Bohemian Basins Research Articles

Largest fossil logs of Paraphyllanthoxylon-type from the Eastern Hemisphere (Upper Cretaceous, Czech Republic)

The fossil genus Paraphyllanthoxylon is known from many localities around the world. In some cases, the fossilized logs can reach quite large proportions. We present the findings of large fossil logs (the two biggest logs have diameter 98 cm, length minimally 11 meters, estimated height 34 m, and diameter 93 cm, length 7 meters, estimated height 32.5 m) with Paraphyllanthoxylon type of wood from the Klikov Formation (Turonian–Santonian) in South Bohemia (Czech Republic). These are the largest documented logs from the Eastern Hemisphere from Upper Cretaceous. Our study clarifies for the first time the geological context of fossil wood finds from the South Bohemian Basins. The fossiliferous strata represent a bedload sedimentation in a series of low-sinuosity, braided stream channels. The palaeovegetation reconstruction indicates that trees of Paraphyllanthoxylon-type apparently dominated at the locality, but platanoids and plants of Normapolles complex were also present. No distinct growth ring boundaries were seen, but there were variations in vessel frequency. These changes in wood anatomy were unique and probably associated with rare events in the ecosystem, perhaps a major flood.

Source of K-Feldspars and Kaolinitization in Arkoses of West and Central Bohemian Continental Permo–Carboniferous

Abstract The examined K-feldspars in arkoses of the continental Upper Carboniferous – Lower Permian of the West and Central Bohemian basins originated in the whole bed sequence (Duckmantian to Autunian; 314.2–297.1 Ma) from one source, which were so-called mountain granites of the older intrusive complex (OIC) of the Krušné hory Mts, as confirmed by the X-ray and geochemical analyses. The presence of feldspar clasts from other granitoids (Merklín and Louny massifs) was found only in the straight transgreding basal Carboniferous rocks. While other arkoses underwent synsedimentary and/or post-sedimentary kaolinization, in the deposits of Kaznějov and Horní Bříza (Nýřany Member of the Kladno Formation) pre-sedimentary kaolinization (sedimentation of sandstones and conglomerates with kaolinitic cement) occurred.

Plant mesofossils from the Late Cretaceous Klikov Formation, the Czech Republic

Late Cretaceous mesofossils are described from the Zliv-Řídká Blana locality in the South Bohemian Basins, the Czech Republic. Angiosperm remains dominate the fossil assemblage both in terms of taxonomic diversity and quantitatively, with about 65 different species based on about 1,000 specimens of flowers, fruits and seeds. There are surprisingly few nonangiosperm species in the flora, with only four specimens assigned to bryophytes, ferns and conifers. There are no megaspores of Selaginellales or Salviniales, which are otherwise common in many Cretaceous mesofossil floras. Among angiosperms, flowers and fruits assigned to the Normapolles group (Fagales) and to the Ericales are particularly prominent. In systematic composition as well as general organization and size of the angiosperm reproductive organs, the Zliv-Řídká Blana mesofossil flora is comparable to other Late Cretaceous mesofossil floras collected from various regions of Laurasia. In addition to the plant remains, the fossil assemblage also includes insect eggs and coprolites.

A synopsis of Westphalian‒earliest Stephanian medullosalean and allied plant fossils from the Central and Western Bohemian basins, Czech Republic

A synopsis of Westphalian‒earliest Stephanian medullosalean and allied plant fossils from the Central and Western Bohemian basins, Czech Republic

Reinterpretation of fossil reproductive structures Zlivifructus microtriasseris (Normapolles complex, Fagales) from the Czech and Polish Late Cretaceous

Abstract Flowers and fruits of Zlivifructus microtriasseris, originally described as Caryanthus microtriasseris from the late Turonian to Santonian of the South Bohemian Basins and the late Coniacian to early Santonian of the North Sudetic Basin, are reinterpreted here. Zlivifructus microtriasseris is represented by small, flat fruits, round in outline with persistent perianths, which are fused basally, forming the hypanthium. The hypanthium extends for more than two-thirds of the fruit. Tepals leave scars indicating their insertion. Lateral attachment scars of tepals and medial attachment scars are immediately adjacent to each other, with indistinct boundaries forming a ring. The androecium consists of four stamens. The fruit shows the unilocular nature of the nut with a single seed. Lateral faces of the fruit show two parallel ribs or ridges, running from the base of the fruit to the margin of the hypanthium. The surface of the fruit bears irregularly shaped cells. Zlivifructus microtriasseris differs from species assigned to genus Caryanthus Friis 1983 in the presence of four stamen scars, and in having two lateral ribs in the face of the fruit. Zlivifructus microtriasseris differs from the type species Zlivifructus vachae in size of the fruit; shape of the fruit; perianth and attachment scars of tepals. A probabilistic classification method to differentiate between the two fruit species based on their size is proposed.

Sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Amasra coalfield (Pennsylvanian), NW Turkey – New insight from a 1 km thick section

Abstract We report on a sedimentological and biostratigraphic evaluation that was carried out on an approximately 1 km thick coal-bearing Pennsylvanian succession encountered in the boreholes Hema 82 and 85 in the Amasra coalfield of the Zonguldak – Amasra Coal Basin, Turkey.Results of the study include a refined interpretation of sedimentary environments of the coal-bearing strata and their cyclic patterns, improved constraints on macrofloral biozones as well as of boundaries and thickness of lithostratigraphic units. A paleosol-based climatic trend is also proposed, and the tectono-sedimentary history of the Amasra coalfield is compared with other coal basins in Europe. Stratigraphically constrained macroflora confirms a recently suggested discontinuous sedimentary record that contrasts with the previously widely accepted opinion that deposition was continuous throughout the Pennsylvanian. Hiatuses were identified between each adjacent formation. An early Asturian hiatus between the Karadon and Kizilli formations has its equivalent in other Variscan basins of Europe, namely in the Dobrudzha, Upper Silesian, Intra-Sudetic and central and western Bohemian basins. It is in agreement with the former paleogeographic position of the Zonguldak – Amasra Basin and its basement in the southern margin of Laurussia, in the eastern continuation of these central European basins. This conclusion is further supported by paleosol morphology-based climatic trend to increasing aridity around the Westphalian/Stephanian boundary observed in the studied boreholes, and identical with a similar trend in the above-mentioned central European basins.

Significant hiatuses in the terrestrial Late Variscan Central and Western Bohemian basins (Late Pennsylvanian–Early Cisuralian) and their possible tectonic and climatic links

Abstract Significant changes in the stratigraphy of the Central and Western Bohemian Upper Palaeozoic basins occur during or shortly after hiatuses. The different extent and changes in the depocentres of the Radnice and Nýřany members (Moscovian) in the Plzeň Basin clearly indicate changes in the structure of this basin taking place during a break in sedimentation between these two units (311.9–308.3 Ma). Thick weathered rocks that occur in boreholes in the Mšeno–Roudnice Basin indicate another sedimentation break (305.9–304.1 Ma) between the Nýřany Member and the Týnec Formation (Kasimovian). Another possible hitherto undiscovered hiatus occurred between the Týnec and Slaný formations (Kasimovian–Gzhelian, about 304–303 Ma). The most significant changes in the configuration of the basins occurred between the Slaný and Líně formations (Gzhelian–Asselian, 301.6–300.6 Ma). This is indicated by deeply cut river valleys at the top of the Slaný Formation, by high thickness of weathered deposits occurring immediately beneath the Líně Formation, and mainly by the shift of depocentres from the southern to the northern part of the Central Bohemian basins. The hiatuses between the Radnice and Nýřany members and between the Slaný and Líně formations are accompanied by significant changes in the depocentres, and they are therefore interpreted primarily as tectonic events related to the extensional collapse of the Variscan orogenic belt. By contrast, the hiatuses beneath and above the Týnec Formation are interpreted as being the products of lower sedimentation rates during drier climates, which is consistent with the characteristics of the sediments, correlation with other Central European basins, and with climate models for this period. Due to the characteristics of the Líně Formation, in which the effects of climate aridization are clearly seen, the authors presume that tectonic as well as climatic changes occurred at the hiatus between the Slaný and Líně formations.

Observations Concerning the Thickness of Rocks Eroded Between the Cambrian and Bolsovian (= Westphalian C) in Central and Western Bohemia

Abstract Carboniferous outliers are found west of the late Carboniferous West Bohemian basins and also south of the West and Central Bohemian basins. The West Bohemian group is Asturian (= Westphalian D) or younger and is notably coal-bearing, the other group of outliers consists mostly of coal-bearing upper Carboniferous volcaniclastic rocks of Bolsovian (= Westphalian C) and/or Asturian age. They form a discontinuous belt extending through the area between and around the towns of Merklín and Beroun. These rocks are underlain chiefly by rocks of ages varying from the Neoproterozoic or Cambrian up to the Ordovician. If the nappe structure of the Barrandian Lower Paleozoic proposed by Melichar and Hladil (e.g. 1999) is not widely present, then it can be assumed that as much as 1850 m of Lower Paleozoic sediments and volcanics could have been eroded prior to the onset of sedimentation of the Bolsovian rocks. In the upper Carboniferous outliers near Mirošov, Skořice and Kamenný Újezd, where sedimentation began as late as in the Asturian, the thickness of eroded deposits might have been even greater, reaching as much as 3150 m.

Budvaricarpus serialisKnobloch & Mai, An Unusual New Member of the Normapolles Complex from the Late Cretaceous of the Czech Republic

The fossil fruiting structure Budvaricarpus serialis from the Late Cretaceous (Late Turonian–Santonian) of the South Bohemian Basins, originally described as tricarpellate fruit with three to four locules in a series, is here reinterpreted as a partial inflorescences (dichasium) with three to four flowers enclosed in a common bract and is recognized as a new member of the Normapolles complex. The flowers of the Budvaricarpus dichasium typically comprise a bisexual median flower and two unisexual pistillate, lateral flowers. All flowers have an inferior ovary and four tepals in two opposite pairs. The median flower has six stamens. The ovary is bicarpellate, bilocular below, and unilocular above. There is apparently a single ovule per carpel, but only one ovule of the ovary matures into a seed, and fruits are unilocular, one-seeded nuts. Pollen grains adhering to the apical part of fruits are of the Plicapollis type, a characteristic member of the Normapolles group. Individual flowers/fruits of Budvaricarp...

Lacustrine couplet-lamination: evidence for Late Pennsylvanian seasonality in central equatorial Pangaea (Stephanian B, Mšec Member, Central and Western Bohemian basins)

Lacustrine couplet-lamination: evidence for Late Pennsylvanian seasonality in central equatorial Pangaea (Stephanian B, Mšec Member, Central and Western Bohemian basins)

A review of the timing of coalification in the light of coal seam erosion, clastic dykes and coal clasts

Abstract Coal seam erosion, clastic dykes penetrating coal seams, and studies of coal clasts occurring in Late Paleozoic basins are used to demonstrate that coalification to the rank of subbituminous and bituminous coal occurred rapidly at shallow depth in some parts of the Variscan orogen, implying a precondition of high paleotemperatures for the coal basins. The origin of clastic dykes, particularly in the (?) Bolsovian (=Westphalian C) deposits of the Plzeň and Kladno-Rakovnik continental basins (Czech Republic) is shown to be a relevant factor in determining the timing of coalification. [Pesek J. (1978). Erosion and clastic dikes in coal seams of the central Bohemian basins and their significance for determination of plant substance coalification. Folia Musei Rerum Naturalium Bohemiae Occidentalis, Geologica 12, 1–34.] is of the opinion that the 50–100 cm deep fractures filled with superposed clastics originated in “fully ranked” high volatile bituminous coal, exposed during a hiatus between the (?) Early Westphalian C (Early Bolsovian) and Late Westphalian D (Late Asturian). These dykes have either irregular shape or form conic bodies with sharp boundaries. Their filling does not show any signs of postsedimentary deformation. Coal clasts occurring in clastic sediments either close to or far above the roof of coal seams are a few millimetres up to several centimetres in size, being subangular or angular. However, there also exist clasts of which one side is angular to subangular, whereas the opposite side is markedly sharp. In some basins coal clasts are embedded in units of the same age. They are mostly of somewhat lower rank (by 0.01–0.03%) than the nearest coal seam. Whereas [Gayer, R. A., Pesek, J., Sýkorova, I., Valterova, P., 1996. Coal clasts in the upper Westphalian sequence of the South Wales coal basin: implication for the timing of maturation and fracture permeability. In: Gayer, R., Harris, J. (Eds.), Coalbed methane and coal geology, Geological Society Special Publication 109, pp. 103–130.] presumed in the South Wales foreland Basin a burial level of about 1 km with an elevated geothermal gradient (60 °C/km), enhanced by hot fluids along thrusts, resulting in rapid coalification to the bituminous coal rank, no deep burial of organic matter could have occurred in the intramontane basins of the Bohemian Massif. Coalification of the Late Paleozoic seams must have proceeded at a very high rate. The only logical reason leading to such rapid coalification of biomass could have been high value of geothermal gradient at least in the basins of the Bohemian Massif.

Global similarities in the spacing of east-west trending mantle-rooted structural discontinuities

My studies of structural control of ore deposits, carried out in different geological environments on five continents, reveal that (1) within the individual ore districts the distribution of ore bodies and deposits is related to local stress distribution, but (2) on a broad regional scale, the distribution of giant and supergiant ore deposits and major ore clusters is controlled by a pattern of mantle-rooted structural discontinuities and their intersections (especially in marginal parts of lithospheric plates, at intersection with orogenic belts, rift structures, and near corners of major blocks). In the present configuration of lithospheric plates, a major role in North America and Eurasia is played by EW-trending discontinuities. In China they are expressed as major latitudinal belts (J.S. Lee 1962, 1984; Inst. of Geomechanics 1978; Sun Dianqing et al., 1986; and others). In the United States, the EW-discontinuities belong to the least expressed ones in surface geology and geomorphology, but they are recognized by combination of geological, geophysical and geochemical data. The most important ones extend at latitudes close to 45°N, 40°N, and 35°N, with a spacing close to 600 km. This spacing is very similar to the size of the Ordos (Yishan) structural block (560 x 700 km) enclosed between the Yinshan-Tienshan and the Tsinling-Kunlun belts in China (Kutina, 1983, 1988). The 40°N discontinuity extends through the entire western U.S. (crossing, in Nevada, the former western edge of the Proterozoic North American craton; Kutina 1991). Major clusters of ore deposits of different type and age have developed in Colorado, Utah and Nevada near intersections of this EW-discontinuity with deep structures of other trends. This pattern guided the discovery of a new Mo-Cu porphyry and a new gold target in Pershing County, Nevada. These intersections are characterized by anomalous thickness of the crust, with upper mantle updoming in Utah and Nevada (Kutina & Hildenbrand, 1987). In the eastern U.S. the spacing between EW-boundaries, enclosing major basins and uplifts, is about 550 and 460 km respectively (Kutina & Norton, 1978; Kutina 1995a). One of these boundaries correlates with the biggest curvature of the Appalachian foldbelt. Within this intersection occurs an EW-belt of alkaline intrusives described by Ratcliffe (1981). The spacing between the axes of E-trending North German-, North Danish-, and North Bohemian basins in Europe is about 300 km (Kutina 1996, with ref.). In eastern South America the spacing of major NW-trending discontinuities (assuming their E-W orientation in the pre-drift position of the continent, before it separated from Africa), is about 750-800 km (Kutina, 1995b). The above similarities indicate a rather uniform stress distribution in the mantle at the time of the origin of major E-W discontinuities. This may give support to the theory of Stovas (1963), Stovickova (1966), Sun Dianqing & Gao Qinghua (1980), and others about global fracturing in relation to the changes in the speed of rotation of the Earth. It also endorses the conclusions by J.S. Lee (1962, 1984) about the importance of the EW-trending structures.

Application of the ETH Snow Model to Three Basins of Different Character in Central Europe

The performance of a version of the HBV-ETH model is evaluated, taking into account various aspect classes in each elevation belt in three different types of catchments: an alpine basin, and two basins in Bohemia at much lower elevation, with a snowpack which is smaller and of shorter duration. In all three cases a reasonably good agreement between modelled and observed runoff and between modelled and observed snowpack was achieved. In the smaller of the Bohemian basins (1.87 km2, 775-885 m a.s.l., influenced by deforestation), the effect of the presence and age or absence of forest on the development of the snow-water equivalent was found to be as important as the effect of aspect and altitude.

The evolution and distribution of normapolles pollen during the cenophytic

Long-term palaeopalynological studies of the Upper Cretaceous freshwater and marine sediments of the Bohemian Massif and of other European areas have yielded the following results. The first recorded Normapolles pollen are of middle Cenomanian Age and are associated with the first triporate forms; thus, the Normapolles did not necessarily arise from the triporates. Changes in both the vegetation and pollen morphology that occurred at this time were in response to changing palaeoecological, palaeogeographical and palaeoclimatological conditions. The discovery of Normapolles on the Indian subcontinent changes the hitherto maintained views on the phytogeographic distribution of the Normapolles, and suggests that their geographic occurrences might be significant with respect to plate tectonic reconstructions. In Europe there are differences between the Upper Cretaceous palynospectra of the Mediterranean and boreal areas, with the Upper Cretaceous sediments of the South Bohemian basins representing a transitional flora. The progressive evolution of the Normapolles group has provided a basis for the biostratigraphic subdivision of the Upper Cretaceous. Without the Normapolles we would have no idea of the explosive evolution of flowering plants during this period.

Cretaceous angiosperms of bohemia —Central Europe—

Systematic paleobotanical and palynological studies have been performed during the last 20 years, on (a) the angiosperms from the Bohemian Cenomanian freshwater Peruc Formation (upper part of the Middle Cenomanian) and the marine Upper Cenomanian up to the Lower Senonian, and (b) those from the freshwater Lower Senonian from the South Bohemian basins, and the comparison of the results of the studies recorded in other countries of Europe and in the eastern part of North America. Conclusions: 1. The Cretaceous angiosperms showed a rapid evolution of species of short duration, mostly less than for one geological stage. 2. Most of the Cretaceous angiosperm genera became extinct, giving rise to the Tertiary ones. 3. Comparisons of the Cretaceous angiosperm species with the extant ones should be very careful with regard to the abrupt evolution of the angiosperms during the Upper Cretaceous. 4. The palynological research shows the necessity of a complete revision of all earlier conclusions on the Cretaceous angiosperm macroflora, which could be based on a modern complex approach using all available methods (cuticle analysis, palynology, venation studies, etc.).

A red-bed formation in the South Bohemian Basins, Czechoslovakia

Abstract Tectonic activity, climatic changes and associated weathering cooperated during the formation of Upper Cretaceous red beds of the South Bohemian Basins known as the Klikov Formation. The sediments are clastic and comprise: (1) light-grey or yellow conglomeratic, course-to-medium sandstone beds; (2) generally finer red beds; and (3) grey beds. They alternate in asymmetrical cycles, in succession fining upwards. Small- and large-scale cyclothems were recognized. The large-scale cyclothems are closely connected with paleogeographical changes and tectonic evolution of the South Bohemian Basins in Early Senonian time. In regard to rapid vertical and lateral lithological variations, the common presence of graded bedding, poor sorting and lack of fossils, the sediments are comparable to the fluviatile facies of molasse, known as “flysch in molasse”. They were deposited from highly fluctuating currents and periodically overloaded streams in an alluvial and/or lacustrine environment, suffering continuously from tectonic unrest emanating from the Alpine—Carpathian geosyncline. Differences between red and grey sediments are related mostly to the primary distribution and preservation of organic matter and to some extent to the redistribution of iron during early diagenetic changes (e.g. red stains). Ancient weathered gneiss and granite profiles preserved beneath the sediments show development of either two (on granite) or three (on gneiss) horizons differing in degree of weathering and distribution of red colour within the profiles. The trend of weathering documented by chemical analyses and presence of kaolinite as the end-product points to the red podzolic soil formation process.

Erforschung der megasporen von den nýřany flözen (Westfal D) des böhmischen karbons

Megaspores of the coal seams of the Nýřany Measures (Westphalian D) were studied. They derive from Bohemian coal basins which belong to the so-called central Bohemian Carboniferous: the Plzeň and Manětín basins and small basins in their vicinity, further the Kladno-Rakovník basin and the Carboniferous underlying the Cretaceous of Bohemia in the Ohře and Mělník areas. In these seams as a whole sixteen megaspore species have been established. The species Calamospora sp., Tuberculatisporites mamillarius ( Bartlett ) Potonié et Kremp “sensu Dijkstra ”, Triangulatisporites triangulatus ( Zerndt ) Potonié et Kremp and Cystosporites giganteus ( Zerndt ) Schopf are of common occurrence just as in the Westphalian D of other European basins. In the Plzeň and Manětín basins and small basins in their vicinity Cystosporites varius ( Wicher ) Dijkstra and in the Carboniferous underlying the Cretaceous Lagenoisporites rugosus ( Loose ) Potonié et Kremp are very frequent. Most of the remaining species occur only in some basins. Several of them are stratigraphically significant, such as Triletisporites tuberculatus ( Zerndt ) Potonié et Kremp , Valvisisporites auritus ( Zerndt ) Bharadwaj , Zerndtisporites laxomarginalis ( Zerndt ) Bharadwaj , and Superbisporites dentatus ( Zerndt ) Potonié et Kremp . The species Valvisisporites nitens Kalibová is at present only known from the Carboniferous of Bohemia. Table I compares the occurrences of megaspore species of Westphalian D age from the Bohemian basins with the occurrence of megaspores in some other European basins. Table II shows the occurrence of megaspore species of Westphalian A-B, C, D and Stephanian B-C from the Bohemian Carboniferous. Es wurden Megasporen von den Kohlenflözen der Nýřany Schichten untersucht, die stratigraphisch dem Westfal D angehören. Sie stammen von den mittelböhmischen Steinkohlenbecken und zwar vom Plzeň und Manětín Becken, sowie von kleineren Becken in ihrer Umgebung, ferner vom Kladno-Rakovník Becken und von den Karbonablagerungen im Kreideuntergrund im Ohře und Mělník Gebiet. In diesen Flözen wurden sechszehn Megasporenarten festgestellt. Die Arten Calamospora sp., Tuberculatisporites mamillarius ( Bartlett ) Potonié et Kremp “sensu Dijkstra ”, Triangulatisporites triangulatus ( Zerndt ) Potonié et Kremp , und Cystosporites giganteus ( Zerndt ) Schopf sind nicht nur für die Flöze des Westfals D in Böhmen, sondern auch für die Flöze von diesem Alter in allen übrigen Kohlenbecken Europaas charakteristisch. Im Plzeň, Manětín und umliegenden kleineren Becken ist noch die Art Cystosporites varius ( Wicher ) Dijkstra und im Kreideuntergrund die Art Lagenoisporites rugosus ( Loose ) Potonié et Kremp häufig. Die sonstigen Arten, von denen einige, wie Triletisporites tuberculatus ( Zerndt ) Potonié et Kremp , Valvisisporites auritus ( Zerndt ) Bharadwaj , Valvisisporites nitens Kalibová , Zerndtisporites laxomarginalis ( Zerndt ) Bharadwaj und Superbisporites dentatus ( Zerndt ) Potonié et Kremp , stratigraphisch bedeutend sind, wurden nicht in allen von uns untersuchten Kohlenbecken festgestellt. Auf den Tabellen ist die Verbreitung einzelner Megasporenarten im Westfal D (Tabelle I) und im böhmischen Karbon (Tabelle II) dargestellt.

The Origin of Red Beds: A Study of the Conditions of Origin of the Permo-Carboniferous and Triassic Red Beds of the Western United States

Previous articleNext article FreeThe Origin of Red Beds: A Study of the Conditions of Origin of the Permo-Carboniferous and Triassic Red Beds of the Western United StatesC. W. TomlinsonC. W. Tomlinson Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Geology Volume 24, Number 3Apr. - May, 1916 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/622326 Views: 34Total views on this site Citations: 3Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:X. R. Ming, L. Liu, M. Yu, H. G. Bai, L. Yu, X. L. Peng, T. H. Yang Bleached mudstone, iron concretions, and calcite veins: a natural analogue for the effects of reducing CO 2 -bearing fluids on migration and mineralization of iron, sealing properties, and composition of mudstone cap rocks, Geofluids 16, no.55 (Nov 2016): 1017–1042.https://doi.org/10.1111/gfl.12203Jarmila Slánská A red-bed formation in the South Bohemian Basins, Czechoslovakia, Sedimentary Geology 15, no.22 (Feb 1976): 135–164.https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(76)90041-5E. Bölau Rote Tone im Rhät-Lias Schonens, Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 76, no.22 (Jan 2010): 215–233.https://doi.org/10.1080/11035895409453538