses against Pectinophora gossypiella. Based on the insect mortality and LC50, the Cry1AcM3 form of the modified toxins was shown to be more potent than the other modified versions (Cry1AcM1, Cry1AcM2), with more than 80 % mortality against resistant pink bollworm at 1.25 g/mL and an LC50 of 0.48. The results suggest that modified toxin cry1Ac may be useful in controlling population of pink bollworm resistant against cry1Ac.

Characterization of Green Mentha pulegium (L.) oil Nanotechnology and Adverse Effect on Two Cotton Bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias insulana (Boisd)

Characterization of Green Mentha pulegium (L.) oil Nanotechnology and Adverse Effect on Two Cotton Bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias insulana (Boisd)

Two venom serpins from the parasitoid wasp Microplitis mediator inhibit the host prophenoloxidase activation and antimicrobial peptide synthesis

Endoparasitoid wasps inject venom proteins into the hemocoel of host insects to ensure survival, growth, and development of their progenies by blocking host immunity. We previously identified ten serine protease inhibitors of the serpin superfamily in venom of the endoparasitoid wasp, Microplitis mediator, but it is unclear how these inhibitors may interact with host immune serine proteases. In this study, we investigated the functions of two serpins, MmvSPN-1 and MmvSPN-2, in the regulation of humoral immune responses in two hosts, the oriental armyworm Pseudaletia separate and the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera, by dsRNA knockdown and biochemical assays using recombinant proteins. Knockdown of the two serpins resulted in increases in prophenoloxidase (PPO) activation and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production in the hosts. After injection into the host hemocoel, the recombinant serpins inhibited PPO activation and AMP transcription. Mass spectrometry analysis of the pull-downs and in vitro reconstitution experiments revealed that HacSP29, a clip-domain serine protease in H. armigera, is the target of these two serpins. Therefore, these two inhibitors in the wasp venom may protect eggs from attacks by melanization and AMPs in the host insects.

Species of Mung Bean Main Pests of Second Sowing Date, Their Distribution

An overview of the species of the main pests of mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) is given. The research was carried out in 2017-2019 in the fields of farms in the Tashkent region. Systematic analysis of species was carried out according to standard methods. Dispersion analysis of the obtained results was determined by the method of B. A. Dospekhov. 26 species of pests and 10 species of natural entomophages were identified, of which 5 species are the main ones (spider mites, turnip moth, cotton bollworm, alfalfa plant bug, southern cowpea weevil). The least damage to the culture is caused by 3 species of weevils: southern cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius, 1775)), pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum Linnaeus, 1758) and American seed beetle (Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say, 1831)). These pests infect mung bean culture up to 47.7-53.2%. The spider mite infects second sowing date mung bean twice as much as the main crop. The damage to the main crop amounted to 25.2-28.1%, and with the second sowing date — 48.1-49.7%. Based on the conducted research, it was concluded that the development of environmentally friendly, environmentally friendly methods of combating the main pests of mung bean in accordance with modern technologies is one of the most important tasks today.

The Leverage of Foliar Nutrients Combined with Insecticides on The DNA Structure, Protease Enzyme of The Cotton Bollworm, Earias insulana (Lepidoptera: Nolidae)

The Leverage of Foliar Nutrients Combined with Insecticides on The DNA Structure, Protease Enzyme of The Cotton Bollworm, Earias insulana (Lepidoptera: Nolidae)

Otanical insecticides for pest management in tomato grown in cultivation facilities

Abstract. An alternative to synthetic insecticides is the use of naturally occurring products, such as botanical products with insecticidal properties. Biological testing of the botanical products Krisant EC 750 ml/ha and Neem Azal T/S 0.3% was performed at the Maritza Vegetable Crops Research Institute – Plovdiv to determine their effectiveness against potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas, 1878), thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindemanla, 1889; Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, 1895), greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, 1856), cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hübner, 1808), tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta Meyrick, 1917) and two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836). These species are some of the most common economically important pests in growing tomatoes in greenhouses. The phytopesticides Neem Azal T/S and Krisant EC were applied alone and in combination. The tested plant protection products showed very good biological activity against these pests and relatively higher effectiveness over 78% shows the combined treatment.

INFLUENCE OF THE PROTECTION SYSTEM ON LIMITATION OF THE NUMBER OF MAIN PESTS IN CORN CROPS

This article highlights the theoretical generalization and solution of the problem, which consists in the development and substantiated elements of the system of protecting corn from a complex of pests and controlling their number in the conditions of the Vinnytsia district, which is based on the clarification of the species composition of phytophages in corn crops, their harmfulness and limiting the number when applied insecticides for seed treatment and spraying of crops with chemical preparations. The species composition of the harmful entomofauna of corn was clarified and 32 species of insects from 7 orders and one species of mites were identified. The order was dominated by Coleoptera – 45,2% and Lepidoptera – 15,2%. Diptera and thrips were the least numerous in corn crops – 5,3%. The most numerous families in corn crops are determined to be weevils, weevils, lamellae, and leaf-eaters. It was established that the biggest threat to the seeds and seedlings of corn was the larvae of weevils (Elateridae) and the larvae of plate-bearded beetles (Scarabaeidae), and the most dangerous pest of generative organs during the years of corn research was the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hbn.). Therefore, the corn crop protection system was implemented to limit the number of the above-mentioned phytophages. The effectiveness of modern insecticides against the dominant pests of corn and optimized methods of their application were evaluated. It was established that the highest technical efficiency of insecticide poisons was noted in variants with poisoners Force Zea 280 FS (5,5 l/t) and Poncho 600 FS (2,5 l/t). 82,2% and 81,1% for whitefly larvae; Poncho 600 FS – 81,8% and 82,6%, respectively, while the density of pest larvae was almost 4.5 times higher than in the control, and the yield preservation was at the level of 0,69–1,19 t/ha . When testing insecticides against cotton bollworm caterpillars on corn crops, the highest technical efficiency was provided by the insecticides: Koragen 20 hp. (0,15 l/ha) – 86,0% and Ampligo 150 ZC, FC (0.2 l/ha) – 80,5%. With the use of the investigated insecticides, the yield of corn exceeded the control. The saved yield was 0,23–0,32 t/ha.

Chemical investigation of Buddleja officinalis leaves and localization of defensive triterpenoids to its glandular trichomes

Buddleja officinalis is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant covered with glandular and non-glandular trichomes on leaves. Phytochemical investigation of its leaves led to the identification of one undescribed tetranorcycloartane 3-oxo-25,26,27,29-tetranorcycloartan-24-oic acid (1) and one first identified natural product tetranorcycloartane 3-oxo-25,26,27,29-tetranorcycloartan-24-oic methyl ester (2), along with an undescribed megastigmane glucoside (3) and 14 known constituents (4–17). Structures of undescribed chemicals were elucidated by comprehensive 1D and 2D NMR, MS and CD analysis. Further chemical investigation resulted in six triterpenoids (4–9) being localized to the trichomes of B. officinalis. The major trichome components cycloeucalenone (4) and 24-oxo-29-norcycloartan-3-one (5) showed potent antifeedant activity against a generalist insect cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), but no obvious activity against the specialist herbivore Hyphasis inconstans. Compounds 4 and 7 also displayed inhibitory effects on seed germination of Arabidopsis thaliana. In addition, 1 and 4 exhibited moderate antibacterial activity toward three gram-positive bacteria.

KNOWLEDGE OF FARMERS, CONSTRAINTS FACED AND SUGGESTIONS OFFERED ON INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF PINK BOLLWORM IN COTTON: A CASE OF SAURASHTRA REGION, GUJARAT

The present study was conducted on 200 cotton growers of Jamnagar and Devbhumi Dwarka districts to evaluate for knowledge of farmers about integrated management of pink bollworm in cotton. The respondents were middle age group (57%), educate higher secondary level, big farmers having nuclear family, main occupation was agriculture and animal husbandry. Krishi Vigyan Kendra or University level information for organic farming, printed literature and demonstration with 85.25, 37.08 and 22.71 weightage mean, respectively. They received guideline from Krishi Vigyan Kendra (53.33%) followed by Agricultural University (43.33%) and seed/pesticide dealer (30.83%). The knowledge about integrated management of pink boll worm were Grazing sheep & goat after harvest the crop (72.25%), Cotton stalk should be burned after picking (68%), Spraying of Beauveria bassiana (65.5%) and spinosad (62%), use of light trap (61%) and collection of infested flowers/ bolls and destroyed it (59.5%). Very rare farmers have knowledge on life cycle of pink bollworm (8.5%) and deep ploughing for management (6%). High cost of pesticide (96%), fragmented holding (90.5%) and heavy attack of pink bollworm (86.5%) are major constraints faced by the cotton growers. Genetic resistant variety (82%), Install pheromone & light trap near ginneries, market yard for mass trapping are the major suggestions for overcome the pink boll worm problem.