Bole Height Research Articles

Sleet damage to branches and crowns of street camphor trees (Cinnamomum camphora) in a central China mega-city: damage statistics, modelling, and implications

IntroductionExtreme weather becomes increasingly frequent and severe under climate change, causing unexpected damage to trees. Among them, sleet damage is particularly harmful to evergreen trees in subtropical area. Camphor trees (Cinnamomum camphora), as dominant street trees in central China, are prone to sleet damage, resulting in loss of valuable ecosystem functions.MethodsBy measuring tree size characteristics of 118 camphor trees before and after a record-breaking sleet event in Wuhan, a mega-city in central China, we built allometric equations between size and volume of broken branches and used the random forest regression to model sleet damage to camphor trees.ResultsWe identified that larger trees with intermediate bole height suffered more than smaller trees with tall bole height from the sleet event. We estimated the volume of broken branches of a camphor tree with DBH at 35.0 cm as 106.4 dm3, equivalent to 55.3 kg biomass loss, from the sleet event.DiscussionWe suggest that pruning the branches instead of topping the main stems of small camphor trees would reduce the sleet hazard. To mitigate the negative impacts of climate change, regular pruning should be practiced on street camphor trees to protect them from future heavy sleet events.

Study on Morphological Traits of Natural Populations of Vaccinium uliginosum at Different Altitudinal Gradients on Changbai Mountain

Vaccinium uliginosum (VU) is one of the most precious wild berry plants distributed in the Changbai Mountain region in northeast China. Eight key morphological traits of VU were analyzed to examine the variation among and within five natural populations at different altitudes, as well as their response to environmental factors. The study results showed an increasing trend of variation among populations with ascending altitudes, but the range variation within populations exhibited a decreasing trend. The diversity level among populations was found to be higher than that within populations, and the five populations of VU were classified into four groups. Except for leaf width and twig length, all other morphological traits demonstrated significant or extremely significant correlations. Generally, with increasing altitude, leaf length decreased, while plant height, clear bole height, and basal diameter decreased significantly, and similar trends were observed with moisture factors, while a significant positive correlation was found with temperature factors. Among them, the morphological traits of clear bole height and basal diameter exhibited the strongest correlation with environmental factor variations. Overall, these findings indicate extensive variation in the morphological traits of VU within and among populations at different altitudes, with clear responses to changes in environmental factors.

Assessment of morphological variability in natural populations of Haldina cordifolia (Haldu)

The surveys were conducted in natural populations of Haldina cordifolia in the forest areas of three states of central India namely Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. Based on the growth parameters of the individual tree, a total of thirty trees from nine forest divisions of these three states were selected as candidate plus trees (CPTs). Variation was observed in girth at breast height (GBH), total height, and clear bole height (CBH) of trees surveyed. The maximum GBH was recorded in the CPTs of Balrampur (243.75 cm) while the minimum was recorded in Balaghat (115 cm). The maximum height of CPTs was recorded in Dindori (30.25 m) while the minimum was recorded in Allapalli (19 m). The maximum CBH% of total height was recorded in Bilaspur (44.22) while the minimum was recorded in Katghora (37.31). Higher GBH and height of trees may be resulted due to more age of trees. CPTs of Bilaspur were of middle age and showed the highest CBH% (44.22) and relatively low GBH and height when compared with those of Dindori and Balrampur. With age, the trees of Bilaspur will gain more height and girth which will result in higher yield.

Effect of Improved Planting Stock on Tree Growth, Wood Properties, and Soil Fertility of Teak Plantations 10 Years After Planting

Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) is one of the most economically valuable types of tropical forest because teak wood has high durability, resilience and good aesthetic qualities. Teak tree improvement in Indonesia was initiated in 1983 producing planting stock for reforestation, i.e. clonal seed orchards (CSO) to produce seedling as sexual reproduction (referred to seedling), and hedge orchards to produce shoot cuttings as asexual (vegetative) reproductive (referred to shoot cuttings). Teak plantations established using seedling and shoot cuttings should improve forest productivity. The objectives of this study were to compare the growth rate, wood properties, and soil fertility of teak plantations propagated using seedling and shoot cuttings. Three square plots of 100 trees (10 × 10 trees; 1,000 m2) were established on both types of plantation and tree growth characteristics, wood properties, and soil fertility were monitored. The tree growth characteristics were diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (H), clear bole height (CB), and volume of standing stock (Vss), and the wood properties included pilodyn penetration (PP) and stress wave velocity (SWV). Soil fertility was assessed from soil samples collected from three soil depths, with three replicates in each plot: 0–5 cm (top layer), 6–30 cm (middle layer), and 31–60 cm (bottom layer). Soil samples were analysed for total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, total calcium, and total magnesium. The results showed that the mean DBH, H, CB, and Vss differed significantly between the type of planting stock. The DBH, H, CB, and Vss values were 28.4%, 46.8%, 49.1%, and 130.1% higher, respectively, in teak plantations from shoot cuttings than from seedling. Moreover, the SWV of shoot cuttings planting stock plantation was 3.6% higher than from seedling. The mean PP did not differ significantly between teak plantations from shoot cuttings (22.00 mm) and seedling (21.80 mm). Furthermore, the planting stock did not affect soil fertility, which was highest in the top layer in all treatments. Our results suggest that teak plantations from shoot cuttings would increase growth, forest productivity, maintaining wood quality and soil fertility. Thus, it can maintain sustainable teak forest plantations.

Sex-Related Differences of Ginkgo biloba in Growth Traits and Wood Properties

Ginkgo biloba is one of the most widely cultivated dioecious timber trees in China. Understanding sex-related differences and how they affect growth traits and wood properties is crucial for informed management and optimal utilization of ginkgoes. In the present study, we collected 42 ginkgo samples and conducted DNA molecular identification to determine their sex. The result was a 1:1 ratio of male to female specimens. In addition, we measured 16 growth-trait and wood-property indices for these samples using advanced equipment, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the Hitman ST300 standing tree tool. For growth traits, significant differences were observed between male and female ginkgoes in terms of the diameter at breast height (DBH), clear bole height (CBH), height, and volume. Significant differences were identified in wood properties between male and female ginkgoes in terms of the degree of cellulose crystallinity (DCC), cell length, cell wall thickness, and wall-to-lumen ratio. Tracheids from female trees were found to be wider, with thicker cell walls, than those from male trees. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that there was a slight separation between the sexes in terms of all growth traits, whereas there was no separation in wood properties. The membership function value (MFV) also showed that male ginkgo exhibited a more robust phenotype than female ginkgo. The selection of male ginkgo for breeding and utilization offers distinct advantages for practical production.

An investigation of the growth status of 19-year-old Idesia polycarpa ‘Yuji’ plantation forest in the mountainous region of Henan, China

Plantation forests play an important role in the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Idesia polycarpa Maxim is an emerging woody oil tree species in most Asian countries. The 19-year-old Idesia polycarpa ‘Yuji’ plantation forest was selected as a sample site. The nutrient contents of the understory soil total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen (NN), organic carbon (OC), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), and pH were analyzed. Several metrics were measured to quantify the growth status of the forest, such as tree heights (H), clear bole heights (CBH), diameters at breast height (DBH), and male-to-female ratios (MFR). In addition, we harvested the fruits to analyze oil content and fatty acid composition. The results found that the nutrient content of the soil was TC (4.93%), TN (0.42%), NN (43.08 mg kg−1), OC (4.90 g kg−1), AP (13.66 mg kg−1), AK (30.48 mg kg−1), and pH (7.90). The growth characteristics were H (11.75 m), DBH (12.79 cm), and CBH (6.17 m). The MFR was close to 1:1. Besides, the oil content of the fruit and unsaturated fatty acids was 24.08% and 68.49%, respectively. As an alternative tree species, the plantation of Idesia polycarpa offers great potential in artificial afforestation in some particular places with specific forest site conditions.

Produktivitas Kopi Arabika (Coffea arabica Linden.) pada Penaung Berbeda di Hutan Lindung Desa Sukalaksana Kabupaten Garut

The protected forest area managed by Perum Perhutani in Sukalaksana village is dominated by pine trees (Pinus merkusii) and rasamala trees (Altingia excelsa). Coffee farmers in Sukalaksana village grow arabica coffee using an agroforestry system under pine and rasamala stands within the framework of joint forest management. So that the arabica coffee commodity can have optimal economic value, coffee farmers in Sukalaksana village need to observe the productivity of arabica coffee plants. The research location is in the protected forest area of Sukalaksana village, Talegong district, Garut Regency. The object of observation was the soil in coffee plantations, Timtim varieties of arabica coffee plants, planted using an agroforestry system with rasamala trees and pine trees as shade. Data were analyzed descriptively using an uncorrelated t-test and linear regression analysis. Descriptively, there is no difference in the fertility level of coffee planting soil on land shaded by rasamala and land shaded by pine. The productivity of coffee plants under the rasamala shade is higher than that of coffee plants under the pine shade. This is caused by significant differences in the branch-free bole height of shade trees. The rasamala shade has its first crown branch, which is higher than the pine shade.

Candidate Plus Tree Selection of Buchanania lanzan Tree in Central Region of Chhattisgarh

Candidate plus tree selection is considered as an important and preliminary step in tree improvement program of a particular species. Plus tree selection is the first step to improve production and quality in forestry. In present study, 85 candidates plus trees of chironji showing good phenotype have been selected from different places covering three districts of central Chhattisgarh region viz., Mahasamund, Gariyabandh and Kabirdham following comparison tree method.The tree height, DBH, clear bole height and average crown diameter varied from 6.5 m-16.5 m, 10.50 cm-40.42 cm, 1.2 m-4.0 m and 2.1m-6.8 m respectively. The highest tree height found for CPT 2 as 16.5 m in Komakhan village, Mahasamund district. The highest tree diameter at breast height (DBH) was found (CPT 2) 40.42 cm in BK Bahra village, Mahasamund district. The highest average crown diameter found was observed for CPT 14 and CPT 20 as 6.8 m in Neyur village Kabirdham district.

Boswellia papyrifera a tree of economic importance in dry land Sudan: Dendrometric parameters and tapping characteristics

Abstract. Dafa-Alla M, Abdelkari HA, Abuelbashar AI, Hassan MH. 2022. Boswellia papyrifera a tree of economic importance in dry land Sudan: Dendrometric parameters and tapping characteristics. Asian J For 7: 10-16. We conducted this research in Abugadaf Natural Forest Reserve (ANFR) located within Blue Nile state, Sudan. The objectives were to examine dendrometric parameters and to analyze tapping characteristics for frankincense production. We randomly distributed 97 sample plots; in each, we counted B. papyrifera trees, measured their diameter at breast height (dbh), total height, bole height, and crown diameter, and examined the correlation between crown diameter and dbh. We examined 116 tapping spots made on 13 randomly selected trees. In each tree, we measured upper and lower tapping heights, calculated potentially untapped bole height, counted the number of tapping spots, measured their dimensions, recorded their directions, and compared mean numbers of tapping spots at four directions using one-way ANOVA (?=0.05). Results revealed that the distributions of dbh and the total height of tapped B. papyrifera followed a bell shape, and that of bole height and crown diameter followed a bell-shaped skewed to the right. Results revealed a significant (P=0.000) correlation between crown diameter and dbh (N=499) that trees were tapped at the four directions without significant difference (P=0.427) between mean numbers of tapping spots at the four directions. The study concludes that current tapping practice doesn’t strictly adhere to recommended tapping guides, particularly with minimum lower tapping height and preference of concentration of tapping in east-west directions.

Studies on Resin yield and Growth Characteristics of Pinus roxburghii in Himachal Pradesh

The present investigation was carried out at field of Department of Forest Products, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan Himachal Pradesh. The data was collected from 80 randomly selected trees of Pinus roxburghii. Different characters recorded were resin yield, diameter at breast height, tree height, bole height, bark thickness, crown width, number of branches, needle length, needle thickness, leaf area index, transmission coefficient and mean leaf angle. Trees of Pinus roxburghii were divided into 6 diameter classes ranging from 30-35 cm to > 55 cm. Treatment 10% HCL + 10% ethephone was found to be best to extract resin, which was at par with treatment 10% HCL + 20% ethephone. Bore hole made in the month of June was found to be the best resin yielder which was statistically at par with bore hole made in month of May and September.

Roost tree characteristics of Pteropus medius (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in the midland laterite hillocks of northern Kerala, India

The roost tree characteristics of Indian flying fox ( Pteropus medius ) were studied in the midland laterite hillocks of northern Kerala in peninsular India. A total of 170 trees belonging to 20 families, 32 genera, and 37 species were identified as roost trees from eleven roost sites located in Kannur and Kasargod districts of northern Kerala. Roost tree parameters such as habit, origin, diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height, bole height, crown length, crown spread, and crown closure were analyzed. Families Anacardiaceae and Lamiaceae represented more number of roost trees in the study area. The mean bat abundance per tree for the entire study area was found to be 54.35±5.2 and it was highest for Ficus religiosa (peepal) followed by Tetrameles nudiflora (false hemp tree) and Leucaena leucocephala (subabul) . Bats showed a preference for native trees and did not show any difference in the selection of evergreen and deciduous trees for roosting. The study also revealed that P. medius prefers large trees with greater height, diameter, crown length, and crown spread. As the midland laterite hillocks are under severe habitat degradation, the study recommends preserving large trees for better conservation of the remaining habitats of P. medius in the area.

Effects of competition reduction on intra-annual radial growth of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) at stem base and crown base

Key messageIn beech stands, thinning affects growth differently along tree stems, with higher and longer duration increment at stem base than at crown base while unmanaged stands depict opposite patterns.Forest management affects individual tree growth dynamics at different levels of the tree bole. Here, we assessed stem-growth patterns as a function of bole height (stem base and crown base) and competition reduction using high-resolution dendrometer records. We measured radial increments throughout the vegetation periods of 2015 and 2016 in two differently managed European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stands in central Germany. In one stand, trees had been repeatedly released from competition while the other had remained unmanaged for about 40 years. To assess different temporal phases of diameter increment, we fitted Weibull growth curves to dendrometer data. Stem basal area and crown base area increments of trees in the managed stand were always higher than in the unmanaged stand. In the managed stand, crown base and stem base monthly diameter increments were highly correlated until July when diameter increment at stem base surpassed the diameter increment at crown base. Conversely, in the unmanaged stand, monthly diameter increment at the stem base was often lower than at crown base. In both stands, diameter growth started earlier at crown base than at stem base. However, stem base growth in the managed stand began earlier and lasted longer than in the unmanaged stand. Our results confirm that competition reduction affects diameter increment along the stem differently than in unmanaged stands and increases growth duration. Future research is needed to test whether different growth patterns and tapers of residual trees in managed and unmanaged stands have implications for biomass and carbon storage modeling.

Biomass and carbon accumulation in Northern Bangladesh Eucalyptus plantations: Effects of stand structure and age

Abstract. Dey T, Islam MDA, Jubair SMR. 2022. Biomass and carbon accumulation in Northern Bangladesh Eucalyptus plantations: Effects of stand structure and age. Asian J For 6: 126-132. Eucalyptus plantations are a significant carbon sink as a fast-growing species in Bangladesh, but little is known regarding biomass, carbon output, and dynamics with stand age. We, therefore, assessed the stand structure, biomass accumulation, carbon storage, and their changing patterns with age in Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. plantations in the northern part of Bangladesh in early 2021. Biomass and carbon stocks were estimated using the allometric models specific for E. camaldulensis from the biophysical tree parameters (i.e., height and DBH). We used the data from 45 sample plots (100 sq. m each) covering different age classes such as 2, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, and 21 years. The aboveground, belowground, total biomass, and carbon significantly varied between stand ages (p<0.05). The highest aboveground, belowground, and total carbon stocks were observed at 21 years, and the lowest was found at two years. We observed a positive and strong relationship between total carbon and stand variables such as stand height, diameter at breast height, basal area, crown width, crown length, and bole height but a negative relationship with density. The mean annual increment of both biomass and carbon increased sharply up to seven years and then decreased. Despite having some ecological constraints, E. camaldulensis accumulate a large amount of carbon from the atmosphere, perhaps aiding climate change mitigation.

Effect of spacing on growth, carbon sequestration, and wood quality of 8-year-old clonal teak plantation for sustainable forest teak management in Java Monsoon Forest, Indonesia

Abstract. Rahmawati RB, Widiyatno, Hardiwinoto S, Budiadi, Nugroho WD, Wibowo A, Rodiana D. 2022. Effect of spacing on growth, carbon sequestration, and wood quality of 8-year-old clonal teak plantation for sustainable forest teak management in Java Monsoon Forest. Biodiversitas 23: 4180-4188. Lowland monsoon forest dominated by teak was one of the tropical forest types that can contribute to producing wood production, carbon storage, reduction of emissions, and other ecosystem services. Increasing teak forest productivity could be obtained through teak breeding to get superior teak clones with high diameter growth. Thus, spacing is an important consideration for optimizing the growth, carbon sequestration, and wood properties of teak. However, the study of the growth, carbon sequestration, and wood quality of teak was conducted separately. This research used a selected teak clone aged 8 years with RCBD design with 4 blocks as replications. There were four different spacing as treatments, namely 10 m x 2 m, 8 m x 2 m, 6 m x 2 m, and 3 m x 3 m. The results showed that spacing was a significant effect on DBH, tree height, bole height, carbon sequestration, and volume of teak clones aged 8 years. On the other hand, spacing didn’t significantly affect the physical and mechanical properties of wood. The wood quality test showed that the 6 m x 2 m spacing had high values of bending strength and compressive strength parallel. The highest percentage of heartwood was at a narrow spacing of 6 m x 2 m and did not differ significantly with wide spacing. This indicated that wide spacing was beneficial in terms of teak growth, but wide spacing didn’t significantly affect on wood quality of the teak.

Chemical and morphological variations in Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. – a species of commercial ayurvedic formulation triphla from central India

Terminalia bellirica is one of the high traded medicinal plant species, mainly known for its fruits which are bestowed with numerous biological activities and used in treatment of various ailments. The fruits are one of three ingredients of well-known Ayurvedic formulation ‘TRIPHLA’. The purpose of this study was to determine the variations for Gallic acid (GA), a chemical marker compound, as well as for key morphological traits (height, girth at breast height, clear bole height, fruit size) in trees from central Indian states viz. Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. In this investigation, we also explored the correlation between the chemical marker and morphological features. The study suggested the maximum GA content (0.98±0.42%) in populations of Keregaon range of Dhamtari forest division of Chhattisgarh state which can be considered as superior chemotypes/ populations. The correlation analysis exhibited the positive association between fruit size and GA content.

Performance Evaluation and Correlation Coefficient Studies in Dek Tree

Twenty five plus trees of dek were selected from agro-climatic regions of Haryana, Punjab and Uttrakhand. The plus trees were selected on the basis of the different characters of economic importance viz. straightness, clear bole height, self-pruning ability, acute branch angle etc. Among all the plus trees the maximum tree height was observed in MC21 (17.9 m) whereas, the minimum in MC3 (6.5 m). The girth at breast height (gbh) of the selected plus trees varied from 60.9 to 180.8 cm and clear bole height was recorded highest from MC-21 closely followed by MC-13. The correlation among morphological traits of selected plus trees exhibited that clear bole height had positive and highly significant association with the tree height (r = 0.941) closely followed by crown spread (N-S direction) (r = 0.910). At the age of six months, progeny from MC-18 showed maximum shoot length (98.59 cm) followed by MC-16 and MC- 17 progenies. However, the highest root length was observed in the progenies from MC12 (20.84 cm) closely followed by MC-22 (20.46 cm) and MC13 (20.06 cm) progenies. The highest collar diameter was observed in progeny MC17 (13.73 mm) and lowest in MC5 (4.89 mm). The significant variation in growth attributes of progenies of selected plus tees at juvenile stage may be exploited for subsequent breeding programme and establishment of seed orchard for production of quality planting material of this versatile tree species.

Allometric Models for Estimating the Height of Robinia pseudoacacia L. in Restoration Plantations

In this study, we aimed to develop height growth models using forest data with the measured total height, bole height and diameter at breast height, targeting Robiniapseudoacacia plantations of various ages, located in restoration plantations of former mining areas of a lignite center in Northwestern Greece. To achieve this goal, 24 circular plots were randomly established in plantations of different ages. Eleven models were tested for data fit, and the selection of the models was based on three statistical criteria. The developed models revealed that black locust plantations grow well, thus being an excellent species for the restoration of former mines. There is no comparison between pre- and post-mining areas, thus site quality and other aspects are not taken into account; our models give a basis for assessments of areas affected by mining.

Morphological diversity of Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Desv.) J. H. Kirkbr. & Wiersema, across the Sudanian and Sudano-Guinean zones of Benin Republic

• Three morphotypes of Bobgunnia madagascariensis were identified in Benin. • Phyto-geographical zones affects the repartition of Bobgunnia madagascariensis. • High correlation exists between B. madagascariensis fruit length and fruit width. Although Bobgunnia madagascariensis is an important tree species known in traditional medicinal with a well-recognized galactogenic properties, it remains poorly documented. In Benin, little information is available on this species which is highly threatened in its natural habitat. In this study, the morphological variability of 51 trees of B. madagascariensis from Sudanian (28 trees) and Sudano-Guinean zones (23 trees) of Benin was evaluated using 20 descriptors, including 7 qualitative and 13 quantitative traits. A hierarchical ascending classification followed by principal component analysis, analysis of variance and quantitative traits correlation analysis were used to describe the intraspecific diversity of B. madagascariensis in the study areas. Analysis of morphometric data revealed the existence of three morphological groups within the species with a distinct morphological organization among the trees sampled. The discriminating morphological descriptors included the total height of the tree, the diameter at 1.30m, the bole height, the leaf length, the number of leaflets of the leaf, the fruit weight, the fruit length and width, as well as the seed length and weight. Individuals in group 3 had the highest values for nine of the 10 most discriminating traits. A significant and positive correlation was found between trees’ total height and seed length, as well as between fruit traits (fruit weight, fruit length) and seed traits (seed weight, seed length). In addition, the diameter at 1.3 m was positively correlated with the leaf width. The results also revealed a significant difference between the trees observed in the Sudanian zone and those in the Sudano-Guinean zone with the number of leaflets, the petiole length, the fruits width, the seeds weight and length as discriminating traits. This study provided preliminary data on the morphological variability of B. madagascariensis and will serve as basis for a selection, conservation and domestication program.

Morpho-molecular diversity assessment of Indian kino (Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.)

Tropical dry deciduous forests of central India harbours numerous socio-economically important tree species seriously threatened by biotic and abiotic factors. In this study, we assessed the mopho-molecular variation in Pterocarpus marsupium, a medicinally important tree species. Analysis of morphological data revealed that in P. marsupium, tree height ranged from 5.0 m to 48 m, clear bole height from 2.0 m to 26.0 m and girth at breast height from 45.0 cm to 345.0 cm. It is also evident that all the investigated morpho-metric traits have large amount of variation. The high estimates of coefficient of variation were recorded for crown radius (58%) followed by girth at breast height (54%) and tree height (34%). Molecular diversity analysis using 20 inter simple sequence repeat markers detected 76.7% polymorphism indicating existence of moderately high amount of variability. The average values of genetic diversity indices were 1.67 for mean observed number of alleles (Na), 1.57 for effective number of alleles (Ne), 0.46 for Shannon's information index (I), and 0.32 for expected heterozygosity (He). Bayesian model-based STRUCTURE analysis revealed existence of two admixed genetic clusters of P. marsupium. Further, analysis of molecular variance suggests that most of the variation exists within (91%), rather than among clusters. Sara, Semariya, Lamta and Bahoriband populations were found to be appropriate candidates for initiating conservation measures. The overall results could be a valuable input for formulating effective and integrated in-situ and ex-situ conservation plan for this valuable forestry species.

Effects of Planting Density on Growth and Yield Attributes of Rubber Trees (Hevea brasiliensis)

This study aimed to identify rubber clones, suitable for rubber-timber production. An experiment was established in randomized complete block design to evaluate the effects of two different planting densities on girth, girth increment, bark thickness, latex yield per tapping per tree (g/t/t), incident of tapping panel dryness disease, and wood potential of nine rubber clones, including RRIV 2, RRIV 3, RRIV 4, RRIV 5, RRIV 107, PB 235, PB 260, PB 330, and RRIC 121. Data of girth, girth increment, bark thickness were collected in the 7th year, prior to opening for tapping, and 17th year of planting. In contrast, data of latex yield were collected in the 3rd and the 11th tapping year, and wood potential was compared based on the data collected in the 11th tapping year. As a result, there were no significant interactions between clones and planting density in girth growth, latex yield, tapping panel dryness and bark thickness, and the first tapping panel (BO-1). There were no significant interactions between clone and planting density on girth growth, latex yield, tapping panel dryness, and bark thickness when these clones were tapped on the first tapping panel (BO- 1). Meanwhile, there were significant interactions between clones and planting density on girth growth, girth increment, and latex yield when the trees were tapped on the second tapping panel (BO-2). Statistical comparison of mean diameters at breast height and bole volume per tree of the same clones at two different planting densities showed that most of the studied clones gave significant differences. However, no significant differences resulted in the statistical comparison of the mean bole height of the same clones at two different planting densities. The total bole volume per hectare of all studied clones was larger at high planting density than at normal planting density. However, the bole volume per tree at high planting density was smaller than that at normal planting density. Clone RRIC 121 could be considered a suitable clone for latex and timber productions. The favorable planting density for commercial timber production is high.